Index

Program Name Page No.

1. Hello World C++ Example Program 12

2. if Statement Example Program in C++ 13

3. if..else Statement Example Program In C++ 14

4. For Loop Example Program In C++ 16

5. While Loop Example Program In C++ 17

6. Do While Loop Example Program In C++ 18

7. Simple Example Program For Constructor In C++ 19

8. Simple Example Program For Parameterized

Constructor In C++ 20

9. Simple Example Program For Constructor

Overloading In C++ 23

10. Simple Constructor Example Program For Find Prime

Number In C++ 25

11. Simple Example Program For Copy

Constructor In C++ 28

12. Simple Class Example Program In C++ 30

13. Simple Class Example Program For Find Prime
Number In C++ 32

14. Simple Example Program For Namespace In C++ 34

15. Find Prime Number Example Program In C++ 35

16. Find Prime Number by another method Example

Program In C++ 37

17. Fibonacci series Example Program In C++ 39

18. Factorial Using Recursion Example Program In C++ 41

19. Factorial Using Function Example Program In C++ 43

20. Factorial Using Loop Example Program In C++ 45

21. Simple Example Program for Function In C++ 46

22. Simple Example Program for Function Find

Smallest Number In C++ 47

23. Simple Example Program for Function to

Find Factorial In C++ 48

24. Simple Example Program for Inline Function

Using C++ Programming 50
25. Simple Addition in C++ Binary Operator
Overloading Using C++ Programming 51

26. Simple Program for Multiple Inheritance

Using C++ Programming 53

27. Simple Program for Inline Function Using

C++ Programming 56

28. Simple Program for Function

Template Using C++ Programming 58

29. Simple Program for Function Overloading

Using C++ Programming 60

30. Simple Program for Friend Function

Using C++ Programming 63

31. Simple Program for Exception Handling with

Multiple Catch Using C++ Programming 65

32. Simple Program for Exception Handling Divide

by zero Using C++ Programming 67

33. Simple Program for Constructor Using

C++ Programming 69
34. Simple Program for Binary Operator
Overloading Using C++ Programming 71

35. Simple Program Book Entry Using structure

Variable in C++ Programming 74

36. Simple Program for Write File Operation

Using C++ Programming 76

37. Simple Program for Virtual Functions

Using C++ Programming 77

38. Simple Program for Virtual Base

Class Using C++ Programming 79

39. Simple Program for Unary Operator Overloading

Using C++ Programming 83

40. Simple Program for Static Data and Member

Function Using C++ Programming 86

41. Simple Program for Single Inheritance

Using C++ Programming 88

42. Simple Program for Copy Constructor

Using C++ Programming 91

43. Simple Program for Read File Operation

Using C++ Programming 93

44. Simple Program for Read & Write File Operation

(Convert lowercase to uppercase) Using C++ Programming 95

45. C++ program which adds two integers 97

46. C++ Program to output an integer, a floating

point number and a character 98

47. C++ Program to find the sum, difference, product

and quotient of two integers 99

48. Program to enter two integers and find their sum

and average 101

49. Program to enter velocity, acceleration and time

and print final velocity using the formula : v = u + a * t 102

50. Program to enter your age and print if you should

be in grade 10 103

51. Program to enter an integer and print if it is greater

or less than 100 105

52. Program to enter an integer and output its 15 multiples 106

53. Program to enter two integers and print the quotient

and remainder 108

54. Program to enter an integer and find out if it is

even or odd 109

55.Program to change the foreground colors and draw

circles on the screen 110

56. Program to draw 2 rectangles and fill 1 of them 112

57. Program to enter three integers and output the

biggest integer 114

58. Program to draw circles 115

59. Program to change the background colors

on the screen 117

60. Program to enter three integers and output

the biggest integer using IF 119

61. Program to enter an integer and print out

its successor 120

62. Program to enter an integer and output the cube

of that integer 121

63. Program to enter a string and find its length 122

64. Program to switch between different cases 123

65. Program to enter the principal, rate & time and

print the simple interest 125

66. Program to enter an integer and print if it is

prime or composite 127

67. Program to enter the sale value and print the

agent’s commission 129

68. Program to enter the unit reading and output the

customer’s telephone bill 131
69. Program to find the total days in the year till date 133

70. Program to compute the fibonacci series 134

71. Program to enter an integer and print its total

value based on the formula
‘x - 1/3!x^3 + 1/5!x^5 - 1/7!x^7 + 1/9!x^9’ 136

72. Program to convert days into years and weeks 138

73. Program to find the roots of a quadratic equation 139

74. Program to enter an integer and output it in the

reversed form 141

75. Program to count the number of words and characters

in a sentence 142

76. write program to take the salary of the employee

as a screen input from the user. 144

77. Program to find the sum of each row & column

of a matrix of size n x m and 146
if matrix is square, find the sum of the diagonals also.

78. Program to convert 2-digit octal number into binary

number and print it 149

79. Program to identify if an input is a symbol,

digit or character 151

80. Program to enter three integers and output the

smallest integer using IF 152

81. Program to enter a sentence and output the

number of uppercase & lowercase consonants, uppercase
& lowercase vowels in sentence. 153

82. Program to print the first 10 lines of pascal’s triangle 155

83. Program to enter 10 integers in a single-dimension

array and then print out the array in ascending order 157

84. Program to find the sum of either of the diagonals

of a 4 x 4 matrix 159

85. Program to convert temperatures from Celsius to

Fahrenheit and vice versa 161

86. Program to enter a character and output

its ASCII code 163

87. Program to enter a letter and output the next 2 letters 164

88. Print 1 to 100 in C++, without loop and recursion 165

89. simple C++ program to show working of getline. 167

90. Print 2D matrix in different lines and without curly

braces in C/C++? 170

91. A simple and complete C++ program to demonstrate

friend Class 171

92. A simple and complete C++ program to demonstrate

friend function of another class. 172

93. A simple and complete C++ program to demonstrate

global friend 173
94. Write a programs to show Constructors in C++ 174

95. Write a program on sorting. 175

96. Write a program to demonstrate Binary Search

Algorithms in C++ 176

97. Can namespaces be nested in C++?Write the program. 178

98. Write a program to find the prime numbers from

2 to 100 by using nested for loop. 180

99. Write a program using nested if statement. 181

100. Write a program to demonstrate nested

switch statement. 182

101. Predict the output of following C++ program.

(1 to 15 Programs) 183
 1. Hello World C++ Example Program

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

//Standard namespace declaration

using namespace std;

//Main Function
int main()
{

//Standard Ouput Statement

cout<<“My First C++ Program”;

// Wait For Output

Screen getch();

//Main Function return Statement

return 0;
}

Output :

My First C++ Program

 2. if Statement Example Program in C++
#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace
std; int main()
{
// Variable
Declaration int a;

//Get Input Value

cout<<“Enter the Number
:”; cin>>a;

//If Condition
Check if(a > 10)
{
// Block For Condition Success
cout<<a<<” Is Greater than 10”;
}

// Wait For Output

Screen getch();
return 0;
}

Output :

Enter the Number :15

15 Is Greater than 10

3. if..else Statement Example Program In C++

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

int main()
{

// Variable
Declaration int a;

// Get Input Value

cout<<“Enter the Number
:”; cin>>a;

//If Condition
Check if(a > 10)
{
// Block For Condition Success
cout<<a<<” Is Greater than 10”;
}
else
{
// Block For Condition Fail
cout<<a<<” Is Less than/Equal 10”;
}

// Wait For Output

Screen getch();
 return 0;
}

Output 1:

Enter the Number

:20 20 Is Greater
than 10

Output 2:

Enter the Number :5

5 Is Less than/Equal 10
 4. For Loop Example Program In C++

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

int main()
{

// Variable
Declaration int a;

// Get Input Value

cout<<“Enter the Number
:”; cin>>a;

//for Loop Block

for (int counter = 1; counter <= a; counter++)
{
cout<<“Execute “<<counter<<” time”<<endl;
}

// Wait For Output

Screen getch();
return 0;
}

Output:
Enter the Number :5
Execute 1 time
Execute 2 time
Execute 3 time
Execute 4 time
Execute 5 time
 5. While Loop Example Program In C++

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
// Variable
Declaration int a;

// Get Input Value

cout<<“Enter the Number
:”; cin>>a;

int counter = 1;
//while Loop Block
while (counter <=
a)
{
cout<<“Execute While “<<counter<<” time”<<endl;
counter++;
}

// Wait For Output

Screen getch();
return 0;
}

Output :
Enter the Number :4
Execute While 1
time Execute While
2 time Execute
While 3 time
Execute While 4
time
 6. Do While Loop Example Program In C++

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
// Variable
Declaration int a;

// Get Input Value

cout<<“Enter the Number
:”; cin>>a;

int counter = 1;
//Do while Loop
Block do
{
cout<<“Execute Do While “<<counter<<” time”<<endl;
counter++;
}while (counter <= a);

// Wait For Output

Screen getch();
return 0;
}

Output :
Enter the Number :6
Execute Do While 1
time Execute Do While
2 time Execute Do
While 3 time Execute
Do While 4 time
Execute Do While 5
time Execute Do While
6 time
7. Simple Example Program For Constructor
In C++

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

class Example {
// Variable
Declaration int a,b;
public:

//Constructor
Example() {
// Assign Values In
Constructor a=10;
b=20;
cout<<“Im Constructor\n”;
}

void Display() {
cout<<“Values :”<<a<<”\t”<<b;
}
};

int main() {
Example
Object;
// Constructor
invoked.
Object.Display();
 // Wait For Output
Screen getch();
return 0;
}

Output :
Im Constructor
Values :10 20
 8. Simple Example Program For
Parameterized Constructor In C++

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

class Example {
// Variable
Declaration int a,b;
public:

//Constructor
Example(int x,int y) {
// Assign Values In
Constructor a=x;
b=y;
cout<<“Im Constructor\n”;
}

void Display() {
cout<<“Values :”<<a<<”\t”<<b;
}
};

int main() {
Example Object(10,20);
// Constructor
invoked.
Object.Display();
 // Wait For Output
Screen getch();
return 0;
}

Output :
Im Constructor
Values :10 20
9. Simple Example Program For Constructor
Overloading In C++

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

class Example {
// Variable
Declaration int a,b;
public:

//Constructor wuithout
Argument Example() {
// Assign Values In
Constructor a=50;
b=100;
cout<<”\nIm Constructor”;
}

//Constructor with
Argument Example(int x,int
y) {
// Assign Values In
Constructor a=x;
b=y;
cout<<”\nIm Constructor”;
}

void Display() {
 cout<<”\nValues :”<<a<<”\t”<<b;
}
};

int main() {
Example Object(10,20);
Example Object2;
// Constructor
invoked.
Object.Display();
Object2.Display();
// Wait For Output
Screen getch();
return 0;
}

Output :
Im Constructor
Im Constructor
Values :10 20
Values :50 100
 10. Simple Constructor Example Program
For Find Prime Number In C++

Algorithm:
STEP 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Declare the class as Prime with data members,
Member functions.
STEP 3: Consider the argument constructor Prime() with integer
Argument.
STEP 4: To cal the function calculate() and do the following steps.
STEP 5: For i=2 to a/2 do
STEP 6: Check if a%i==0 then set k=0 and break.
STEP 7: Else set k value as 1.
STEP 8: Increment the value i as 1.
STEP 9: Check whether the k value is 1 or 0.
STEP 10:If it is 1 then display the value is a prime number.
STEP 11:Else display the value is not prime.
STEP 12:Stop the program.

