A.

2 Forces practice [89 marks]

1. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1A.SL.TZ0.8

An engine is exerting a horizontal force F on an object that is moving
along a horizontal surface at a constant velocity v. The mass of the
object is m and the coefficient of dynamic friction between the object
and the surface is μ.

What is the power of the engine?

A. Fv

B. μF v

mgv
C. μ

D. μmgv [1]

Markscheme

D
2. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1A.SL.TZ0.20
A car on a road follows a horizontal circular path at a constant speed.
What is the direction of the net force acting on the car and the
direction of the instantaneous velocity of the car?

[1]

Markscheme

C
3. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1A.SL.TZ0.21
A mass attached to a string rotates in a gravitational field with a
constant period in a vertical plane.

How do the speed of the mass and the tension of the string compare at
P and Q?

[1]

Markscheme

D
4. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1A.SL.TZ0.5
An object of mass 2.0 kg is on a horizontal surface. The object is pulled
by a force of 12.0 N and accelerates at 2.0 m s−2.

What is the coefficient of dynamic friction between the object and the
surface?

A. 0.3

B. 0.4

C. 0.6

D. 0.8 [1]

Markscheme

B
5. [Maximum mark: 5] 22N.2.SL.TZ0.4
A mass is attached to one end of a rod and made to rotate with constant speed in
a vertical circle.

(a) The scale diagram shows the weight W of the mass at an instant
when the rod is horizontal.

Draw, on the scale diagram, an arrow to represent the force

exerted on the mass by the rod.

[2]

Markscheme

horizontal component of any length to the left ✓

vertical component two squares long upwards ✓

E.g.
 Ignore point of application.

Award [1] max if arrowhead not present.

(b) Explain why the magnitude of the force exerted on the mass by
the rod is not constant. [3]

Markscheme

ALTERNATIVE 1

the net/centripetal force has constant magnitude ✓

the direction of the net/centripetal force constantly changes ✓

this is achieved by vector-adding weight and the force from the rod

OR

the force from the rod is vector difference of the centripetal force and
weight ✓

ALTERNATIVE 2

at the top Frod = Fc − W ✓

at the bottom, Frod = Fc + W ✓

net F/Fc is constant so the force from the rod is different «hence is
changing» ✓

Accept reference to centripetal or net force indistinctly.

Allow reference to centripetal acceleration.

6. [Maximum mark: 8] 22N.2.SL.TZ0.1
A raindrop falls vertically from rest.

The graph shows how the speed of the raindrop varies with time t.

During the first 3.0 s of motion, the raindrop falls a distance of 21 m and reaches
a speed of 9.0 m s−1. The mass of the raindrop is 34 mg. The temperature of the
raindrop does not change.

(a) State the initial acceleration of the raindrop. [1]

Markscheme

g OR 9.81 «m s−2» OR acceleration of gravity/due to free fall ✓

Accept 10 «m s−2».

Ignore sign.

Do not accept bald “gravity”.

Accept answer that indicates tangent of the graph at time t=0.

(b) Explain, by reference to the vertical forces, how the raindrop

reaches a constant speed. [3]
 Markscheme

Identification of air resistance/drag force «acting upwards» ✓

«that» increases with speed ✓

«until» weight and air resistance cancel out

OR

net force/acceleration becomes zero ✓

A statement as “air resistance increases with speed” scores MP1 and MP2.

(c.i) Determine the energy transferred to the air during the first 3.0 s
of motion. State your answer to an appropriate number of
significant figures. [3]

Markscheme

«loss in» GPE = 3.4 × 10−5 × 9.81 × 21 «= 7.0 × 10−3» «J»

OR

«gain in» KE = 0.5 × 3.4 × 10−5 × 9.02 «= 1.4 × 10−3» «J» ✓

energy transferred to air «=7.0 × 10−3 − 1.4 × 10−3» = 5.6 × 10−3» «J» ✓

any calculated answer to 2 sf ✓

Allow [1] through the use of kinematics assuming constant acceleration.

 Allow ECF from MP1.

(c.ii) Describe the energy change that takes place for t > 3.0 s. [1]

Markscheme

«gravitational» potential energy «of the raindrop» into thermal/internal

energy «of the air» ✓

Accept heat for thermal energy.

Accept into kinetic energy of air particles.

Ignore sound energy.

7. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1A.SL.TZ1.7

A book is at rest on a table. One of the forces acting on the book is its
weight.

