International Journal of Zakat Vol.

8(2) 2023 page 48-66

Zakat Scholarly Publication Development in Malaysia and Indonesia:

A Bibliometric Analysis

Abdurrahman Mansyur1, Ega Rusanti2

1
Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Malaysia
2
Airlangga University, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

This research aims to analyze the development of zakat research in Malaysia and Indonesia
from the Scopus database. Keywords “Zakat” or “Zakah” or “Islamic Social Finance” were
used to harvest the data, yielding 364 articles from Malaysia and 295 documents from
Indonesia. Machine learning tools, i.e., Bibliometrix via R-Studio and VOSViewer were
employed for the bibliometric study. The Scopus database has recorded zakat publications from
Malaysia since 1997, and from Indonesia since 2008. Saad R A J and Widiastuti T marked the
most Malaysian and Indonesian influential authors with 18 and 14 documents, respectively.
Further comparative analysis was done, showcasing the differences between the two countries
in terms of international collaboration, trending topics and other scholarly measures related
to the zakat administration discussed in the publications of Malaysian and Indonesian
scholars.

Keywords: Zakat; Comparative Analysis; Malaysia and Indonesia; R-Studio, VOSviewer

INTRODUCTION 2012; Mokhtar & Tah, 2017). Malaysian

zakat administration has addressed timely
Zakat is one of the Islamic social finance
issues in sustainable development,
instruments. It is substantial to social
initiating zakat distribution models based
development as it functions for equal
on environmental conservation (Dirie et al.,
wealth distribution, bridging the gap
2023; Hassan et al., 2017; Suriani et al.,
between the rich and the poor for
2021). In other Muslim countries, e.g.,
strengthening the ummah’s economy and
United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Jordan and
social security (Ahmed et al., 2017). In
others, the same practice of zakat
Islamic countries, the contribution of zakat
administration has addressed social causes
has been critical for nationwide
(Azam & Nasir, 2014; Ben Jedidia &
development. For example, in Indonesia
Guerbouj, 2021; Bouanani & Belhadj,
zakat has been practically important in
2019; Djaghballou et al., 2018; Haji-
alleviating poverty (Amri, 2020; Bouanani
Othman et al., 2021; Lahjouji & Rouggani,
& Belhadj, 2019; Permatasari, 2020),
2018; Masyita, 2018). That is, the
reducing unemployment (Arwani &
innovation of core business zakat
Wahdati, 2020; Rahmat & Nurzaman,
administration has been developed,
2019; Widiastuti et al., 2022), improve the
addressing not only consumptive aids but
quality of education (Munadi et al., 2021;
also productive purposes.
Wardani & Al Arif, 2021), and stimulate
In times of such innovation in zakat
human development (Koyimah et al., 2020;
administration, the number of research
Mohamad Soleh Nurzaman, 2020; Najla et
publications discussing zakat has also
al., 2021).
developed worldwide. Indonesia and
Similarly, in Malaysia, zakat has been
Malaysia have led the global discourse on
fundamental to its economic development
(Mohamed et al., 2019; Niswah, 2021; zakat. Researchers have compared the zakat
management of these two countries. For
Razak, 2020), and social (Ab Rahman et al.,
example, Ma'ruf et al., (2020) and Suryani,
49 International Journal of Zakat Vol. 8(2) 2023 page 48-66