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

// Class
Declaration class
prime
{
//Member Varibale Declaration
int a,k,i;
public:
prime(int x)
{
a=x;

k=1;
{
for(i=2;i<=a/2;i++)
if(a%i==0)
{ k=
0;
break;
}
else
{ k=
1;
}
}
}

void show()
{
if(k==1)
cout<<”\n”<<a<<” is Prime Number.”;
else
cout<<”\n”<<a<<” is Not Prime Numbers.”;
}
};

//Main Function
int main()
{
int a;
cout<<“Enter the
Number:”; cin>>a;

// Object Creation For Class

prime obj(a);

// Call Member
Functions obj.show();
getch();
return 0;
}

Output :
Enter the
Number:7 7 is
Prime Number.
 11. Simple Example Program For Copy
Constructor In C++

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

class Example {
// Variable
Declaration int a,b;
public:

//Constructor with
Argument Example(int x,int
y) {
// Assign Values In
Constructor a=x;
b=y;
cout<<”\nIm Constructor”;
}

void Display() { cout<<”\

nValues :”<<a<<”\t”<<b;
}
};

int main() {
Example Object(10,20);

//Copy Constructor
 Example Object2=Object;

// Constructor invoked.

Object.Display();
Object2.Display();

// Wait For Output

Screen getch();
return 0;
}

Output :
Im Constructor
Values :10 20
Values :10 20
 12. Simple Class Example Program In C++

#include <iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace
std;

// Class
Declaration class
person
{
//Access -
Specifier public:

//Varibale Declaration
string name;
int number;
};

//Main Function
int main()
{
// Object Creation For Class
person obj;

//Get Input Values For Object

Varibales cout<<“Enter the Name :”;
cin>>obj.name;

cout<<“Enter the Number

:”; cin>>obj.number;
//Show the Output
 cout << obj.name << “: ” << obj.number << endl;

getch();
return
0;
}

Output:
Enter the Name
:Byron Enter the
Number :100 Byron:
100
 13. Simple Class Example Program For Find
Prime Number In C++

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

// Class
Declaration class
prime
{
//Member Varibale Declaration
int a,k,i;
public:

prime(int x)
{
a=x;
}

// Object Creation For Class

void calculate()
{ k=
1;
{
for(i=2;i<=a/2;i++)
if(a%i==0)
{ k=
0;
break;
}
else
{ k=
1;
}
}
}

void show()
{
if(k==1)
cout<<”\n”<<a<<” is Prime Number.”;
else
cout<<”\n”<<a<<” is Not Prime Numbers.”;
}
};

//Main Function
int main()
{
int a;
cout<<“Enter the
Number:”; cin>>a;

// Object Creation For Class

prime obj(a);

// Call Member
Functions obj.calculate();
obj.show();
getch();
return
0;
}

Output:
Enter the Number:10
10 is Not Prime Numbers.

Enter the
Number:7 7 is
Prime Number.
14. Simple Example Program For Namespace
In C++

#include <iostream>
using namespace
std;

//Namespace namespacefirst
namespace namespacefirst
{
int value = 5;
}

//Namespace namespacesecond
namespace namespacesecond
{
double value = 3.1416;
}

int main () {
//Namespace namespacefirst Varibale Usage
cout << “namespacefirst value : ” <<namespacefirst::value << endl;

//Namespace namespacesecond Varibale Usage

cout << “namespacesecond value : “<<namespacesecond::value << endl;
return 0;
}

Output:
namespacefirst value : 5
namespacesecond value :
3.1416
15. Find Prime Number Example Program In
C++

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h> // Math.h For sqrt

function using namespace std;

int main()
{

// Variable
Declaration int n;

// Get Input Value

cout<<“Enter the Number
:”; cin>>n;

cout<<“List Of Prime Numbers Below “<<n<<endl;

//for Loop Block For Find Prime Number

for (int i=2; i<n; i++)

for (int j=2; j*j<=i; j++)
{
if (i % j == 0)
break;
else if (j+1 > sqrt(i)) {
cout << i << endl;
 }
}

// Wait For Output

Screen getch();
return 0;
}

Output:

Enter the Number :50

List Of Prime Numbers Below
50 5
7
11
13
17
19
23
29
31
37
41
43
47
 16. Find Prime Number by another method
Example Program In C++

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h> // Math.h For sqrt

function using namespace std;

int main()
{

// Variable
Declaration int n;

// Get Input Value

cout<<“Enter the Number
:”; cin>>n;

cout<<“List Of Prime Numbers Below “<<n<<endl;

//for Loop Block For Find Prime Number

for (int i=2; i<n; i++)
{
bool prime=true;
for (int j=2; j*j<=i; j++)
{
if (i % j == 0)
{
 prime=false;
break;
}
}
if(prime) cout << i << endl;
}

// Wait For Output

Screen getch();
return 0;
}

Output:
Enter the Number :50
List Of Prime Numbers Below
50 5
7
11
13
17
19
23
29
31
37
41
43
47
 17. Fibonacci series Example Program In
C++

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

int main()
{

// Variable
Declaration int
counter, n;
long last=1,next=0,sum;
// Get Input Value
cout<<“Enter the Number
:”; cin>>n;

//Fibonacci Series Calculation

while(next<n/2)
{
cout<<last <<” ”;
sum=next+last;
next=last;
last=sum;
}

// Wait For Output

Screen getch();
return 0;
}

Output :
Enter the Number
:300 1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34
55
89
144
233
 18. Factorial Using Recursion Example
Program In C++

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

//Function
long factorial(int);

int main()
{

// Variable
Declaration int
counter, n;

// Get Input Value

cout<<“Enter the Number
:”; cin>>n;

// Factorial Function Call

cout<<n<<” Factorial Value Is “<<factorial(n);

// Wait For Output

Screen getch();
return 0;
}

// Factorial recursion Function

long factorial(int n)
{
if (n ==
0) return
1; else
return(n * factorial(n-1));
}

Output :
Enter the Number :6
6 Factorial Value Is 720
 19. Factorial Using Function Example
Program In C++

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

//Function
long factorial(int);

int main()
{

// Variable
Declaration int
counter, n;

// Get Input Value

cout<<“Enter the Number
:”; cin>>n;

// Factorial Function Call

cout<<n<<” Factorial Value Is “<<factorial(n);

// Wait For Output

Screen getch();
return 0;
}

// Factorial Function
long factorial(int n)
{
int counter;
long fact = 1;

//for Loop Block

for (int counter = 1; counter <= n; counter++)
{
fact = fact * counter;
}

return fact;
}

Output :
Enter the Number :6
6 Factorial Value Is 720
 20. Factorial Using Loop Example Program
In C++

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

int main()
{

// Variable Declaration
int counter, n, fact =
1;

// Get Input Value

cout<<“Enter the Number
:”; cin>>n;

//for Loop Block

for (int counter = 1; counter <= n; counter++)
{
fact = fact * counter;
}

cout<<n<<” Factorial Value Is “<<fact;

// Wait For Output
Screen getch();
return 0;
}
Output :
Enter the Number :6
6 Factorial Value Is 720
21. Simple Example Program for Function In
C++

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

// Simple Function
void printmessage
()
{
cout << “Im Function In C++”;
}

int main() {
printmessage ();
getch();
return 0;
}

Output :
Im Function In C++
 22. Simple Example Program for Function
Find Smallest Number In C++

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

// Simple Function
int compare( int a, int b )
{
return (a+4 < b)? a : b;
}

int main() {
cout<<”\nSmallest Number :”<<compare(1,10);
cout<<”\nSmallest Number :”<<compare(31,10);
cout<<”\nSmallest Number :”<<compare(11,8);
getch();
return 0;
}

Output :
Smallest Number :1
Smallest Number :10
Smallest Number :8
 23. Simple Example Program for Function to
Find Factorial In C++

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

// Simple factorial
Function int factorial(int
var)
{
int fact=1;
for(int i=1;i<=var;i++)
fact = fact * i;
return fact;
}

int main() {
cout<<“5 Factorial Number :”<<factorial(5);
getch();
return 0;
}

Output :
5 Factorial Number :120
 24. Simple Example Program for Inline
Function Using C++ Programming

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the pogram.
Step 2: Declare the
class.
Step 3: Declare and define the inline function for multiplication and
cube. Step 4: Declare the class object and variables.
Step 5: Read two values.
Step 6: Call the multiplication and cubic functions using class objects.
Step 7: Return the values.
Step 8: Display.
Step 9: Stop the program.

Example Program Of Inline

Function #include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class line
{
public:
inline float mul(float x,float y)
{
return(x*y);
}
inline float cube(float x)
{
return(x*x*x);
}
};
void main()
{
line obj;
float val1,val2;
clrscr();
cout<<“Enter two
values:”;
cin>>val1>>val2;
cout<<”\nMultiplication value is:”<<obj.mul(val1,val2);
cout<<”\n\nCube value is :”<<obj.cube(val1)<<”\t”<<obj.cube(val2);
} getch();

Output:

Enter two values: 5 7

Multiplication Value is: 35
Cube Value is: 25 and 343
 25. Simple Addition in C++ Binary Operator
Overloading Using C++ Programming

// Header Files
#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
//Standard namespace declaration
using namespace std;

class overloading
{
int value;
public:
void setValue(int temp)
{
value = temp;
}
overloading operator+(overloading ob)
{
overloading t;
t.value=value+ob.value;
return(t);
}
void display()
{
cout<<value<<endl;
}
};

//Main Functions
int main()
{
overloading obj1,obj2,result;
int a,b;

cout<<“Enter the value of Complex Numbers a,b:”;

cin>>a>>b;
obj1.setValue(a);
obj2.setValue(b);

result = obj1+obj2;

cout<<“Input Values:\n”;
obj1.display();
obj2.display();
cout<<“Result:”;
result.display();
getch();
return
0;
}

Output:
Enter the value of Complex Numbers a,b:10
5
Input Values:
10
5
Result:15
 26. Simple Program for Multiple Inheritance
Using C++ Programming

To find out the student details using multiple inheritance.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Declare the base class student.
Step 3: Declare and define the function get() to get the student details.
Step 4: Declare the other class sports.
Step 5: Declare and define the function getsm() to read the sports mark.
Step 6: Create the class statement derived from student and sports.
Step 7: Declare and define the function display() to find out the total and average.
Step 8: Declare the derived class object,call the functions get(),getsm() and
display(). Step 9: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

class student
{
protected:
int rno,m1,m2;
public:
void get()
{
cout<<“Enter the Roll no
:”; cin>>rno;
cout<<“Enter the two marks :”;
cin>>m1>>m2;
 }
};
class sports
{
protected:
int sm; // sm = Sports
mark public:
void getsm()
{
cout<<”\nEnter the sports mark :”;
cin>>sm;

}
};
class statement:public student,public sports
{
int tot,avg;
public:
void display()
{
tot=(m1+m2+sm);
avg=tot/3;
cout<<”\n\n\tRoll No : “<<rno<<”\n\tTotal : “<<tot;
cout<<”\n\tAverage : “<<avg;
}
};
void main()
{
clrscr();
statement
obj; obj.get();
obj.getsm();
 obj.display();
getch();
}

Output:
Enter the Roll no: 100

Enter two marks

90
80

Enter the Sports Mark:

90 Roll No: 100

Total : 260
Average: 86.66
27. Simple Program for Inline Function Using
C++ Programming

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the pogram.
Step 2: Declare the
class.
Step 3: Declare and define the inline function for multiplication and
cube. Step 4: Declare the class object and variables.
Step 5: Read two values.
Step 6: Call the multiplication and cubic functions using class objects.
Step 7: Return the values.
Step 8: Display.
Step 9: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

class line
{
public:
inline float mul(float x,float y)
{
return(x*y);
}
inline float cube(float x)
{
return(x*x*x);
}
};
void main()
{
line obj;
float val1,val2;
clrscr();
cout<<“Enter two
values:”;
cin>>val1>>val2;
cout<<”\nMultiplication value is:”<<obj.mul(val1,val2);
cout<<”\n\nCube value is :”<<obj.cube(val1)<<”\t”<<obj.cube(val2);
} getch();

Output:

Enter two values: 5 7

Multiplication Value is: 35
Cube Value is: 25 and 343
 28. Simple Program for Function
Template Using C++
Programming

To swap the numbers using the concept of function template.