What is the other force that completes the force pair according to
Newton’s third law of motion?

A. The pull of the book on Earth

B. The pull of Earth on the book

C. The push of the table on the book

D. The push of the book on the table [1]

Markscheme

A
8. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1A.SL.TZ1.2
The magnitude of the resultant of two forces acting on a body is 12 N.
Which pair of forces acting on the body can combine to produce this
resultant?

A. 1 N and 2 N

B. 1 N and 14 N

C. 5 N and 6 N

D. 6 N and 7 N [1]

Markscheme

D
9. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1A.SL.TZ1.23
A ball of mass 0.3 kg is attached to a light, inextensible string. It is
rotated in a vertical circle. The length of the string is 0.6 m and the
speed of rotation of the ball is 4 m s−1.

What is the tension when the string is horizontal?

A. 5 N

B. 8 N

C. 11 N

D. 13 N [1]

Markscheme

B
10. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1A.SL.TZ1.4
A block moving with initial speed v is brought to rest, after travelling a
distance d, by a frictional force f . A second identical block moving
with initial speed u is brought to rest in the same distance d by a
f
frictional force 2
. What is u?

A. v

B. v

√2

C. v

D. v

4
[1]

Markscheme

B
11. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1A.SL.TZ2.7
A book of mass m lies on top of a table of mass M that rolls freely along
the ground. The coefficient of friction between the book and the table
is μ. A person is pushing the rolling table.

What is the maximum acceleration of the table so that the book does
not slide backwards relative to the table?

g
A. μ

B. μg

mg
C. Mμ

D. m

M
μg [1]

Markscheme

B
12. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1A.SL.TZ2.23
A satellite is orbiting Earth in a circular path at constant speed. Three
statements about the resultant force on the satellite are:

I. It is equal to the gravitational force of attraction on the satellite.

II. It is equal to the mass of the satellite multiplied by its acceleration.
III. It is equal to the centripetal force on the satellite.

Which combination of statements is correct?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III [1]

Markscheme

D
13. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1A.SL.TZ2.5
An object is sliding from rest down a frictionless inclined plane. The
object slides 1.0 m during the first second.

What distance will the object slide during the next second?

A. 1.0 m

B. 2.0 m

C. 3.0 m

D. 4.9 m [1]

Markscheme

C
14. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1A.SL.TZ2.6
An object of mass 2.0 kg rests on a rough surface. A person pushes the
object in a straight line with a force of 10 N through a distance d.

The resultant force acting on the object throughout d is 6.0 N.

What is the value of the sliding coefficient of friction μ between the

surface and the object and what is the acceleration a of the object?

[1]

Markscheme

A
15. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1A.SL.TZ2.7
A rocket has just been launched vertically from Earth. The image shows
the free-body diagram of the rocket. F1 represents a larger force than F2.

Which force pairs with F1 and which force pairs with F2, according to
Newton’s third law?

[1]

Markscheme

B
16. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1A.SL.TZ2.8
An object is pushed from rest by a constant net force of 100 N. When
the object has travelled 2.0 m the object has reached a velocity of 10 m
s−1.

What is the mass of the object?

A. 2 kg

B. 4 kg

C. 40 kg

D. 200 kg [1]

Markscheme

B
17. [Maximum mark: 15] 22M.2.SL.TZ1.1
A student uses a load to pull a box up a ramp inclined at 30°. A string of constant
length and negligible mass connects the box to the load that falls vertically. The
string passes over a pulley that runs on a frictionless axle. Friction acts between
the base of the box and the ramp. Air resistance is negligible.

The load has a mass of 3.5 kg and is initially 0.95 m above the floor. The mass of
the box is 1.5 kg.

The load is released and accelerates downwards.

(a) Outline two differences between the momentum of the box

and the momentum of the load at the same instant. [2]

Markscheme

direction of motion is different / OWTTE ✓

mv / magnitude of momentum is different «even though v the same» ✓

(b) The vertical acceleration of the load downwards is 2.4 m s−2.

Calculate the tension in the string. [2]

Markscheme

use of ma = mg − T «3.5 x 2.4 = 3.5g − T »

 OR

T = 3.5(g − 2.4) ✓

26 «N» ✓

Accept 27 N from g = 10 m s −2

(c.i) Show that the speed of the load when it hits the floor is about
2.1 m s−1. [2]

Markscheme

proper use of kinematic equation ✓

√ (2 × 2. 4 × 0. 95) = 2. 14 «m s−1» ✓

Must see either the substituted values OR a value for v to at least three s.f. for MP2.