(2020) studied zakat management and these two countries is deemed important for
regulation in Indonesia and Malaysia. Then discovering knowledge.
Ahada & Hamidah, (2022); and Wijayanti What has been the general pattern
et al., (2022) compared the concept of a tax over the last ten years in Malaysia and
deduction on the zakat collection model as Indonesia regarding the quantity of
well as the efficiency and performance of publications on zakat? Which research
zakat management institutions in these two themes and subjects are most commonly
Southeast Asian countries (Bin-Nashwan et found in papers linked to zakat in Malaysia
al., 2020). However, despite these and Indonesia? To what extent do
significant works, such studies that have researchers in the fields of zakat studies
discussed academic publications of zakat in from Malaysia and Indonesia work together
Malaysia and Indonesia remain absent. This or with academics from other nations?
paper compares Malaysia’s and Indonesia’s What is the difference in the citation impact
contributions to the global debates on zakat between Malaysian and Indonesian
as recorded in the Scopus database. In writings connected to zakat? – That is,
particular, this study examines their using the bibliometric analysis, this study
differences in the productivity of aims to address these questions.
researchers, impactful manuscripts and
emerging trends from keywords analytics. LITERATURE REVIEW
Indonesia and Malaysia are countries
with the largest Muslim population in Zakat
Southeast Asia. Malaysia is ahead of Zakat means blessing, growth, purity, and
Indonesia in Islamic finance practices as order (Rifan et al., 2020). According to the
reported by the Global Islamic Economy terminology perspective, zakat is a
Indicator. Malaysia was ranked first component of property with specific
position while Indonesia was fourth requirements which Allah SWT obliges the
(DinarStandard, 2022). The core business owner to distribute to those entitled to
activities of zakat management in these two receive it, i.e., mustahik (zakat
countries are fundamentally different. In beneficiaries) (Handoko et al., 2022). In the
Indonesia, the government, i.e., the social and philosophical context, zakat is
National Zakat Agency (BAZNAS) and associated with the principle of social
private sectors, i.e., the Amil Zakat justice and is considered practical for
Institution (LAZ), are legally recognized economic development through various
for collecting and distributing zakat. means, e.g., community development,
Meanwhile in Malaysia, the private sector among others (Apriliyah & Arifianto,
manages each state for zakat collection and 2022).
the distribution is handled by Baitul Maal,
which both are operated under the auspices Zakat Management in Indonesia
of the State Islamic Religious Assembly
(MAIN) (Ma'ruf et al., 2020). In addition, In Indonesia, Law Number 23 Year 2011
both Malaysia and Indonesia have a zakat which renewed Law Number 38 Year 1999,
law that regulates the implementation of regulates the nationwide zakat
zakat and the obligation of citizens to pay administration (Nugraha et al.,
zakat. It includes the provision for tax 2021). BAZNAS is the government's
incentives to zakat payers even if it is not official and sole body, established by
fully effective in the case of Indonesia Presidential Decree No. 8 of 2001, with the
(Bahri et al., 2023). In light of this practical task and function of collecting and
development of zakat management in distributing zakat, infaq, and sadaqah (ZIS)
Malaysia and Indonesia, an evaluation of funds at the national scale (Furqani et al.,
scholarly publications published within 2018). Private sectors can participate in
Abdurrahman Mansyur, Ega Rusanti 50

conducting the core business activities of focused on the country/city in Indonesia,

zakat management by establishing LAZ, resulting in 295 articles. Second, it focused
which must be legally registered with the on Malaysia, resulting in 364 articles. The
Ministry of Religious Affairs. LAZ is two datasets were further analyzed using
required to report to BAZNAS regularly on two different applications, i.e.,
its business activities (Wijayanti et al., Bibliometrix via R Studio and VOSViewer.
2022). The Bibliometrix package in R Studio has a
built-in Biblioshiny utility with a graphical
Zakat Management in Malaysia interface for non-coders that produces
comprehensive analysis with improvised
The management of zakat in Malaysia is plot representations (Arici et al., 2023).
under the auspices of the Majelis Agama Meanwhile, VOSviewer bibliometric
Islam Malaysia. The coordination of results are presented in 3 forms of
Majelis Agama Islam occurs within a non- visualization grids. The first is Network
departmental body responsible for Visualization, the second is Overlay
establishing strategic institutions that report Visualization, and the third is Density
directly to the Prime Minister. Within this Visualization. The visualisation
Ministerial regulation, there are several development is a network based on
regional institutions, e.g., the Jabatan keywords displayed with several colours
Kemajuan Islam Malaysia, e.g., Majelis and circle sizes. Each colour that appears
Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan indicates a keyword cluster, and the size of
(MAIWP) (Famulia, 2020). In Malaysia, the circle means how many times the
zakat is not collected or distributed keyword appears (Wahyudi et al., 2022).
centrally but rather managed by each state
with full authority (Rakhmat et al., 2022; RESULT
Suryani, 2020; Wijayanti et al., 2022). Each
state has zakat organizations in the form of Overview of the dataset
private companies that manage zakat and
Baitul Maal or Jawatankuasa Zakat under The first analysis is the document attributes,
Majelis Agama Islam Negeri with its consisting of the period, type of
policies, objectives and functions. In some publication, number of documents, growth
states, these two organizations collect and of publication percentage, and the number
distribute zakat (Khalid., 2015). of keywords. Table 1 shows the primary
information from the two datasets used for
METODHOLOGY the bibliometric analysis.