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Declare the template class.
STEP 3: Declare and define the functions to swap the values.
STEP 4: Declare and define the functions to get the values.
STEP 5: Read the values and call the corresponding functions.
STEP6: Display the results.
STEP 7: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

template<class t>

void swap(t &x,t &y)

{
t temp=x;
x=y;
y=temp;
}

void fun(int a,int b,float c,float d)

{
cout<<”\na and b before swaping :”<<a<<”\t”<<b;
swap(a,b);
 cout<<”\na and b after swaping :”<<a<<”\t”<<b;
cout<<”\n\nc and d before swaping :”<<c<<”\t”<<d;
swap(c,d);
cout<<”\nc and d after swaping :”<<c<<”\t”<<d;
}

void main()
{
int a,b;
float c,d;
clrscr();
cout<<“Enter A,B values(integer):”;
cin>>a>>b;
cout<<“Enter C,D values(float):”;
cin>>c>>d;
fun(a,b,c,d);
getch();
}

Output:
Enter A, B values (integer): 10 20
Enter C, D values (float): 2.50 10.80

A and B before swapping: 10 20

A and B after swapping: 20 10

C and D before swapping: 2.50 10.80

C and D after swapping: 10.80 2.50
 29. Simple Program for Function
Overloading Using C++ Programming

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Declare the class name as fn with data members and member functions.
STEP 3: Read the choice from the user.
STEP 4: Choice=1 then go to the step 5.
STEP 5: The function area() to find area of circle with one integer argument.
STEP 6: Choice=2 then go to the step 7.
STEP 7: The function area() to find area of rectangle with two integer argument.
STEP 8: Choice=3 then go to the step 9.
STEP 9: The function area() to find area of triangle with three arguments, two as Integer
and one as float.
STEP 10: Choice=4 then stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define pi 3.14
class fn
{
public:
void area(int); //circle
void area(int,int); //rectangle
void area(float ,int,int); //triangle
};

void fn::area(int a)
{
 cout<<“Area of Circle:”<<pi*a*a;
}
void fn::area(int a,int b)
{
cout<<“Area of rectangle:”<<a*b;
}
void fn::area(float t,int a,int b)
{
cout<<“Area of triangle:”<<t*a*b;
}

void main()
{
int ch;
int
a,b,r;
clrscr();
fn obj;
cout<<”\n\t\tFunction Overloading”;
cout<<”\n1.Area of Circle\n2.Area of Rectangle\n3.Area of Triangle\n4.Exit\n:”;
cout<<”Enter your Choice:”;
cin>>ch;

switch(ch)
{
case 1:
cout<<“Enter Radious of the Circle:”;
cin>>r;
obj.area(r);
break;
case 2:
cout<<“Enter Sides of the Rectangle:”;
 cin>>a>>b;
obj.area(a,b);
break;
case 3:
cout<<“Enter Sides of the Triangle:”;
cin>>a>>b;
obj.area(0.5,a,b);
break;
case 4:
exit(0);
}
getch();
}

Output:

Function Overloading
1. Area of Circle
2. Area of Rectangle
3. Area of Triangle
4. Exit
Enter Your Choice: 2

Enter the Sides of the Rectangle: 5 5

Area of Rectangle is: 25

1. Area of Circle
2. Area of Rectangle
3. Area of Triangle
4. Exit
Enter Your Choice: 4
 30. Simple Program for Friend Function
Using C++ Programming

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Declare the class name as Base with data members and member functions.
STEP 3: The function get() is used to read the 2 inputs from the user.
STEP 4: Declare the friend function mean(base ob) inside the class.
STEP 5: Outside the class to define the friend function and do the following.
STEP 6: Return the mean value (ob.val1+ob.val2)/2 as a float.
STEP 7: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class base
{
int val1,val2;
public:
void get()
{
cout<<“Enter two
values:”;
cin>>val1>>val2;
}
friend float mean(base ob);
};
float mean(base ob)
{
return float(ob.val1+ob.val2)/2;
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
base obj;
obj.get();
cout<<”\n Mean value is : “<<mean(obj);
getch();
}

Output:
Enter two values: 10, 20
Mean Value is: 15
 31. Simple Program for Exception Handling
with Multiple Catch Using C++ Programming

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Declare and define the function test().
Step 3: Within the try block check whether the value is greater than zero or not.
a. if the value greater than zero throw the value and catch the corresponding exception.
b. Otherwise throw the character and catch the corresponding
exception. Step 4: Read the integer and character values for the function
test().
Step 5: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void test(int x)
{
try
{
if(x>0)
throw x;
else
throw ‘x’;
}

catch(int x)
{
cout<<“Catch a integer and that integer is:”<<x;
}
 catch(char x)
{
cout<<“Catch a character and that character is:”<<x;
}
}

void main()
{
clrscr();
cout<<“Testing multiple catches\n:”;
test(10);
test(0);
getch();
}

Output:
Testing multiple catches
Catch a integer and that integer is: 10
Catch a character and that character is: x
 32. Simple Program for Exception Handling
Divide by zero Using C++ Programming

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Declare the variables a,b,c.
Step 3: Read the values a,b,c,.
Step 4: Inside the try block check the condition.
a. if(a-b!=0) then calculate the value of d and display.
b. otherwise throw the exception.
Step 5: Catch the exception and display the appropriate message.
Step 6: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
float d;
clrscr();
cout<<“Enter the value of
a:”; cin>>a;
cout<<“Enter the value of
b:”; cin>>b;
cout<<“Enter the value of
c:”; cin>>c;
try
{
if((a-b)!=0)
 {
d=c/(a-b);
cout<<“Result is:”<<d;
}
else
{
throw(a-b);
}
}

catch(int i)
{
cout<<“Answer is infinite because a-b is:”<<i;
}
getch();
}

Output:
Enter the value for a:
20 Enter the value for
b: 20 Enter the value
for c: 40

Answer is infinite because a-b is: 0

 33. Simple Program for Constructor Using
C++ Programming

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Declare the class as Prime with data members,
Member functions.
STEP 3: Consider the argument constructor Prime() with integer
Argument.
STEP 4: To cal the function calculate() and do the following steps.
STEP 5: For i=2 to a/2 do
STEP 6: Check if a%i==0 then set k=0 and break.
STEP 7: Else set k value as 1.
STEP 8: Increment the value i as 1.
STEP 9: Check whether the k value is 1 or 0.
STEP 10:If it is 1 then display the value is a prime number.
STEP 11:Else display the value is not prime.
STEP 12:Stop the program.

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class prime
{
int a,k,i;
public:
prime(int x)
{
a=x;
}
 void calculate()
{
k=1;
{
for(i=2;i<=a/2;i++)

if(a%i==0)
{
k=0;
break;
}
els
e
{
k=1;
}
}
}

void show()
{
if(k==1)
cout<< “\n\tA is prime Number. “;
else
cout<<”\n\tA is Not prime.”;
}
};

void main()
{
clrscr();
int a;
cout<<”\n\tEnter the Number:”;
 cin>>a;
prime obj(a);
obj.calculate();
obj.show();
getch();
}

Output:
Enter the number: 7
Given number is Prime Number
 34. Simple Program for Binary Operator
Overloading Using C++ Programming

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the
program. Step 2: Declare
the class.
Step 3: Declare the variables and its member function.
Step 4: Using the function getvalue() to get the two numbers.
Step 5: Define the function operator +() to add two complex numbers.
Step 6: Define the function operator –()to subtract two complex
numbers. Step 7: Define the display function.
Step 8: Declare the class objects obj1,obj2 and result.
Step 9: Call the function getvalue using obj1 and
obj2
Step 10: Calculate the value for the object result by calling the function operator + and
operator -.
Step 11: Call the display function using obj1 and obj2 and result.
Step 12: Return the values.
Step 13: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

class complex
{
int a,b;
public:
void getvalue()
{
cout<<“Enter the value of Complex Numbers a,b:”;
cin>>a>>b;
 }
complex operator+(complex ob)
{
complex t;
t.a=a+ob.a;
t.b=b+ob.b;
return(t);
}
complex operator-(complex ob)
{
complex t;
t.a=a-ob.a;
t.b=b-ob.b;
return(t);
}
void display()
{
cout<<a<<”+”<<b<<“i”<<”\n”;
}
};

void main()
{
clrscr();
complex obj1,obj2,result,result1;

obj1.getvalue();
obj2.getvalue();
 result =
obj1+obj2;
result1=obj1-obj2;

cout<<“Input Values:\n”;
obj1.display();
obj2.display();
cout<<“Result:”;
result.display();
result1.display();
getch();
}

Output:
Enter the value of Complex Numbers a,
b4 5
Enter the value of Complex Numbers a,
b2 2
Input Values
4 + 5i
2 + 2i
Result
6 + 7i
2 + 3i
 35. Simple Program Book Entry Using
structure Variable in C++
Programming

#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>

struct books
{
char name[20],author[20];
}a[50];
int main()
{

int i,n;
cout<<“No Of Books[less than 50]:”;
cin>>n;
cout<<“Enter the book details\
n”; cout<<”–––––––-\n”;

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
cout<<“Details of Book No “<<i+1<<”\n”;
cout<<“Book Name :”;
cin>>a[i].name;
cout<<“Book Author
:”; cin>>a[i].author;
cout<<”–––––––-\n”;
} cout<<”================================================\
n”;
cout<<” S.No\t| Book Name\t|author\n”;
 cout<<”=====================================================”;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
cout<<”\n ”<<i+1<<”\t|”<<a[i].name<<”\t| “<<a[i].author;
} cout<<”\
n=================================================”;

return 0;
}

Output :
No Of Books[less than
50]:2 Enter the book details
–––––––-
Details of Book No 1
Book Name
:Programming Book
Author :Dromy Details of
Book No 2 Book Name :C
Book Author :Byron
=======================================================
S.No | Book Name |author
=======================================================
1 |Programming |
Dromy 2 |C | Byron
=======================================================
36. Simple Program for Write File Operation
Using C++ Programming

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Declare the variables.
STEP 3: Read the file name.
STEP 4: open the file to write the contents.
STEP 5: writing the file contents up to reach a particular condition.
STEP 6: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<fstream.h>
void main()
{
char c,fname[10];
ofstream out;
cout<<“Enter File
name:”; cin>>fname;
out.open(fname);
cout<<“Enter contents to store in file (Enter # at end):\n”; while((c=getchar())!
=’#’)
{
out<<c;
}
out.close();
getch();
}
Output:
Enter File name: one.txt
Enter contents to store in file (enter # at end)

Master of Computer Applications#

 37. Simple Program for Virtual Functions
Using C++ Programming

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Declare the base class base.
Step 3: Declare and define the virtual function show().
Step 4: Declare and define the function display().
Step 5: Create the derived class from the base class.
Step 6: Declare and define the functions display() and show().
Step 7: Create the base class object and pointer variable.
Step 8: Call the functions display() and show() using the base class object and pointer.
Step 9: Create the derived class object and call the functions display() and show() using
the derived class object and pointer.
Step 10: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class base
{
public:
virtual void show()
{
cout<<”\n Base class show:”;
}
void display()
{
cout<<”\n Base class display:” ;
}
};
class drive:public base
{
public:
void display()
{
cout<<”\n Drive class display:”;
}
void show()
{
cout<<”\n Drive class show:”;
}
};

void main()
{
clrscr();
base obj1;
base *p;
cout<<”\n\t P points to base:\n” ;

p=&obj1;
p->display();
p->show();

cout<<”\n\n\t P points to drive:\

n”; drive obj2;
p=&obj2;
p->display();
p->show();
getch();
}
Output:
P points to Base

Base class
display Base
class show

P points to Drive

Base class
Display Drive
class Show
 38. Simple Program for Virtual Base Class
Using C++ Programming