(c.ii) The radius of the pulley is 2.5 cm. Calculate the angular speed of
rotation of the pulley as the load hits the floor. State your
answer to an appropriate number of significant figures. [2]

Markscheme

use of ω =
v

r
to give 84 «rad s−1»

OR

ω = 2. 1/0. 025 to give 84 «rad s−1» ✓

 quoted to 2sf only✓

(d) After the load has hit the floor, the box travels a further 0.35 m
along the ramp before coming to rest. Determine the average
frictional force between the box and the surface of the ramp. [4]

Markscheme

ALTERNATIVE 1

« v2 = u
2
+ 2as ⇒ 0 = 2. 1
2
− 2a × 0. 35» leading to a = 6.3 «m s-
2»

OR

«x = 1/2(u + v)t » leading to t = 0.33 « s » ✓

Fnet = « ma = 1. 5 × 6. 3 = » 9.45 «N» ✓

Weight down ramp = 1.5 x 9.8 x sin(30) = 7.4 «N» ✓

friction force = net force – weight down ramp = 2.1 «N» ✓

ALTERNATIVE 2

kinetic energy initial = work done to stop 0.5 x 1.5 x (2.1)2 = FNET x 0.35 ✓

Fnet = 9.45 «N» ✓

Weight down ramp = 1.5 x 9.8 x sin(30) = 7.4 «N» ✓

friction force = net force – weight down ramp = 2.1 «N» ✓

 Accept 1.95 N from g = 10 m s-2.
Accept 2.42 N from u = 2.14 m s-1.

(e) The student then makes the ramp horizontal and applies a
constant horizontal force to the box. The force is just large
enough to start the box moving. The force continues to be
applied after the box begins to move.

Explain, with reference to the frictional force acting, why the

box accelerates once it has started to move. [3]

Markscheme

static coefficient of friction > dynamic/kinetic coefficient of friction / μs > μk

✓

«therefore» force of dynamic/kinetic friction will be less than the force of

static friction ✓

there will be a net / unbalanced forward force once in motion «which

results in acceleration»

OR

reference to net F = ma ✓
18. [Maximum mark: 1] 21N.1A.SL.TZ0.2
A ball of mass (50 ± 1) g is moving with a speed of (25 ± 1) m s−1. What
is the fractional uncertainty in the momentum of the ball?

A. 0.02

B. 0.04

C. 0.06

D. 0.08 [1]

Markscheme

C
19. [Maximum mark: 1] 21N.1A.SL.TZ0.22
A mass at the end of a string is moving in a horizontal circle at constant
speed. The string makes an angle θ to the vertical.

What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the mass?

A. g

B. g sin θ

C. g cos θ

D. g tan θ [1]

Markscheme

D
20. [Maximum mark: 1] 21N.1A.SL.TZ0.5
An elevator (lift) and its load accelerate vertically upwards.

Which statement is correct in this situation?

A. The net force on the load is zero.

B. The tension in the cable is equal but opposite to the combined

weight of the elevator and its load.

C. The normal reaction force on the load is equal but opposite to the
force on the elevator from the load.

D. The elevator and its load are in translational equilibrium. [1]

Markscheme

C
21. [Maximum mark: 1] 21N.1A.SL.TZ0.6
X and Y are two objects on a frictionless table connected by a string.
The mass of X is 2 kg and the mass of Y is 4 kg. The mass of the string is
negligible. A constant horizontal force of 12 N acts on Y.

What are the acceleration of Y and the magnitude of the tension in the
string?

[1]

Markscheme

A
22. [Maximum mark: 1] 21M.1A.SL.TZ1.22
A child stands on a horizontal rotating platform that is moving at
constant angular speed. The centripetal force on the child is provided
by

A. the gravitational force on the child.

B. the friction on the child’s feet.

C. the tension in the child’s muscles.

D. the normal reaction of the platform on the child. [1]

Markscheme

23. [Maximum mark: 1] 21M.1A.SL.TZ1.7

Two forces act on an object in different directions. The magnitudes of
the forces are 18 N and 27 N. The mass of the object is 9.0 kg. What is a
possible value for the acceleration of the object?