This is a quantitative study that employs Table. 1 Main Information of the Data
bibliometric analysis to identify hidden MAIN Countries
patterns in the research domain (Liu et al., INFORMATION
Malaysia Indonesia
2020), in particular those related to zakat ABOUT DATA
studies in Malaysia and Indonesia. Timespan 1997:2023 2008:2023
Bibliographic data from the Scopus
Sources (Journals, 173 170
database was harvested on October 1, 2023. Books, etc)
The researcher used the keywords
"Zakat" OR "Zakah" OR "Islamic Social Documents 407 315
Finance" for data collection. the search Annual Growth Rate % 16.66 22.7
filter included the aspect of the publication Document Average 4.31 2.97
stage, which considered the final Age
publication stage and articles written in Average citations per 5.201 3.197
English. After filtering, the search results doc
were divided into two databases. First, it
51 International Journal of Zakat Vol. 8(2) 2023 page 48-66

References 14628 11385 As in Table 1, the Scopus database started

DOCUMENT CONTENTS to record zakat publications from Malaysia
in 1997, and Indonesia in 2008. The number
Keywords Plus (ID) 271 458
of documents published in Malaysia
Author's Keywords 1028 831 reached 407 papers, i.e., articles (291),
(DE) books (3), book chapters (45), conference
AUTHORS papers (46), editorials and notes each (1), as
Authors 982 800 well as reviews (20), with an annual growth
rate of 16.66%. Meanwhile, for Indonesia it
Authors of single- 25 43
authored docs
was recorded 315 documents, i.e., articles
(220), books (9), book chapters (30),
AUTHORS COLLABORATION conference papers (54), and reviews (2),
Single-authored docs 28 49 with an annual growth rate of 22.7%.
Co-Authors per Doc 3.38 3.19 Generally, the two countries have a
similar style of publication, dominated by
International co- 30.47 23.17
articles. However, scientific publications by
authorships %
Indonesian researchers have a more
DOCUMENT TYPES significant portion of publishing books and
article 291 220 conference papers, with a growth of around
book 3 9 6% higher than in Malaysia. On the other
hand, publications in book chapters and
book chapter 45 30 reviews were highly done by researchers
conference paper 46 54 from Malaysia.
editorial 1 - The high level of publication in the
field of zakat in Malaysia might be driven
note 1 -
by the number of authors, i.e., 982 scholars,
review 20 2 with an international co-authorship of
Source: Data processed R-Studio (2023) 30.47%. Meanwhile, the Indonesian
authors were found to be 800 scholars, with
international co-authorship of 23.17%.
Abdurrahman Mansyur, Ega Rusanti 52

Fig. 1 Annual Scientific Production Between Countries

Source: Authors’ Analysis
Figure 1 compares the annual peak during the Covid-19 period (2019-
publications of Malaysia and Indonesia. 2021). Compared to Malaysia, Indonesia
Both countries have started the publications published 52 documents consistently
of zakat since 2008-2009. The reached its during these three consecutive years.