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Declare the base class student.
Step 3: Declare and define the functions getnumber() and putnumber().
Step 4: Create the derived class test virtually derived from the base class
student. Step 5: Declare and define the function getmarks() and putmarks().
Step 6: Create the derived class sports virtually derived from the base class student.
Step 7: Declare and define the function getscore() and putscore().
Step 8: Create the derived class result derived from the class test and sports.
Step 9: Declare and define the function display() to calculate the total.
Step 10: Create the derived class object obj.
Step 11: Call the function get number(),getmarks(),getscore() and display().
Step 12: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

class student
{
int rno;
public:
void getnumber()
{
cout<<“Enter Roll
No:”; cin>>rno;
}
 void putnumber()
{
cout<<”\n\n\tRoll No:”<<rno<<”\n”;
}
};

class test:virtual public student

{
public:
int part1,part2;
void
getmarks()
{
cout<<“Enter Marks\n”;
cout<<“Part1:”;
cin>>part1;
cout<<“Part2:”;
cin>>part2;
}
void putmarks()
{
cout<<”\tMarks Obtained\n”;
cout<<”\n\tPart1:”<<part1;
cout<<”\n\tPart2:”<<part2;
}
};

class sports:public virtual student

{

public:
int score;
void getscore()
 {
cout<<“Enter Sports
Score:”; cin>>score;
}
void putscore()
{
cout<<”\n\tSports Score is:”<<score;
}
};

class result:public test,public sports

{
int
total;
public:
void display()
{
total=part1+part2+score;
putnumber();
putmarks();
putscore();
cout<<”\n\tTotal Score:”<<total;
}
};

void main()
{
result obj;
clrscr();
obj.getnumber();
obj.getmarks();
obj.getscore();
obj.display();
 getch();
}

Output:
Enter Roll No: 200

Enter Marks

Part1: 90
Part2: 80
Enter Sports Score: 80

Roll No: 200

Marks Obtained
Part1: 90
Part2: 80
Sports Score is:
80 Total Score is:
250
 39. Simple Program for Unary Operator
Overloading Using C++ Programming

To write a program to find the complex numbers using unary operator overloading.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the
program. Step 2: Declare
the class.
Step 3: Declare the variables and its member function.
Step 4: Using the function getvalue() to get the two numbers.
Step 5: Define the function operator ++ to increment the values
Step 6: Define the function operator - -to decrement the values.
Step 7: Define the display function.
Step 8: Declare the class object.
Step 9: Call the function getvalue
Step 10: Call the function operator ++() by incrementing the class object and call the
function display.
Step 11: Call the function operator - -() by decrementing the class object and call the
function display.
Step 12: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

class complex
{
int
a,b,c;
public:
complex(){}
void
getvalue()
 {
cout<<“Enter the Two
Numbers:”; cin>>a>>b;
}

void operator++()
{
a=++a;
b=++b;
}

void operator—()
{
a=—a;
b=—b;
}

void display()
{
cout<<a<<”+\t”<<b<<“i”<<endl;
}
};

void main()
{
clrscr();
complex obj;
obj.getvalue();
obj++;
cout<<“Increment Complex Number\n”;
 obj.display();
obj—;
cout<<“Decrement Complex Number\n”;
obj.display();
getch();
}

Output:
Enter the two numbers: 3 6
Increment Complex
Number 4 + 7i
Decrement Complex
Number 3 + 6i
 40. Simple Program for Static Data and
Member Function Using C++ Programming

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Declare the class name as Stat with data member s and member functions.
STEP 3: The constructor Stat() which is used to increment the value of count as 1 to to
assign the variable code.
STEP 4: The function showcode() to display the code value.
STEP 5: The function showcount() to display the count value.
STEP 6: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

class stat
{
int code;
static int count;

public:
stat()
{
code=++count;
}
void showcode()
{
cout<<”\n\tObject number is :”<<code;
}
 static void showcount()
{
cout<<”\n\tCount Objects :”<<count;
}
};

int stat::count;

void main()
{
clrscr();
stat obj1,obj2;

obj1.showcount();
obj1.showcode();
obj2.showcount();
obj2.showcode();
getch();
}

Output:
Count Objects: 2
Object Number is:
1 Count Objects: 2
Object Number is:
2
 41. Simple Program for Single Inheritance
Using C++ Programming

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Declare the base class emp.
Step 3: Define and declare the function get() to get the employee details.
Step 4: Declare the derived class salary.
Step 5: Declare and define the function get1() to get the salary details.
Step 6: Define the function calculate() to find the net pay.
Step 7: Define the function display().
Step 8: Create the derived class object.
Step 9: Read the number of employees.
Step 10: Call the function get(),get1() and calculate() to each employees.
Step 11: Call the display().
Step 12: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:PAYROLL SYSTEM USING SINGLE INHERITANCE

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

class emp
{
public:
int eno;
char name[20],des[20];
void get()
{
cout<<“Enter the employee number:”;
cin>>eno;
 cout<<“Enter the employee
name:”; cin>>name;
cout<<“Enter the
designation:”; cin>>des;
}
};

class salary:public emp

{
float
bp,hra,da,pf,np;
public:
void get1()
{
cout<<“Enter the basic
pay:”; cin>>bp;
cout<<“Enter the Humen Resource Allowance:”;
cin>>hra;
cout<<“Enter the Dearness Allowance :”;
cin>>da;
cout<<“Enter the Profitablity Fund:”;
cin>>pf;
}
void calculate()
{
np=bp+hra+da-pf;
}
void display()
{

cout<<eno<<”\t”<<name<<”\t”<<des<<”\t”<<bp<<”\t”<<hra<<”\t”<<da<<”\t”<<pf<<”\t
}
};
void main()
{
int i,n;
char ch;
salary s[10];
clrscr();
cout<<“Enter the number of employee:”;
cin>>n;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
s[i].get();
s[i].get1();
s[i].calculate();
}
cout<<”\ne_no \t e_name\t des \t bp \t hra \t da \t pf \t np \n”;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
s[i].display();
}
getch();
}

Output:
Enter the Number of
employee:1 Enter the employee
No: 150 Enter the employee
Name: ram Enter the
designation: Manager Enter the
basic pay: 5000
Enter the HR allowance: 1000
Enter the Dearness allowance: 500
Enter the profitability Fund: 300

E.No E.name des BP HRA DA PF NP

150 ram Manager 5000 1000 500 300 6200
 42. Simple Program for Copy Constructor
Using C++ Programming

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Declare the class name as Copy with data members and member functions.
STEP 3: The constructor Copy() with argument to assign the value.
STEP 4: To cal the function calculate() do the following steps.
STEP 5: For i=1 to var do
STEP 6: Calculate fact*i to assign to
fact. STEP 7: Increment the value as 1.
STEP 8: Return the value
fact. STEP 9: Print the
result.
STEP 10: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class copy
{
int var,fact;
public:

copy(int temp)
{
var = temp;
}

double calculate()
{
fact=1;
 for(int i=1;i<=var;i++)
{
fact = fact * i;
}
return fact;
}
};
void main()
{
clrscr();
int n;
cout<<”\n\tEnter the Number : “;
cin>>n;
copy obj(n);
copy cpy=obj;
cout<<”\n\t”<<n<<” Factorial is:”<<obj.calculate();
cout<<”\n\t”<<n<<” Factorial is:”<<cpy.calculate();
getch();
}

Output:
Enter the Number:
5 Factorial is: 120
Factorial is: 120
 43. Simple Program for Read File Operation
Using C++ Programming

Program for read the content of a file.

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Declare the variables.
STEP 3: Get the file name to read.
STEP 4: Using ifstreamin(filename) check whether the file exist.
STEP 5: If the file exist then check for the end of file condition.
STEP 6: Read the contents of the file.
STEP 7: Print the contents of the file.
STEP 8: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<fstream.h>
void main()
{
char
c,fname[10];
clrscr();
cout<<“Enter file
name:”; cin>>fname;
ifstream in(fname);
if(!in)
{
cout<<“File Does not
Exist”; getch();
 return;
}
cout<<”\n\n”;
while(in.eof()==0)
{
in.get(c);
cout<<c;
}
getch()
;
}

Output:
Enter File name: one.txt
Master of Computer Applications
 44. Simple Program for Read & Write File
Operation (Convert lowercase to uppercase)
Using C++ Programming

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Declare the variables.
STEP 3: Read the file name.
STEP 4: open the file to write the contents.
STEP 5: writing the file contents up to reach a particular condition.
STEP6: write the file contents as uppercase.
STEP7: open the file to read the
contents. STEP 8: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<fstream.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char c,u;
char fname[10];
clrscr();
ofstream out;
cout<<“Enter File
Name:”; cin>>fname;
out.open(fname);
 cout<<“Enter the text(Enter # at end)\n”; //write contents to
file while((c=getchar())!=’#’)
{
u=c-32;
out<<u;
}
out.close();
ifstream in(fname); //read the contents of
file cout<<”\n\n\t\tThe File contains\n\n”;
while(in.eof()==0)
{
in.get(c);
cout<<c;
}
getch();

Output:

Enter File Name: two.txt

Enter contents to store in file (enter # at end)
oops programming
The File Contains
OOPS PROGRAMMING
 45. C++ program which adds two integers

#include <iostream.h>

main() {

// A simple C++ program

int x, y, sum;
cout << “A program which adds two integers\n”;
cout << “Enter 1st integer: “;
cin >> x;
cout << “Enter 2nd integer:
“; cin >> y;
sum = x + y;
cout << “Sum is ” << sum <<
endl; return 0;
}

Output :

A program which adds two integers

Enter 1st integer: 3
Enter 2nd integer:
4 Sum is 7
 46. C++ Program to output an integer,
a floating point number and a
character

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int x =
10;
float y = 10.1;
char z = ‘a’;
cout << “x = ” << x <<
endl; cout << “y = ” << y
<< endl; cout << “z = ” << z
<< endl; getch();
}

This program has pre-defined values for an integer x, floating point number y, and a
character z.
These three values are outputted using the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :

No inputs from the user for this program.

OUTPUT :

x = 10
y = 10.1
z=a
 47. C++ Program to find the sum, difference,
product and quotient of two integers

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int x =
10; int y
= 2;
int sum, difference, product, quotient;
sum = x + y;
difference = x -
y; product = x *
y; quotient = x /
y;
cout << “The sum of ” << x << ” & ” << y << ” is ” << sum << “.” << endl;
cout << “The difference of ” << x << ” & ” << “y << is ” << difference << “.” <<
endl; cout << “The product of ” << x << ” & ” << y << ” is ” << product << “.” <<
endl; cout << “The quotient of ” << x << ” & ” << y << ” is ” << quotient << “.” <<
endl; getch();
}

This program has pre-defined values for two integers x and y.

The sum, difference, product and quotient of these two values are calculated and then
outputted using the ‘cout’ command.
OUTPUT :

The sum of 10 & 2 is 12.

The difference of 10 & 2 is 8.
The product of 10 & 2 is 20.
The quotient of 10 & 2 is 5.
 48. Program to enter two integers and find
their sum and average

#include <iostream.h>
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int x,y,sum;
float
average;
cout << “Enter 2 integers : ” << endl;
cin>>x>>y;
sum=x+y;
average=sum/2;
cout << “The sum of ” << x << ” and ” << y << ” is ” << sum << “.” << endl;
cout << “The average of ” << x << ” and ” << y << ” is ” << average << “.” << endl;
getch();
}

This program takes in two integers x and y as a screen input from the user.
The sum and average of these two integers are calculated and outputted using the ‘cout’
command.

INPUT :

86

OUTPUT :
The sum of 8 and 6 is 14.
The average of 8 and 6 is 7.
 49. Program to enter velocity,
acceleration and time and print final
velocity using the
formula : v = u + a * t

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int v,u,a,t;
cout << “Enter the velocity, acceleration, time as integers : ” << endl;
cin>>u>>a>>t;
v=u+a*t;
cout << “The final velocity is ” << v << “.” << endl;
getch();
}
This program takes in the velocity, acceleration and the time as a screen input from the
user.
The final velocity is calculated using the formula v = u + a * t, and then outputted using
the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :

20 10 5

OUTPUT :

The final velocity is 70.