A. 0 m s−2

B. 0.5 m s−2

C. 2.0 m s−2

D. 6.0 m s−2 [1]

Markscheme

C
24. [Maximum mark: 1] 21M.1A.SL.TZ1.8
Two identical boxes are stored in a warehouse as shown in the
diagram. Two forces acting on the top box and two forces acting on the
bottom box are shown.

Which is a force pair according to Newton’s third law?

A. 1 and 2

B. 3 and 4

C. 2 and 3

D. 2 and 4 [1]

Markscheme

C
25. [Maximum mark: 1] 21M.1A.SL.TZ2.3
A block rests on a rough horizontal plane. A force P is applied to the
block and the block moves to the right.

There is a coefficient of friction μd giving rise to a frictional force F

between the block and the plane. The force P is doubled. Will μd and F
be unchanged or greater?

[1]

Markscheme

A
26. [Maximum mark: 1] 21M.1A.SL.TZ2.23
An object moves in a circle of constant radius. Values of the centripetal
force F are measured for different values of angular velocity ω. A
graph is plotted with ω on the x-axis. Which quantity plotted on the y-
axis will produce a straight-line graph?

A. √F

B. F

C. F
2

D.
1

F
[1]

Markscheme

A
27. [Maximum mark: 1] 21M.1A.SL.TZ2.24
A sphere is suspended from the end of a string and rotates in a
horizontal circle. Which freebody diagram, to the correct scale, shows
the forces acting on the sphere?

[1]

Markscheme
 D

28. [Maximum mark: 1] 21M.1A.SL.TZ2.4

A person is standing at rest on the ground and experiences a
downward gravitational force W and an upward normal force from the
ground N. Which, according to Newton’s third law, is the force that
together with W forms a force pair?

A. The gravitational force W acting upwards on the ground.

B. The gravitational force W acting upwards on the person.

C. The normal force N acting upwards on the person.

D. The normal force N acting downwards on the ground. [1]

Markscheme

A
29. [Maximum mark: 1] 21M.1A.SL.TZ2.5
A person with a weight of 600 N stands on a scale in an elevator.

What is the acceleration of the elevator when the scale reads 900 N?

A. 5. 0 m s
−2
downwards

B. −2
1. 5 m s downwards

C. −2
1. 5 m s upwards

D. 5. 0 m s
−2
upwards [1]

Markscheme

D
30. [Maximum mark: 1] 20N.1A.SL.TZ0.3
A body is held in translational equilibrium by three coplanar forces of
magnitude 3 N, 4 N and 5 N. Three statements about these forces are

I. all forces are perpendicular to each other

II. the forces cannot act in the same direction
III. the vector sum of the forces is equal to zero.

Which statements are true?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III [1]

Markscheme

C
31. [Maximum mark: 1] 20N.1A.SL.TZ0.22
Mass M is attached to one end of a string. The string is passed through
a hollow tube and mass m is attached to the other end. Friction
between the tube and string is negligible.

Mass m travels at constant speed v in a horizontal circle of radius r.

What is mass M ?
2

A.
mv

B. mv rg
2

2
mgv
C. r

D.
mv

gr
[1]

Markscheme

D
32. [Maximum mark: 1] 20N.1A.SL.TZ0.5
An object of mass 8. 0 kg is falling vertically through the air. The drag
force acting on the object is 60 N. What is the best estimate of the
acceleration of the object?

A. Zero

B. 2. 5 m s
−2

C. 7. 5 m s
−2

D. 10 m s
−2
[1]

Markscheme

B
33. [Maximum mark: 1] 20N.1A.SL.TZ0.7
Three forces act on a block which is sliding down a slope at constant
speed. W is the weight, R is the reaction force at the surface of the
block and F is the friction force acting on the block.

In this situation

A. there must be an unbalanced force down the plane.

B. W = R.

C. F = W.

D. the resultant force on the block is zero. [1]

Markscheme

D
34. [Maximum mark: 3] 20N.2.SL.TZ0.b
Determine the terminal velocity of the sphere. [3]

Markscheme

radius of sphere= 0. 012 «m» ✓

weight of sphere= 6πηrv + ρV g

OR
−2 −6
(1.26×10 −915×7.24×10 )×9.81
v = −3 −2
✓
6π×37.9×10 ×1.2×10

v = 6. 84 «m s » ✓
–1

Accept use of g = 10 leading to v = 7 . 0 «m s »

–1

Allow implicit calculation of radius for MP1

Do not allow ECF for MP3 if buoyant force omitted.