Fig. 2 Citation Over the Years

Source: Authors’ Analysis
The number of document citations the History of Islamic Philanthropy in the
measures the scholarly impacts of a country, and the provision of health
particular academic output. As depicted in facilities for people experiencing poverty,
Figure 2, the average number of citations authored by Wahab N.A.; Rahim Abdul
for Malaysian documents is 5.201, which is Rahman A. (2018), Ab Rahman A.; Alias
higher than that of Indonesian written M.H.; Omar S.M.N.S. (2012), Ali I.; Hatta
manuscripts, i.e., 3,197, which may indicate Z.A. (2014).
the significant impact of Malaysian- The two most striking differences
authored papers. between the top citations of research
Table 2 shows the top ten articles with published in Malaysia and Indonesia are
the highest citations from both countries. their relatively high citations and the
The works done by Wahab N.A.; Rahim distribution of the number of citations.
Abdul Rahman A. (2018), Ab Rahman A.; Malaysia has the highest number of
Alias M.H.; Omar S.M.N.S. (2012), and Ali citations at 83 times, followed by four
I.; Hatta Z.A. (2014) were identified to be articles, which have an average of more
the top three highest cited articles. Each than 40 citations, and the rest have an
examines the efficiency and management of average of more than 30. Meanwhile,
zakat institutions, problems and issues with Indonesian articles have quite a large gap
zakat institutions in Malaysia, and zakat as between top citations (114 citations) and
an instrument for poverty alleviation in several other articles with a range of 18-59
Bangladesh, Malaysia and Indonesia. citations.
Meanwhile, in Indonesia’s case, the Furthermore, the tendency for
top 3 cited papers discussed the differences in the themes of the articles
Islamization of law in modern Indonesia, cited was investigated, i.e., the top citations
53 International Journal of Zakat Vol. 8(2) 2023 page 48-66

in Malaysian research discussed particular research, the studies were found to be

issues of zakat. Meanwhile, in Indonesian general.

Table. 2 Top 10 Cited Documents

MALAYSIA
Author Title Total Citations
Wahab N.A.;
A framework to analyze the efficiency and
Rahim Abdul 83
governance of zakat institutions
Rahman A. (2018)
Ab Rahman A.;
Alias M.H.; Omar Zakat institution in Malaysia: Problems and issues 48
S.M.N.S. (2012)
Zakat as a poverty reduction mechanism among
Ali I.; Hatta Z.A.
the Muslim community: Case study of 45
(2014)
Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Indonesia
Rosli, et.al (2020) The role of ijtihad in expanding zakat distribution 42
Mohit M.A.;
Social housing programme of Selangor Zakat
Nazyddah N. 41
Board of Malaysia and housing satisfaction
(2012)
The influence of religiosity on taxpayers'
Mohdali R.; Pope
compliance attitudes: Empirical evidence from a 37
J. (2014)
mixed-methods study in Malaysia
Yusuf M.-B.O.; Measurement model of corporate zakat collection
Derus A.M. in Malaysia: A test of diffusion of innovation 36
(2013) theory
Akhyar Adnan
Accounting treatment for corporate zakat: a
M.; Barizah Abu 34
critical review
Bakar N. (2009)
Djaghballou C.-
E.; Djaghballou
Efficiency and productivity performance of Zakat
M.; Larbani M.; 32
funds
Mohamad A.
(2018)
Andam A.C.; Determinants of intention to give zakat on
Osman A.Z. employment income: Experience from Marawi 30
(2009) City, Philippines
INDONESIA
Author Title Total Citations
Challenging the secular state: The Islamization of
Salim A. (2008) 114
law in modern Indonesia
Faith and the state: A history of Islamic
Fauzia A. (2013) 59
philanthropy in Indonesia
Abdurrahman Mansyur, Ega Rusanti 54

Health provision for the poor: Islamic aid and the

Latief H. (2010) 26
rise of charitable clinics in Indonesia
Critical assessment of Islamic endowment funds
Sukmana R.
(Waqf) literature: lesson for government and 25
(2020)
future directions
Towards achieving the efficiency in zakat
Lubis M.; Azizah
management system: Interaction design for 25
A.H. (2018)
optimization in Indonesia
Wulandari P.; Issues and challenges in financing the poor: case
24
Kassim S. (2016) of Baitul Maal Wa Tamwil in Indonesia
Kailani N.; Slama Accelerating Islamic charities in Indonesia: zakat,
22
M. (2020) sedekah and the immediacy of social media
The role of Islamic social finance during the
Ascarya A. (2022) Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia’s economic 21
recovery
Alam Choudhury
Interrelationship between Zakat, Islamic bank and
M.; Syafri 19
the economy: A theoretical exploration
Harahap S. (2008)
Kasri R.A.;
Determinants of digital zakat payments: lessons
Yuniar A.M. 18
from Indonesian experience
(2021)
Source: Author (2023)