 50. Program to enter your age and print if
you should be in grade 10

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int age;
cout << “Enter your present age : ” << endl;
cin>>age;
if(age==16)
{
cout << “Your present age is ” << age << ” years.” << endl;
cout << “You are of the right age for joining grade 10 !” << endl;
}
else
{
cout << “Your present age is ” << age << ” years.” << endl;
cout << “You are not of the right age for joining grade 10 !” << endl;
}
getch();
}

This program takes in the age as a screen input from the user.
The program tells the user whether he/she should be in grade 10 or not by using the ‘IF-
ELSE’ command.
It then prints out the appropriate message using the ‘cout’ command.
INPUT :

15

OUTPUT :

Your present age is 15 years.

You are not of the right age for joining grade 10 !
51. Program to enter an integer and print if it
is greater or less than 100

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main(){
clrscr();
int x;
cout << “Enter an integer : ” << endl;
cin>>x;
if(x>100)
{
cout << x << ” is greater than 100.” << endl;
}
else
{
cout << x << ” is less than 100.” << endl;
}
getch();
}

This program takes in an integer x as a screen input from the user.

The program tells the user whether that integer is greater than 100 or less than 100.
It then prints out the appropriate message using the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :

74
OUTPUT :

74 is less than 100.

52. Program to enter an integer and output its
15 multiples

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
int x;
cout << “Enter an integer less than 2185 : “;
cin>>x;
cout << “The first 15 multiples of ” << x << ” are : “;
for(int y=1;y<16;y++)
cout << “\n” << x << “x” << y << “=” << x*y;
getch();
return 0;
}
This program takes in an integer x as a screen input from the user.
It then calculates the first fifteen multiples of that integer and outputs it using the ‘cout’
command.

INPUT :

12

OUTPUT :

The first 15 multiples of 12 are

: 12x1=12
12x2=24
12x3=36
12x4=48
12x5=60
12x6=72
12x7=84
12x8=96
12x9=108
12x10=120
12x11=132
12x12=144
12x13=156
12x14=168
12x15=180
 53. Program to enter two integers and print
the quotient and remainder

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
int x,y,quotient,remainder;
cout << “Enter 2 integers greater than 0 : “;
cin>>x>>y;
quotient=x/y;
remainder=x-(quotient*y);
cout << “Quotient of ” << x << ” & ” << y << ” = ” << quotient << “\n”;
cout << “Remainder” << ” = ” << remainder << “\n”;
getch();
return 0;
}
This program takes in two integers x and y as a screen input from the user.
It then calculates their quotient and remainder and outputs them using the ‘cout’
command.

INPUT :

23 4

OUTPUT :

Quotient of 23 & 4 = 5
Remainder = 3
 54. Program to enter an integer and find out
if it is even or odd

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int x;
cout << “Enter an integer :
“; cin>>x;
if(x%2==0)
cout << “The number ” << x << ” is even.”;
else
cout << “The number ” << x << ” is
odd.”; getch();
}

This program takes in an integer x as a screen input from the user.

It then determines whether the integer is odd or even and outputs the appropriate message
using the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :

86

OUTPUT

The number 86 is even.

 55.Program to change the foreground colors
and draw circles on the screen

#include <conio.h>
#include
<graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void main (int)

{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode,errorcode; //Requesting auto-detection.
int midx,midy,x;
//Initializing graphics and local variables. initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,“d:\bc3\
bgi”);
//Reading result of initialization.
errorcode=graphresult(); if(errorcode!
=grOk)
//An error occurred.
{
printf(“Graphics error occurred : %s \n”,grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf(“Press any key to stop : “);
getch();
exit(1); //Terminate the program due to error.
}
/*Changing the foreground color.
Note : Press enter to exit the last screen as it is black and
it may appear as if the program has stopped running.*/
for(x=15;x>=0;x—)
{
setcolor(x);
circle(20+(x*40),200,15);/*Changing x-coordinate by 50 each time so that
the circles do not overlap.*/
getch();
}
cleardevice(); //Clearing the screen in the graphics mode.
circle(200,200,50);
getch();
closegraph();
}

This graphics program changes the foreground colors on the screen gradually from
white to black, in-turn drawing circles of that foreground color, using the ‘setcolor’
command.
56. Program to draw 2 rectangles and fill 1 of
them

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <graphics.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int gd = DETECT,gm,errorcode; //Requesting auto-detection.

//Initializing graphics and local variables.

initgraph (&gd, &gm, “d:\bc3\bgi”); //Path where graphics drivers are installed

//Read result of initialization.

errorcode = graphresult();

//An error occured.

if (errorcode != grOk)
{
cout << “Graphics error occured : \n” << grapherrormsg(errorcode) << endl;
cout << “Press any key to stop : “;
getch();
exit(1);
}
 /*Drawing a rectangle having top LHS vertex at (300, 300)
and bottom RHS vertex at (600, 400)*/
rectangle(300, 300, 600, 400);
rectangle(100, 100, 200,
200); getch();
floodfill(120, 120,
WHITE); getch();
closegraph();
}

This graphics program draws two rectangles, but fills in only one of them with a white
color using the ‘floodfill’ command.
 57. Program to enter three integers and
output the biggest integer

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
int x,y,z,biggest;
cout << “Enter 3 integers : “;
cin>>x>>y>>z; biggest=x>y?(x>z?
x:z):(y>z?y:z);
cout << “The biggest integer out of the 3 integers you typed “;
cout << x << “, ” << y << ” & ” << z << ” is : ” << “\n” << biggest << “\n”;
getch();
return 0;
}

This program takes in three integers x, y and z as a screen input from the user.
It then determines the biggest integer of the three and outputs it using the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :

63 73 79

OUTPUT :

The biggest integer out of the 3 integers you typed 64, 73 & 79 is :
79
 58. Program to draw circles

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <graphics.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int gd=DETECT,gm,errorcode; //Requesting auto-detection.
//Initializing graphics and local variables.
initgraph(&gd,&gm,“d:\bc3\bgi”); //Path where graphics drivers are installed
//Reading result of initialization.
errorcode=graphresult();
//An error occured.
if (errorcode!=grOk)
{
cout << “Graphics error occured : \n” << grapherrormsg(errorcode) << endl;
cout << “Press any key to stop : “;
getch();
exit(1);
}
circle(200,200,50); //Drawing a circle having center(200,200) and radius(50).
getch();
circle(300,203,40); //Drawing a circle having center(300,203) and radius(40).
getch();
circle(500,303,80); //Drawing a circle having center(500,303) and radius(80).
getch();
closegraph();
}

Output :

This graphics program draws three circles on the screen.

59. Program to change the background colors
on the screen

#include <conio.h>
#include
<graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void main (int)

{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode,errorcode; //Requesting auto-detection.
int midx,midy,x;
//Initializing graphics and local variables. initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,“d:\bc3\
bgi”);
//Reading result of initialization.
errorcode=graphresult(); if(errorcode!
=grOk)
//An error occurred.
{
printf(“Graphics error occurred : %s \n”,grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf(“Press any key to stop : “);
getch();
exit(1); //Terminate the program due to error.
}
/*Changing the background color.
Note : Press enter to see the first screen as it is black and
it may appear as if the program has stopped running.*/
for(x=0;x<=15;x++)
{
setbkcolor(x);
getch();
}
closegraph();
}

Output :

This graphics program changes the background colors on the screen gradually from
black to white using the ‘setbkcolor’ command.
 60. Program to enter three integers and
output the biggest integer using IF

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
int x,y,z,biggest;
cout << “Enter 3 integers :
“; cin>>x>>y>>z;
biggest=x;
if(y>biggest)
biggest=y;
if(z>biggest)
biggest=z;
cout << “The biggest integer out of the 3 integers you typed “;
cout << x << “, ” << y << ” & ” << z << ” is : ” << “\n” << biggest << “\n”;
getch();
return 0;
}
This program takes in three integers x, y and z as a screen input from the user.
It then determines the biggest integer of the three using the ‘IF’ statement.
It then outputs the biggest integer using the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :

32 47 44
OUTPUT :

The biggest integer out of the 3 integers you typed 32, 47 & 44 is :
47
61. Program to enter an integer and print out
its successor

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
void value(int);

void main()
{
clrscr();
int x;
cout << “Enter an integer :
“; cin>>x;
cout << “The successor of ” << x << ” is “;
value(x);
getch();
}
void value(int x)
{ x+
+;
cout << x << “.” << endl;
}

This program takes in an integer x as a screen input from the user.

It then determines the successor of the integer and outputs it using the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :

49
OUTPUT :

The successor of 49 is 50.

 62. Program to enter an integer and output
the cube of that integer

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int cube(int x); //The prototype.

void main()
{
clrscr();
int a;
cout << “Enter an integer :
“; cin>>a;
cout << “The cube of ” << a << ” is : ” << cube(a) << endl; //Call the function cube(a).
getch();
}
//Defining the
function. int cube(int
x)
{
int y;
y=x*x*x;
return(y);
}
This program takes in an integer a as a screen input from the user.
It then determines the integer’s cube and outputs it using the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :

8
OUTPUT :

The cube of 8 is : 512

 63. Program to enter a string and find its
length

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int slength;
char x[81]; //Allowing the user to input a maximum of 80
characters. cout << “Enter the string : ” << endl;
cin>>x;
slength=strlen(x);
cout << “The length of the string ” << x << ” is ” << slength << “.” << endl;
getch();
}

This program takes in a string x as a screen input from the user.

It then determines the length of the string using the ‘strlen’ function.
This length is finally outputted using the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :

goldfish

OUTPUT :

The length of the string goldfish is 8.

64. Program to switch between different cases

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
int choice;
cout << “1. Talk” << endl;
cout << “2. Eat” << endl;
cout << “3. Play” << endl;
cout << “4. Sleep” <<
endl;
cout << “Enter your choice : ” << endl;
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1 : cout << “You chose to talk…talking too much is a bad habit.” <<
endl; break;
case 2 : cout << “You chose to eat…eating healthy foodstuff is good.” <<
endl; break;
case 3 : cout << “You chose to play…playing too much everyday is bad.” << endl;
break;
case 4 : cout << “You chose to sleep…sleeping enough is a good habit.” << endl;
break;
default : cout << “You did not choose anything…so exit this program.” << endl;
}
getch();
}
This program takes in the user’s choice as a screen input.
Depending on the user’s choice, it switches between the different cases.
The appropriate message is then outputted using the ‘cout’ command.
INPUT :

OUTPUT :

You chose to play…playing too much everyday is bad.

 65. Program to enter the principal, rate &
time and print the simple interest

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int x;
float sinterest,principal,rate,time;
for(x=4;x>=0;x—)
{
cout << “Enter the principal, rate & time : ” << endl;
cin>>principal>>rate>>time;
sinterest=(principal*rate*time)/100;
cout << “Principal = $” << principal << endl;
cout << “Rate = ” << rate << “%” << endl;
cout << “Time = ” << time << ” years” << endl;
cout << “Simple Interest = $” << sinterest << endl;
}
getch();
}

This program takes in the prinicipal, rate and time as a screen input from the user.
The program is executed (run) 5 times using the ‘FOR’ loop.
It calculates the simple interest using the formula I = PTR/100.
The principal, rate, time and the simple interest are then outputted using the ‘cout’
command.
INPUT :

1000 5 3

OUTPUT :

Principal = $1000
Rate = 5%
Time = 3 years
Simple Interest = $150
66. Program to enter an integer and print if it
is prime or composite

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <process.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int num1,x;
cout << “Enter an integer : ” << endl;
cin>>num1;
for(x=2;x<num1;x++)
{
if(num1%x==0)
{
cout << num1 << ” is a composite number.” << endl;
getch();
exit(0);
}
else
{
cout << num1 << ” is a prime number.” << endl;
getch();
exit(0);
}
}
}
This program takes in an integer num1 as a screen input from the user.
It then determines whether the integer is prime or composite.
It finally outputs the approriate message by writing to the ‘cout’ stream.

INPUT :

23

OUTPUT :

23 is a prime number.
 67. Program to enter the sale value and print
the agent’s commission

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
long int svalue;
float
commission;
cout << “Enter the total sale value : ” << endl;
cin>>svalue;
if(svalue<=10000)
{
commission=svalue*5/100;
cout << “For a total sale value of $” << svalue << “, “;
cout << “the agent’s commission is $” <<
commission;
}
else if(svalue<=25000)
{
commission=svalue*10/100;
cout << “For a total sale value of $” << svalue << “, “;
cout << “the agent’s commission is $” <<
commission;
}
else if(svalue>25000)
{
commission=svalue*20/100;
cout << “For a total sale value of $” << svalue << “, “;
cout << “the agent’s commission is $” << commission;
}
getch();
}

This program takes in the total sale value as a screen input from the user.
The program then calculates the agent’s commission with the help of the ‘IF-ELSE’
command as follows :
5% if the total sale value is less than or equal to $10000.
10% if the total sale value is less than or equal to $25000.
20% if the total sale value is greater than $25000. It then outputs the agent’s commission
using the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :

26000

OUTPUT :

For a total sale value of $26000, the agent’s commission is $5200

 68. Program to enter the unit reading and
output the customer’s telephone bill

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
long int
units,charge=0; float
total;
const int rent=25;
cout << “Enter the number of units used : “;
cin>>units;
if(units>200)
charge=(units-200)*20+150*40+50*60;
else if(units>50)
charge=(units-50)*40+50*60;
else
charge=units*60;
total=0.01*charge+rent;
cout << “You have used ” << units << ” units.” <<
endl; cout << “Your total telephone bill is $” << total;
getch();
return 0;
}

This program takes in the number of units used (‘units’) as a screen input from the
user. It then calculates the total telephone bill for the customer on the following basis :
A compulsory fee of $25, plus
60 cents per unit for the first 50 units,
40 cents per unit for the next 150
units,
20 cents per unit for anything above 200 units.
It then outputs the bill using the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :

250

OUTPUT :

You have used 250

units. Your total bill is
$125
 69. Program to find the total days in the year
till date

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int day,month,total;
int days_per_month[12]={31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31};
cout << “Enter the month : ” <<
endl; cin>>month;
cout << “Enter the day : ” <<
endl; cin>>day;
total=day;
for(int x=0;x<month-1;x++)
total+=days_per_month[x];
cout << “The number of days in this year till date = ” << total << endl;
getch();
}
This program takes in the current day and month as a screen input from the user.
It then calculates the total number of days in the current year till date and outputs it
using the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :

6
12
OUTPUT :

The number of days in this year till date = 163

 70. Program to compute the fibonacci series

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int a,b,x,y,num1,ct;
a=0;
b=1;
cout << “Enter the number of terms (less than 25) : ” << endl;
cin>>num1;
cout << a << endl;
cout << b <<
endl;
for(ct=1;ct<=num1-2;ct++)
{
x=a+b;
cout << x << endl;
y=a;
a=b;
b=x;
}
getch();
}

This program takes in the number of terms num1 in the fibonacci series (less than 25) as a
screen input from the user.
It then computes the fibonacci series and prints it out using the ‘cout’ command.
INPUT :

12

OUTPUT

0
1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34
55
89
71. Program to enter an integer and print its
total value based on the formula
 ‘x - 1/3!x^3 + 1/5!x^5 - 1/7!x^7 + 1/9!x^9’

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
float factorial=1;
float num,tot,term,total;
int i,n=20,index,j=1;
cout << “Enter a single-digit integer : \n”;
cin>>num;
tot=num;
total=num;
for(i=2,index=3;i<=n;i++,index+=2)
{
for(j=1,factorial=1;j<=index;j++)
factorial*=j;
tot=tot*pow((double)(-1),(double)(2*i-1))*num*num;
term=tot/factorial;
total+=term;
}
cout << “Total = ” << total <<
endl; getch();
return 0;
}

This program takes in an integer num as a screen input from the user.
It then calculates the total value of the integer based on the formula x - 1/3!x^3 + 1/5!x^5 -
1/7!x^7 + 1/9!x^9.
It then outputs the final answer using the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :

OUTPUT :

Total = 0.14112
 72. Program to convert days into years and
weeks

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int days,years,weeks,num1;
cout << “Enter the number of days : ” << endl;
cin>>days;
years=days/365;
num1=days-(years*365);
weeks=days/7;
num1=days-(weeks*7);
cout << days << ” days = ” << endl;
cout << weeks << ” weeks OR ” << endl;
cout << years << ” years.” << endl;
getch();
}
This program takes in the number of days days as a screen input from the user.
It then converts the days into years as well as weeks and outputs it using the ‘cout’
command.

INPUT :

789

OUTPUT :
789 days =
112 weeks OR
2 years.
 73. Program to find the roots of a quadratic
equation

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
float a,b,c,d,root1,root2;
cout << “Enter the 3 coefficients a, b, c : ” << endl;
cin>>a>>b>>c;
if(!a){
if(!b)
cout << “Both a and b cannot be 0 in ax^2 + bx + c = 0” << “\n”;
else
{
d=-c/b;
cout << “The solution of the linear equation is : ” << d << endl;
}
}
else
{
d=b*b-4*a*c;
if(d>0)
root1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a);
root2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a);
cout << “The first root = ” << root1 << endl;
cout << “The second root = ” << root2 << endl;
}
getch();
return 0;
}

This program takes in the values of the three coefficients a, b, and c as a screen input from
the user.
It then determines the roots of the quadratic equation using the formula ax^2 + bx + c = 0.
The two roots are then outputted using the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :

4 4 -3

OUTPUT :

The first root = 0.5

The second root = -
1.5
 74. Program to enter an integer and output it
in the reversed form

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
long int num1,num2,rnum=0;
cout << “Enter an integer : ” << endl;
cin>>num1;
num2=num1;
do
{
rnum=rnum*10;
int digit=num1%10;
rnum+=digit;
num1/=10;
}
while(num1);
cout << “The integer you typed is ” << num2 << “.” <<
endl; cout << “The reversed integer is ” << rnum << “.” <<
endl; getch();
}
This program takes in an integer num1 as a screen input from the user.
It then outputs the integer in its reversed form using the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :
987

OUTPUT :

The integer you typed is

987. The reversed integer is
789.
 75. Program to count the number of words
and characters in a sentence

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int countch=0;
int countwd=1;
cout << “Enter your sentence in lowercase: ” << endl;
char ch=‘a’;
while(ch!=’\r’)
{
ch=getche();
if(ch==’ ‘)
countwd++;
else
countch++;
}
cout << “\n Words = ” << countwd << endl;
cout << “Characters = ” << countch-1 <<
endl; getch();
}

This program takes in a sentence as a screen input from the user.

It then determines the number of words and characters in the sentence using the ‘WHILE’
loop and outputs them using the ‘cout’ command.
INPUT :

this is a nice program

OUTPUT :

Words = 5
Characters = 18
76. write program to take the salary of the
employee as a screen input from the user.
It then deducts the income tax from the salary
on the following basis :
30% income tax if the salary is above $15000.
20% income tax if the salary is between $7000
and $15000.
 10% income tax if the salary is below $7000.

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int itrate;
float salary,itax,nsalary=0;
cout << “Enter the salary :
“; cin>>salary;
if(salary>15000)
{
itax=salary*30/100;
itrate=30;
}
else if(salary>=7000)
{
itax=salary*20/100;
itrate=20;
}
else
{
itax=salary*10/100;
itrate=10;
}
nsalary=salary-itax;
cout << “Salary = $” << salary << endl;
cout << “Your income tax @ ” << itrate << “% = $” << itax << endl;
cout << “Your net salary = $” << nsalary << endl;
getch();
}

This program takes in the salary of the employee as a screen input from the
user. It then deducts the income tax from the salary on the following basis :
30% income tax if the salary is above $15000.
20% income tax if the salary is between $7000 and $15000.
10% income tax if the salary is below $7000.
The salary, income tax and the net salary is then outputted using the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :

12000

OUTPUT :

Salary = $12000
Your income tax @ 20% =
$2400 Your net salary = $9600
77. Program to find the sum of each row &
column of a matrix of size n x m and
 if matrix is square, find the sum of the
diagonals also.

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
int A[10][10],m,n,x,y,sum=0;
//Create a Matrix A
cout << “Enter number of rows and columns in Matrix A : \n”;
cin>>n>>m;
cout << “Enter elements of Matrix A : \n”;
for(x=1;x<n+1;++x)
for(y=1;y<m+1;++y)
cin>>A[x][y];
//Find sum of each
row for(x=1;x<n+1;+
+x)
{ A[x]
[m+1]=0;
for(y=1;y<m+1;++y) A[x][m+1]=A[x]
[m+1]+A[x][y];
}
//Find sum of each
column for(y=1;y<m+1;+
+y)
{ A[n+1]
[y]=0;
for(x=1;x<n+1;++x) A[n+1][y]+=A[x]
[y];
}
cout << “\nMatrix A, Row Sum (Last Column)” << ” and Column Sum (Last Row) : \n”;
for(x=1;x<n+1;++x)
{
for(y=1;y<m+2;++y)
cout << A[x][y] << ” “;
cout << “\n”;
}
//Print sum of each
column x=n+1;
for(y=1;y<m+1;++y)
cout << A[x][y] << ” “;
cout << “\n”;
if(m==n)
{
for(x=1;x<m+1;x++)
for(y=1;y<n+1;y++)
if(x==y) sum+=A[x]
[y];
else
if(y==m-(x+1))
sum+=A[x][y];
}
cout << “Sum of diagonal elements is : ” << sum << endl;
getch();
return 0;
}

This program takes in the number of rows (n) and columns (m) as well as the elements
as a screen input in a matrix n x m.
It then calculates the sum of each row and each column and outputs it using the ‘cout’
command.
Also, if it is a square matrix, it calculates the sum of diagonal elements and prints it out.
INPUT :

33
987654321

OUTPUT :

Matrix A, Row Sum(Last Column) and Column Sum(Last Row)

:9 8 7 24
6 5 4 15
3 2 1 6
18 15 12
Sum of diagonal elements is : 15
 78. Program to convert 2-digit octal number
into binary number and print it

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
void octobin(int);

void main()
{
clrscr();
int a;
cout << “Enter a 2-digit octal number : “;
cin>>a;
octobin(a);
getch();
}
void octobin(int oct)
{
long bnum=0;
int A[6];
//Each octal digit is converted into 3 bits, 2 octal digits = 6 bits.
int a1,a2,quo,rem;
a2=oct/10;
a1=oct-a2*10;
for(int x=0;x<6;x++)
{ A[x]=
0;
}
//Storing the remainders of the one’s octal digit in the array.
for (x=0;x<3;x++)
{
quo=a1/2;
rem=a1%2;
A[x]=rem;
a1=quo;
}
//Storing the remainders of the ten’s octal digit in the array.
for(x=3;x<6;x++)
{
quo=a2/2;
rem=a2%2;
A[x]=rem;
a2=quo;
}
//Obtaining the binary number from the
remainders. for(x=x-1;x>=0;x—)
{
bnum*=10;
bnum+=A[x];
}
cout << “The binary number for the octal number ” << oct << ” is ” << bnum << “.” <<
endl;
}

This program takes in a two-digit octal number a as a screen input from the user.
It then converts the octal number into a binary number and outputs it using the ‘cout’
command.