Author Analysis
Fig. 3 Top Contributing Authors
Malaysia Indonesia

Source: Data processed R-Studio (2023)

55 International Journal of Zakat Vol. 8(2) 2023 page 48-66

Figure 2 illustrates the performance Indonesian authors, i.e., BEIK IS published

of the top ten authors who published the at least three articles per year, followed by
outputs of zakat research in Malaysia and WIDIASTUTI T with 2.8 articles per year.
Indonesia. Generally, authors from Meanwhile, the top author from Malaysia,
Malaysia have a higher overall score than SAAD RAJ, has an average publication
those from Indonesia. The two authors with value of 1.6 per year, followed by WAHAB
the highest contribution from Malaysia are NA with 0.8 articles.
SAAD RAJ, with a total number of
publications (NP) of 18 and a total citation Co-Authorship Analysis
value (TC) of 160. Second, WAHAB NA
with an NP value of 10 and TC of 150. Co-authorship analysis overviews the
Meanwhile, WIDIASTUTI T is the top relationships between authors and their co-
author from Indonesia who published 14 authors. The results of the Co-Authorship
documents with a TC of 45, followed by analysis using VOSviewer found some
BEIK IS with 12 publications and 33 total different clusters among Malaysian and
citations. Indonesian authors.
However, using the normalized
annual publication measures, it is found that

Fig. 4 Network Visualization

Malaysia Indonesia

Source: Authors’ Analysis via VOSviewer

There were at least 13 clusters among Meanwhile, there are at least three
Malaysian researchers, with at least 4 main dominant research clusters of Indonesian
clusters with strong total links. The red researchers. The red cluster consists of Al
cluster consists of Abdul-Jabbar H, Ahmad Mustofa M U, Herianingrum S, Mawardi I,
N, Alam M M, Bin-Nashwan S A, Hassan Robani A, Ryandono M N H, and
M K, Ismail S, Muneeza A, Taha R, and Widiastuti T. In the green cluster, it groups
Wahab N A. The green cluster consists of Arsyianti I D, Beik I S, Hudaefi F A,
Ismail A G, Ismail M A, Shahimi S, Shaikh Kassim S, Saoqi A A Y, and Zaenal M H.
S A. Cluster BLUE, Ab Aziz M R, Johari F, Cluster BLUE, Ismail A G, Munandar A,
Mohd Ali A F, Shafii Z. And Cluster Nurhayati S, Nurzaman M S, and
YELLOW, Herianingrum S, Mawardi I, Siswantoro D.
Robani A, Widiastuti T.
Abdurrahman Mansyur, Ega Rusanti 56

The difference between the results of collaboration was highly found in

the Malaysian and Indonesian authors' Malaysian authors compared to
network clustering might be due to the Indonesians.
international collaboration. Such

Keyword Analysis
Fig. 5 TreeMap and WordMap
Malaysia Indonesia

Source: Data processed R-Studio (2023)

Word Cloud Visualization

Malaysia Indonesia

Source: Authors’ analysis

Treemaps and word clouds are effects” and others, appear significantly,
important to keyword analytics. The dataset showing the authors’ contextual study of
of Indonesian authors’ keywords (Fig. 5– zakat to these timely issues.
right) shows the word “Indonesia” is Meanwhile, the dataset of the
depicted as bigger than the other words, Malaysian authors’ keywords (Fig. 5–left)
indicating the high use of such a keyword shows the word "Malaysia" appears most
by the Indonesian authors. Following this, often, indicating a focus on zakat research
the word “zakat”, “Sustainable conducted in Malaysia. Impressively,
development”, “Economic and social
57 International Journal of Zakat Vol. 8(2) 2023 page 48-66

although this data focuses on Malaysia, the six times, showing the relationship between
word "Indonesia" also appears several zakat and financial aspects. Following this,
times, indicating there is quite a lot of "Asnaf" (those who are entitled to receive
research that leads to comparisons or zakat), appears several times, explaining
references to zakat issues in Indonesia. Malaysian authors’ concern for the zakat
Furthermore, the word "Finance" appears beneficiary issues.

Fig. 6 Thematic Map

Malaysia Indonesia

Source: Authors’ analysis.

Furthermore, thematic maps are quadrant 3 (Q3). In the Indonesian case, it
used to discover the critical keywords from grouped issues about BAZNAS Pekanbaru,
either the authors’ keywords or the papers’ Web Services and Websites, as well as the
abstracts. Blockchain. In this quadrant, the existing
clusters also mean that the study issue has
Motor themes are a well-developed
and vital field of research. In quadrant 1 been well-developed with a specific study
theme.
(Q1) top right, the strategic issues that drive
research in Malaysia are Finance, Indonesia The emerging or declining themes
and Quality of Life. In addition, keywords, are themes that have an increasing or
e.g., Malaysia, Asnaf, and COVID-19 are decreasing tendency and are placed in
also the main quadrants that are significant quadrant 4 (Q4) at the bottom left. The
as motors of study. Basic themes, which are thematic map of research groups in
critical and interesting but have not yet been Malaysia shows that there is a decrease in
well developed, are placed in quadrant 2 studies on the theme of Poverty Alleviation,
(Q2) at the bottom right, grouping studies on the other hand, studies on Islamism and
about zakat and information management. West Malaysia have increased.
Meanwhile, Sustainable Development, Meanwhile, the thematic map of
Conceptual Framework and Qualitative Indonesian research shows more varied
Method themes are moving towards a more results. In quadrant 1 (Q1) top right, the
central position, showing their high main motor themes in Zakat research in
relevance. Indonesia are "Indonesia, Article, Finance".
Niche or specific themes, which are These three themes are central and have
highly specialized, are placed at the top left been highly developed. Meanwhile, in the
Abdurrahman Mansyur, Ega Rusanti 58

bottom right quadrant 2 (Q2), three Basic on the specific theme of zakat. In this
theme clusters appear, i.e., "Zakat, quadrant, research tends to examine the
Artificial Intelligence, Mustahiq", impact of BAZNAS and its neighbours.
"Websites, Computer Architecture, Web Another cluster also shows a particular
Services" and "Sustainable Development, examination of zakat and information
Planning, Economic and Social Effects". technology. In contrast to the technology
The research theme in quadrant 2 shows the cluster in the bottom right quadrant 2, zakat
development of zakat research in Indonesia research in quadrant 3 is characterized by
which discussed zakat and the timely issues zakat and mobile application research as
in information technology and sustainable well as a user interface which characterizes
development. Furthermore, artificial research related to impressions in using
Intelligence, Websites, Computer zakat mobile applications.
Architecture, Websites, and Web Services Meanwhile, Quadrant 4 (Q4) on the
are significant themes with much potential bottom left depicts two clusters, i.e.,
for development in further research.
"Poverty Alleviation" and "Agriculture".
Quadrant 3 (Q3), the top left, includes This quadrant describes emerging or
three clusters, namely, "BAZNAS, K-Near declining research related to the issue of
Neighbor, Nearest Neighbor", the poverty alleviation conducted in Indonesia.
"Information, User Interface and Mobile Publications related to this issue have
Application" cluster, and the "Business decreased which might be due to the change
Process, Physics, Best Practices" cluster. in the trend of the research topics.
This quadrant has information about studies

Fig. 7 Keyword Network Visualization (Malaysia)

Cluster 1 RED: Blockchain, Covid-19,

Finance, Financial Inclusion, Fintech,
Islamic Banks, Islamic Economics, Islamic
Finance, Islamic Social Finance.
59 International Journal of Zakat Vol. 8(2) 2023 page 48-66

Cluster 2 GREEN: Compliance, Efficiency, Cluster 4 YELLOW: Education, Income,

Governance, Malaysia, Service Quality, Nigeria, Poverty, Poverty Alleviation,
Trust, Zakat Compliance, Zakat Institution, Shariah
Zakat Institutions Cluster 5 PURPLE: Accountability, Islam,
Cluster 3 BLUE: Asnaf, Bibliometric Islamic Bank, Microfinance, Sustainable
Analysis, Management, SDGS, Zakat, Development
Zakat Distribution, Zakat Management Cluster 6 SKY: Bangladesh, Crowdfunding,
Indonesia, Waqf