INPUT :

13

OUTPUT
:
The binary number for the octal number 13 is 1011.
 79. Program to identify if an input is a
symbol, digit or character

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
char charac;
cout << “Enter your input : ” <<
endl; cin>>charac;
if(((charac>=‘A’)&&(charac<=‘Z’))||((charac>=‘a’)&&(charac<=‘z’)))
cout << “Your input ” << charac << ” is a character.” << endl;
else if((charac>=‘0’)&&(charac<=‘9’))
cout << “Your input ” << charac << ” is a digit.” << endl;
else
cout << “Your input ” << charac << ” is a symbol.” << endl;
getch();
}

This program takes in a character, a digit or a symbol charac as a screen input from the
user.
It then identifies whether the input is a symbol, a digit or a character and outputs the
appropriate message using the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :

OUTPUT :
Your input # is a symbol.
 80. Program to enter three integers and
output the smallest integer using IF

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
int x,y,z,smallest;
cout << “Enter 3 integers :
“; cin>>x>>y>>z;
smallest=x;
if(y<smallest)
smallest=y;
if(z<smallest)
smallest=z;
cout << “The smallest integer out of the 3 integers you typed “;
cout << x << “, ” << y << ” & ” << z << ” is : ” << “\n” << smallest << “\n”;
getch();
return 0;
}
This program takes in three integers x, y and z as a screen input from the user.
It then determines the smallest integer of the three and prints it out using the ‘cout’
command.

INPUT :

82 78 86

OUTPUT

:
The smallest integer out of the 3 integers you typed 82, 78 & 86 is
: 78
81. Program to enter a sentence and output
the number of
uppercase & lowercase consonants, uppercase
& lowercase vowels in sentence.

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
char line[80];
int number_of_vowels,uc,lc,uv,lv;
uc=lc=uv=lv=0;
cout << “Enter your sentence : ” << endl;
cin.getline(line,80);
for(int x=0; line[x]!=’\0’;x++)
{
if(line[x]==‘A’||line[x]==‘E’||line[x]==‘I’||line[x]==‘O’||line[x]==‘U’)
uv++;
else if(line[x]==‘a’||line[x]==‘e’||line[x]==‘i’||line[x]==‘o’||line[x]==‘u’) lv+
+;
else if(line[x]>+65&&line[x]<=90)
uc++;
else if (line[x]>=97&&line[x]<=122)
lc++;
}
//Printing the output.
cout << “Uppercase Consonants = ” << uc << “.” << endl;
cout << “Lowercase Consonants = ” << lc << “.” << endl;
cout << “Uppercase Vowels = ” << uv << “.” << endl;
cout << “Lowercase Vowels = ” << lv << “.” << endl;
number_of_vowels=uv+lv;
cout << “Number of vowels = ” << number_of_vowels << endl;
getch();
}

This program takes in a sentence as a screen input from the user.

It then computes the number of uppercase and lowercase consonants, uppercase and
lowercase vowels and the total number of vowels.
It then outputs it using the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :

These programs are truly AMAZING

OUTPUT :

Uppercase Consonants = 5.
Lowercase Consonants =
13. Uppercase Vowels = 3.
Lowercase Vowels = 7.
Number of vowels =
10
 82. Program to print the first 10 lines of
pascal’s triangle

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <iomanip.h>
long triangle(int x,int
y); int main()
{
clrscr();
const lines=10;
for (int i=0;i<lines;i++)
for (int j=1;j<lines-i;j+
+) cout << setw(2) << ”
“; for (int j=0;j<=i;j++)
cout << setw(4) << triangle(i,j);
cout << endl;
getch();
}
long triangle(int x,int y)
{
if(x<0||y<0||y>x)
return 0;
long c=1;
for (int i=1;i<=y;i++,x
—) c=c*x/i;
return c;
}

This program does not take in any screen inputs from the user.
It just prints out the first ten lines of the pascal’s triangle using the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :

No input from the user for this program.

OUTPUT :

1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1

 83. Program to enter 10 integers in a single-
dimension array and then print out the array
in ascending order

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int array[10],t;
for(int x=0;x<10;x++)
{
cout << “Enter Integer No. ” << x+1 << ” : ” << endl;
cin>>array[x];
}
for (x=0;x<10;x++)
{
for(int y=0;y<9;y++)
{
if(array[y]>array[y+1])
{
t=array[y];
array[y]=array[y+1];
array[y+1]=t;
}
}
}
cout << “Array in ascending order is : “;
for (x=0;x<10;x++)
cout << endl <<
array[x]; getch();
}
This program takes in the ten integers array[x] to be stored in the single-dimensional array
as a screen input from the user.
It then sorts out these ten integers into ascending order and prints them out using the ‘cout’
command.

INPUT :

43
67
53
21
6
78
92
48
95
8

OUTPUT :

Array in ascending order is :

6
8
21
43
48
53
67
78
92
95
 84. Program to find the sum of either of the
diagonals of a 4 x 4 matrix

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int x;
int A[4][4],sum=0; //Reading the matrix.
cout << “Enter the elements of the matrix : ” << endl;
for(int y=0;y<4;y++)
for (int x=0;x<4;x++)
{
cout << “Element ” << x+1 << “, ” << y+1 << ” : “;
cin>>A[x][y];
}
//Sum of either of the diagonal elements.
for(x=0;x<4;x++)
for(y=0;y<4;y++)
if(x==y)
sum+=A[x][y];
else if(y==4-(1+1));
sum+=A[x][y];
cout << “Sum of either of the diagonal elements is : ” << sum;
getch();
}
This program takes in the elements A[x][y] of the 4 x 4 matrix as a screen input from the
user.
It then calculates the sum of either of its diagonals and outputs it using the ‘cout’
command.

INPUT :

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

OUTPUT :

Sum of either of the diagonal elements is : 34

 85. Program to convert temperatures from
Celsius to Fahrenheit and vice versa

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int choice;
float ctemp,ftemp;
cout << “1.Celsius to Fahrenheit” << endl;
cout << “2.Fahrenheit to Celsius” << endl;
cout << “Choose between 1 & 2 : ” << endl;
cin>>choice;
if (choice==1)
{
cout << “Enter the temperature in Celsius : ” << endl;
cin>>ctemp;
ftemp=(1.8*ctemp)+32;
cout << “Temperature in Fahrenheit = ” << ftemp << endl;
}
else
{
cout << “Enter the temperature in Fahrenheit : ” << endl;
cin>>ftemp;
ctemp=(ftemp-32)/1.8;
cout << “Temperature in Celsius = ” << ctemp << endl;
}
getch();
}

This program takes in the user’s choice choice as a screen input from the user.
It then asks the user for a temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit depending on the choice.
It then converts the Celsius temperature to Fahrenheit or vice versa and prints it out using
the ‘cout’ command.

INPUT :

2
98.6

OUTPUT :

Temperature in Celcius = 37
 86. Program to enter a character and
output its ASCII code

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
char charac;
cout << “Enter the character : ” << endl;
cin>>charac;
int num1=charac;
cout << “The ASCII code for ” << charac << ” is ” << num1 << “.” << endl;
getch();
}
This program takes in any character charac as a screen input from the user.
It then finds out its ASCII code and outputs it using the ‘cout’ command.
INPUT :

OUTPUT :

The ASCII code for a is 97.

 87. Program to enter a letter and output the
next 2 letters

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
char charac;
cout << “Enter your letter : ” << endl;
cin>>charac;
cout << “The 2 letters are : ” <<
endl; cout << (char)(charac-1) <<
endl; cout << (char)(charac+1) <<
endl; getch();
}

This program takes in a letter charac of the English alphabet as a screen input from the
user.
It then determines its previous letter and next letter and prints it out using the ‘cout’
command.

INPUT :

OUTPUT :

The next 2 letters after x are :

y
z
 88. Print 1 to 100 in C++, without loop and
recursion
.
#include <iostream>
using namespace
std;

template<int N>
class
PrintOneToN
{
public:
static void print()
{
PrintOneToN<N-1>::print(); // Note that this is not recursion
cout << N << endl;
}
};

template<>
class PrintOneToN<1>
{
public:
static void print()
{
cout << 1 << endl;
}
};
int main()
{
const int N = 100;
PrintOneToN<N>::print();
 return 0;
}

Output:

1
2
3
..
..
98
99
100
 89. simple C++ program to show working of
getline.

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace
std; int main()
{
string str;
int t = 4;
while (t
—)
{
// Read a line from standard input in
str getline(cin, str);
cout << str << ” : newline” << endl;
}
return 0;
}

Input :

This
is
Geeks
for

Output :

This : newline
is : newline
Geeks : newline
for : newline

The above input and output look good, there may be problems when input has blank lines
in between.
Input :

This

is

Geeks

for

Output:

This : newline
: newline
is : newline
: newline

It doesn’t print the last 2 lines. The reason is that getline() reads till enter is encountered
even if no characters are read. So even if there is nothing in the third line, getline()
considers it as a single line. Further observe the problem in the second line.
The code can be modified to exclude such blank lines.

Modified code:

// A simple C++ program that uses getline to read

// input with blank lines
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace
std; int main()
{
string str;
int t = 4;
while (t
—)
{
getline(cin, str);

// Keep reading a new line while there is

// a blank line
while (str.length()==0
) getline(cin, str);

cout << str << ” : newline” << endl;

}
return 0;
}

Input :

This

is

Geeks

for

Output :
This : newline
is : newline
Geeks :
newline for :
newline
 90. Print 2D matrix in different lines and
without curly braces in C/C++?

#include<iostream>
using namespace
std;

int main()
{
int m = 2, n = 3;
int mat[][3] = { {1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6},
};
for (int i = 0; i < m; i+
+) for (int j = 0; j < n;
j++)

// Prints ‘ ‘ if j != n-1 else prints ‘\n’

cout << mat[i][j] << ” \n”[j == n-1];

return 0;
}

Output:

123
456
 91. A simple and complete C++ program to
demonstrate friend Class

#include
<iostream> class A
{
private:
int a;
public:
A() { a=0; }
friend class B; // Friend Class
};

class B {
private:
int b;
public:
void showA(A& x) {
// Since B is friend of A, it can access
// private members of A
std::cout << “A::a=” <<
x.a;
}
};

int main() {
A a;
B b;
b.showA(a);
return 0;
}
Output:
A::a=0
 92. A simple and complete C++ program to
demonstrate friend function of another class.

#include <iostream>

class B;

class A
{
public:
void showB(B& );
};

class B
{
private:
int b;
public:
B() { b = 0; }
friend void A::showB(B& x); // Friend function
};
void A::showB(B &x)
{ // Since show() is friend of B, it can
// access private members of B
std::cout << “B::b = ” << x.b;
}

int main()
{ A a;
B x;
a.showB(x);
 return 0;
}
Output:

B::b = 0
 93. A simple and complete C++ program to
demonstrate global friend
#include <iostream>

class A
{
int a;
public:
A() {a = 0;}
friend void showA(A&); // global friend function
};

void showA(A& x) {
// Since showA() is a friend, it can access
// private members of A
std::cout << “A::a=” <<
x.a;
}

int main()
{
A a;
showA(a);
return 0;
}

Output:

A::a = 0
94. Write a programs to show Constructors in
C++

#include<iostream>
using namespace
std;

class Point
{
private:
int x, y;
public:
/***Constructor****/
Point(int x1, int y1) { x = x1; y = y1; }

int getX() { return x; }

int getY() { return y; }
};

int main()
{
Point p1(10, 15); // constructor is called here

// Let us access values assigned by constructor

cout << “p1.x = ” << p1.getX() << “, p1.y = ” << p1.getY();

return 0;
}

Output:
p1.x = 10, p1.y = 15
95. Write a program on sorting.
#include <iostream>
#include
<algorithm>

using namespace std;

void show(int a[])

{
for(int i = 0; i < 10; +
+i) cout << ‘\t’ << a[i];
}

int main()
{
int a[10]= {1, 5, 8, 9, 6, 7, 3, 4, 2, 0};
cout << “\n The array before sorting is : “;
show(a);

sort(a, a+10);

cout << “\n\n The array after sorting is : “;

show(a);

return 0;

Output :

The array before sorting is : 1 5 8

9 6 7 3 4 2 0

The array after sorting is : 0 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9
 96. Write a program to demonstrate Binary
Search Algorithms in C++

#include <iostream>
#include
<algorithm>

using namespace std;

void show(int a[], int arraysize)

{
for(int i = 0; i < arraysize; +
+i) cout << ‘\t’ << a[i];
}

int main()
{
int a[]= {1, 5, 8, 9, 6, 7, 3, 4, 2, 0};
int asize = sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]);
cout << “\n The array is : “;
show(a, asize);

cout << “\n\nLet’s say we want to search for 2 in the

array”; cout << “\n So, we first sort the array”;
sort(a, a + 10);
cout << “\n\n The array after sorting is : “;
show(a, asize);
cout << “\n\nNow, we do the binary search”;
if (binary_search(a, a + 10, 2))
cout << “\nElement found in the array”;
 else
cout << “\nElement not found in the array”;

cout << “\n\nNow, say we want to search for

10”; if (binary_search(a, a + 10, 10))
cout << “\nElement found in the array”;
else
cout << “\nElement not found in the array”;

return 0;

Output :

The array is : 1 5 8 9
6 7 3 4 2 0

Let’s say we want to search for 2 in the array

So, we first sort the array

The array after sorting is : 0 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Now, we do the binary

search Element found in the
array

Now, say we want to search for 10

Element not found in the array
 97. Can namespaces be nested in C++?Write
the program.