Keyword Network Visualization (Indonesia)

Source: Data processed VosViewer (2023)

Cluster 1 RED: Economic Empowerment, Cluster 6 SKY: Baitul Maal, Efficiency,

Infaq, Integration, Islamic Finance, Islamic Indonesia, Performance, Zakat Institution,
Philanthropy, Islamic Social Finance, Zakat Institutions
Philanthropy, Poverty, SDGs, Waqf Cluster 7 ORANGE: Fintech, Malaysia,
Cluster 2 GREEN: Accountability, Microfinance, Optimization, Technology
BAZNAS, Islam, Islamic Law, Religiosity, Cluster 8 BROWN: Information Systems,
Tax, Transparency, Trust, Zakat, Zakat Information Use
Management
Cluster 3 BLUE: Decision Support System, DISCUSSION
Empowerment, Islamic Banking, Mustahiq,
Poverty Alleviation, Productive Zakat, Cluster 1 RED focuses on topics related to
Welfare Islamic finance and financial technology
Cluster 4 YELLOW: Article, Charity, (fintech) in the context of Zakat. The main
Covid-19, Human, Management, Pandemic keywords in this cluster are Fintech, and
Cluster 5 PURPLE: Economic and Social Blockchain which shows attention to the
Effects, Economic Growth, Finance, use of blockchain-based financial
Financial Performance, Planning, technology in managing Zakat. There is
Sustainable Development also attention to the impact of the COVID-
19 pandemic on zakat and Islamic finance
Abdurrahman Mansyur, Ega Rusanti 60

and Financial Inclusion which describes the managing and collecting zakat funds and
characteristics of publications published microfinance.
during the pandemic. SKY's Cluster 6 covers a wider range
Cluster 2 GREEN focuses on Zakat of topics, including Bangladesh,
Institutions which shows attention to Zakat crowdfunding, Indonesia, and waqf
management institutions in Malaysia. (charitable donations). This shows the
Governance and Service Quality issues in diversity in the focus of zakat research
the management of Zakat Institutions in outside Malaysia. Comparative analysis is
Malaysia are also supported by the issue of quite a concern for researchers to compare
compliance with Zakat laws and in terms of administration, management
regulations. Meanwhile, Trust in Zakat and services of zakat institutions between
Institutions is a driving factor in the Muslim countries in the world, such as
intention to pay zakat to increase Indonesia and Bangladesh.
community participation in giving Zakat. It Overall, bibliometric analysis of this
means that this cluster tends to form strong cluster data shows variations in zakat
relationships in the governance of zakat research in Malaysia, covering aspects such
institutions in Malaysia. as financial technology, governance,
Cluster 3 BLUE illustrates the close management, social impact, education, and
relationship between Zakat Management Islamic finance issues. There are also
issues, especially in the context of Zakat comparisons with other countries and the
distribution and Zakat management. This application of Islamic principles in the
zakat distribution is aimed at Asnaf to context of zakat.
achieve Sustainable Development Goals Meanwhile, the Keyword Network
(SDGs). In this cluster, there is also Visualization analysis of Zakat research in
attention to bibliometric analysis, which Indonesia found as many as eight clusters.
means that there is quite a lot of research Cluster 1 RED shows a close connection
published using bibliometric analysis between the themes of Islamic Social
methods in the themes of Zakat, Zakat Finance, Islamic Philanthropy, Infaq,
Distribution, Zakat Management and Philanthropy, Waqf, Integration, Economic
SDGs. Empowerment, Poverty, and SDGs. The
Cluster 4 Yellow has six keywords, close relationship between social finance
i.e., Education, Income, Nigeria, Poverty, and social issues is a closely related theme
Poverty Alleviation, and Shariah. This in zakat research in Indonesia. Zakat, Infaq,
cluster is related to topics such as and Alms play a critical role in encouraging
education, income and poverty alleviation community economic resilience, reducing
which can be alleviated by the social poverty and encouraging the achievement
financial instrument Zakat. In this cluster, of sustainable development goals.
there is also the keyword Nigeria as a In Cluster 2 GREEN, several
country which is used as the focus of clusters are related to each other.
research, as well as for comparison. Accountability, BAZNAS, Transparency,
Cluster 5 PURPLE is related to issues Trust, and Zakat Management have similar
such as accountability in zakat discussion themes related to the importance
management. Accountability in zakat of Accountability, Transparency and Trust
management will increase Muzakki's in managing zakat funds such as BAZNAS.
confidence that the distribution of zakat As for Islam, Islamic Law, Religion, and
funds is truly on target and fair. This cluster Tax characterize the research theme which
also contains the themes Islamic Bank, examines Zakat as a substitute instrument
Microfinance, and Sustainable for Tax.
Development which show attention to the Meanwhile, Cluster 3 BLUE has a
role of Bank financial institutions in strong relationship between the keywords
61 International Journal of Zakat Vol. 8(2) 2023 page 48-66

Decision Support System, Empowerment, microfinance (Microfinance), and

Islamic Banking, Mustahiq, Poverty optimization in zakat management. This
Alleviation, Productive Zakat, and Welfare. means that there is quite a lot of research
The use of a decision support system in examining the optimization of the use of
managing zakat allows the management of financial technology in managing Zakat.
Zakat funds to be carried out productively, The keyword Malaysia indicates
to empower, and to improve welfare and comparison or cooperation between
poverty alleviation. The issue of Islamic countries in managing zakat.
Banking also highlights the link between Cluster 8 BROWN, This cluster
zakat and the Islamic banking sector in focuses on the use of information systems
Indonesia. (Information Systems) and the use of
Cluster 4 YELLOW has a varied information (Information Use) in the
style consisting of Article, Charity, Covid- context of zakat. An information system is
19, Human, Management, and Pandemic. a formal, sociotechnical, and organizational
The Covid-19 pandemic is a very important system designed to collect, process, store,
issue because it has a huge impact on and distribute information. In the context of
society. This indicates that the Zakat Zakat research in Indonesia, the authors
articles published in Indonesia in the last have synthesized the optimal use of
three years have studied quite a lot of the technology to encourage the optimization
impact of Zakat or Charity during the of Digital Zakat services in the country.
pandemic.
Cluster 5 PURPLE has a significant Recommendation for Future Research
occurrence in the issues of Economic and
Social Effects, Economic Growth, Finance, The results of cluster analysis on research
Financial Performance, Planning, and in Malaysia and Indonesia provide a broad
Sustainable Development. This cluster picture of the pattern of research
focuses on the economic and social impact publications between the two countries.
of zakat. Economic and Social Effect, The results of the analysis found that there
Economic Growth and Sustainable were quite a lot of similarities in the themes
Development show attention to the studied in the research between the two
contribution of zakat to economic growth countries.
and sustainable development. Meanwhile, However, several interesting issues
Financial Performance and Planning can become a focus for development for
indicates the evaluation of financial other countries. Research in Malaysia
performance and planning in the context of shows that issues regarding the use of
zakat. Blockchain technology, Service Quality,
Cluster 6 SKY has six significant Zakat Management, Accountability and
keywords, i.e., Baitul Maal, Efficiency, Crowdfunding are issues that can still be
Indonesia, Performance, Zakat Institution, developed further. Meanwhile, in
and Zakat Institutions. In general, this Indonesian research, themes such as Zakat
cluster is related to Zakat Institutions in and Agriculture Development, Decision
Indonesia. Performance and Efficiency Support Systems, and Information Systems
shows the performance of zakat institutions are interesting themes to be emulated and
and the importance of efficiency in adopted by other countries.
managing zakat in Indonesia.
Meanwhile, Cluster 7 ORANGE CONCLUSION
has keyword styles in the form of Fintech, This research applies bibliometric analysis
Malaysia, Microfinance, Optimization, and to analyze Zakat literature produced by
Technology. This cluster covers topics researchers from Malaysia and Indonesia.
related to financial technology (Fintech), In addition, this research describes the
Abdurrahman Mansyur, Ega Rusanti 62

development of Zakat research issues themes of technology and Zakat

between the two countries with the best management.
Sharia financial development in the world.
In document analysis, it was found
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