#include <iostream>

int x = 20;
namespace outer
{
int x = 10;
namespace inner
{
int z = x; // this x refers to outer::x
}
}

int main()
{
std::cout<<outer::inner::z; //prints 10
getchar();
return 0;
}

Output :

10.
 98. Write a program to find the prime
numbers from 2 to 100 by using nested for
loop.

#include <iostream>

using namespace
std; int main () {
int i, j;
for(i=2; i<100; i++) {
for(j=2; j <= (i/j); j+
+)
if(!(i%j)) break; // if factor found, not prime
if(j > (i/j)) cout << i << ” is prime\n”; }
return 0;
}
Output :
2 is prime
3 is prime
5 is prime
7 is prime
11 is prime
13 is prime
17 is prime
19 is prime
23 is prime
29 is prime
31 is prime
37 is prime
41 is prime
43 is prime
47 is prime
53 is prime
59 is prime
61 is prime
67 is prime
71 is prime
73 is prime
79 is prime
83 is prime
89 is prime
97 is prime
 99. Write a program using nested if
statement.

#include <iostream>

using namespace
std; int main () {
// local variable declaration: int a = 100;
int b = 200;
// check the boolean condition if( a == 100 )
{
// if condition is true then check the following if( b == 200 )
{
// if condition is true then print the following
cout << “Value of a is 100 and b is 200” << endl; }
}
cout << “Exact value of a is : ” << a << endl; cout << “Exact value of b is : ” << b <<
endl;
return 0;
}

Output :
Value of a is 100 and b is
200 Exact value of a is : 100
Exact value of b is : 200
 100. Write a program to demonstrate nested
switch statement.
#include <iostream>

using namespace
std; int main ()
{
// local variable declaration: int a = 100;
int b = 200;
switch(a) {
case
100:
cout << “This is part of outer switch” << endl; switch(b)
{
case 200:
cout << “This is part of inner switch” << endl;
}
}
cout << “Exact value of a is : ” << a <<
endl; cout << “Exact value of b is : ” << b
<< endl; return 0;
}
Output :
This is part of outer
switch This is part of
inner switch Exact value
of a is : 100 Exact value
of b is : 200
 101. Predict the output of following C++
program.

Program 1 :

Assume that integers take 4 bytes.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class Test
{
static int i;
int j;
};

int Test::i;

int main()
{
cout <<
sizeof(Test); return
0;
}

Output:

4 (size of integer)

static data members do not contribute in size of an object. So ‘i’ is not considered in size
of Test. Also, all functions (static and non-static both) do not contribute in size.
Program 2 :

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class Base1 {
public:
Base1()
{ cout << ” Base1’s constructor called” << endl; }
};

class Base2 {
public:
Base2()
{ cout << “Base2’s constructor called” << endl; }
};

class Derived: public Base1, public Base2 {

public:
Derived()
{ cout << “Derived’s constructor called” << endl; }
};

int main()
{
Derived d;
 return 0;
}

Ouput:

Base1’s constructor called

Base2’s constructor called
Derived’s constructor
called

In case of Multiple Inheritance, constructors of base classes are always called in derivation
order from left to right and Destructors are called in reverse order.

Program 3 :

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class A {
public:
A(int ii = 0) : i(ii) {}
void show() { cout << “i = ” << i << endl;}
private:
int i;
};

class B {
public:
B(int xx) : x(xx) {}
operator A() const { return A(x); }
private:
int x;
};
void g(A a)
{ a.show(); }

int main() {
B b(10);
g(b);
g(20);
getchar();
return 0;
}

Output:

i = 10
i = 20
Since there is a Conversion constructor in class A, integer value can be assigned to
objects of class A and function call g(20) works. Also, there is a conversion operator
overloaded in class B, so we can call g() with objects of class B.
Program 4 :

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class base {
int arr[10];
};

class b1: public base { };

class b2: public base { };

class derived: public b1, public b2 {};

int main(void)
{
cout<<sizeof(derived);
getchar();
return 0;
}

Output:

If integer takes 4 bytes, then 80.

Program 5 :

#include<iostream>

using namespace

std;
class P {
public:
void print()
{ cout <<” Inside P::”; }
};

class Q : public P {
public:
void print()
{ cout <<” Inside Q”; }
};

class R: public Q {
};
int main(void)
{
R r;

r.print();
return 0;
}

Output:

Inside Q

The print function is not defined in class R. So it is looked up in the inheritance hierarchy.
print() is present in both classes P and Q, which of them should be called? The idea is, if
there is multilevel inheritance, then function is linearly searched up in the inheritance
heirarchy until a matching function is found.

Program 6 :

#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>

using namespace std;

class Base
{
public:
Base()
{
fun(); //note: fun() is virtual
}
virtual void fun()
 {
cout<<”\nBase Function”;
}
};

class Derived: public Base

{
public:
Derived(){}
virtual void fun()
{
cout<<”\nDerived Function”;
}
};

int main()
{
Base* pBase = new Derived();
delete pBase;
return 0;
}

Output:

Base Function

See following excerpt from C++ standard for explanation.

When a virtual function is called directly or indirectly from a constructor (including from
the mem-initializer for a data member) or from a destructor, and the object to which the
call applies is the object under construction or destruction, the function called is the one
defined in the constructor or destructor’s own class or in one of its bases, but not a
function overriding it in a class derived from the constructor or destructor’s class, or
overriding it in one of the other base classes of the most derived object.
Because of this difference in behavior, it is recommended that object’s virtual function is
not invoked while it is being constructed or destroyed

Program 7 :

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int x = 10;
void fun()
{
int x = 2;
{
int x = 1;
cout << ::x << endl;
}
}

int main()
{
fun();
return 0;
}

Output:
10

If Scope Resolution Operator is placed before a variable name then the global variable is
referenced. So if we remove the following line from the above program then it will fail in
compilation.
int x = 10;
Program 8 :

#include<iostream>
using namespace
std; class Point {
private:
int x;
int y;
public:
Point(int i, int j); // Constructor
};

Point::Point(int i = 0, int j = 0) {
x = i;
y = j;
cout << “Constructor called”;
}

int main()
{
Point t1, *t2;
return 0;
}

Output:
Constructor called.

If we take a closer look at the statement “Point t1, *t2;:” then we can see that only one
object is constructed here. t2 is just a pointer variable, not an object.

Program 9 :
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class Point {
private:
int x;
int y;
public:
Point(int i = 0, int j = 0); // Normal
Constructor Point(const Point &t); // Copy
Constructor
};

Point::Point(int i, int j) {
x = i;
y = j;
cout << “Normal Constructor called\n”;
}

Point::Point(const Point &t)

{ y = t.y;
cout << “Copy Constructor called\n”;
}

int main()
{
Point *t1, *t2;
t1 = new Point(10,
15); t2 = new
Point(*t1); Point t3 =
*t1;
Point t4;
t4 = t3;
return 0;
}

Output:

Normal Constructor
called Copy Constructor
called Copy Constructor
called Normal
Constructor called

See following comments for explanation:

Point *t1, *t2; // No constructor call
t1 = new Point(10, 15); // Normal constructor
call t2 = new Point(*t1); // Copy constructor
call Point t3 = *t1; // Copy Constructor call
Point t4; // Normal Constructor
call t4 = t3; // Assignment
operator call

Program 10 :

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class Test {
int value;
public:
Test(int v);
};

Test::Test(int v)
{ value = v;
}
int main() {
Test t[100];
return 0;
}

Output:

Compiler error

The class Test has one user defined constructor “Test(int v)” that expects one argument. It
doesn’t have a constructor without any argument as the compiler doesn’t create the
default constructor if user defines a constructor (See this).

Following modified program works without any error.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class Test {
int value;
public:
Test(int v = 0);
};

Test::Test(int v)
{ value = v;
}

int main() {
Test t[100];
return 0;
}
Program 11 :

#include<iostream>
using namespace
std; int &fun() {
static int a = 10;
return a;
}

int main() {
int &y = fun();
y = y +30;
cout<<fun();
return 0;
}

Output:

40

The program works fine because ‘a’ is static. Since ‘a’ is static, memory location of it
remains valid even after fun() returns. So a reference to static variable can be returned.

Program 12 :

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class Test
{
public:
Test();
};

Test::Test() {
cout<<“Constructor Called \
n”;
}

int main()
{
cout<<“Start \n”;
Test t1();
cout<<“End \n”;
return 0;
}

Output:

Start
End

Note that the line “Test t1();” is not a constructor call. Compiler considers this line as
declaration of function t1 that doesn’t recieve any parameter and returns object of type
Test.

Program 13 :

#include<iostream>

using namespace

std; class Test {

int value;
public:
 Test (int v = 0) {value = v;}
int getValue() { return value; }
};

int main() {
const Test t;
cout << t.getValue();
return 0;
}

Output:

Compiler Error.

A const object cannot call a non-const function. The above code can be fixed by either
making getValue() const or making t non-const. Following is modified program with
getValue() as const, it works fine and prints 0.
#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class Test {
int value;
public:
Test (int v = 0) { value = v; }
int getValue() const { return value; }
};

int main() {
const Test t;
cout << t.getValue();
 return 0;
}

Program 14 :

#include<iostream>

using namespace

std;

class Test {
int &t;
public:
Test (int &x) { t = x; }
int getT() { return t; }
};

int main()
{
int x = 20;
Test t1(x);
cout << t1.getT() << ”
“; x = 30;
cout << t1.getT() << endl;
return 0;
}

Output:

Compiler Error
Since t is a reference in Test, it must be initialized using Initializer List. Following is the
modified program. It works and prints “20 30″.
#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class Test {
int &t;
public:
Test (int &x):t(x) { }
int getT() { return t; }
};

int main() {
int x = 20;
Test t1(x);
cout << t1.getT() << ”
“; x = 30;
cout << t1.getT() << endl;
return 0;
}

Program 15:

#include <iostream>

using namespace

std;
class Complex
{
private:
double real;
double imag;

public:
// Default constructor
Complex(double r = 0.0, double i = 0.0) : real(r), imag(i) {}

// A method to compare two Complex numbers

bool operator == (Complex rhs) {
return (real == rhs.real && imag == rhs.imag)? true : false;
}
};

int main()
{
// a Complex object
Complex com1(3.0,
0.0);

if (com1 == 3.0)
cout <<
“Same”; else
cout << “Not Same”;
return 0;
}

Output:

Same
Notes