35. [Maximum mark: 1] 19N.1A.SL.TZ0.2
An object is held in equilibrium by three forces of magnitude F, G and H
that act at a point in the same plane.

Three equations for these forces are

I. F cos θ = G
II. F = G cos θ + H sin θ
III. F = G + H

Which equations are correct?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III [1]

Markscheme

A
36. [Maximum mark: 1] 19N.1A.SL.TZ0.21
An object hangs from a light string and moves in a horizontal circle of
radius r.

The string makes an angle θ with the vertical. The angular speed of the
object is ω. What is tan θ?
2

A. ω r

g
B. ω r
2

C. ωr

g
D. ωr
2 [1]

Markscheme

A
37. [Maximum mark: 1] 19N.1A.SL.TZ0.3
Two forces act along a straight line on an object that is initially at rest.
One force is constant; the second force is in the opposite direction and
proportional to the velocity of the object.

What is correct about the motion of the object?

A. The acceleration increases from zero to a maximum.

B. The acceleration increases from zero to a maximum and then

decreases.

C. The velocity increases from zero to a maximum.

D. The velocity increases from zero to a maximum and then decreases. [1]

Markscheme

C
38. [Maximum mark: 1] 19N.1A.SL.TZ0.5
A climber of mass m slides down a vertical rope with an average
acceleration a. What is the average frictional force exerted by the rope
on the climber?

A. mg

B. m(g + a)

C. m(g – a)

D. ma [1]

Markscheme

39. [Maximum mark: 1] 19N.1A.SL.TZ0.6

A cube slides down the surface of a ramp at a constant velocity. What is
the magnitude of the frictional force that acts on the cube due to the
surface?

A. The weight of the cube

B. The component of weight of the cube parallel to the plane

C. The component of weight of the cube perpendicular to the plane

D. The component of the normal reaction at the surface parallel to the

plane [1]

Markscheme

B
40. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1A.SL.TZ1.7
A waiter carrying a tray is accelerating to the right as shown in the
image.

What is the free-body diagram of the forces acting on the tray?

[1]

Markscheme

D
41. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1A.SL.TZ1.24
A motorcyclist is cornering on a curved race track.

Which combination of changes of banking angle θ and coefficient of

friction μ between the tyres and road allows the motorcyclist to travel
around the corner at greater speed?

[1]

Markscheme

A
42. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1A.SL.TZ1.25
Satellite X orbits a planet with orbital radius R. Satellite Y orbits the
same planet with orbital radius 2R. Satellites X and Y have the same
mass.

centripetal acceleration of X
What is the ratio centripetal acceleration of Y
?

1
A. 4

B. 1

C. 2

D. 4 [1]

Markscheme

43. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1A.SL.TZ1.3

A sky diver is falling at terminal speed when she opens her parachute.
What are the direction of her velocity vector and the direction of her
acceleration vector before she reaches the new terminal speed?

[1]

Markscheme

C
44. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1A.SL.TZ1.6
An object of mass m is sliding down a ramp at constant speed. During
the motion it travels a distance x along the ramp and falls through a
vertical distance h. The coefficient of dynamic friction between the
ramp and the object is μ. What is the total energy transferred into
thermal energy when the object travels distance x?

A. mgh

B. mgx

C. μmgh

D. μmgx [1]

Markscheme

A
45. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1A.SL.TZ1.9
A block is on the surface of a horizontal rotating disk. The block is at
rest relative to the disk. The disk is rotating at constant angular velocity.

What is the correct arrow to represent the direction of the frictional

force acting on the block at the instant shown?

[1]

Markscheme

C
46. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1A.SL.TZ2.4
A book is at rest on a table. What is a pair of action–reaction forces for
this situation according to Newton’s third law of motion?

[1]

Markscheme

C
47. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1A.SL.TZ2.22
A particle of mass 0.02 kg moves in a horizontal circle of diameter 1 m
with an angular velocity of 3π rad s-1.

What is the magnitude and direction of the force responsible for this
motion?

[1]

Markscheme

D
48. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1A.SL.TZ2.4
Two forces of magnitude 12 N and 24 N act at the same point. Which
force cannot be the resultant of these forces?

A. 10 N

B. 16 N

C. 19 N

D. 36 N [1]

Markscheme

A
49. [Maximum mark: 14] 19M.2.HL.TZ2.1
A student strikes a tennis ball that is initially at rest so that it leaves the racquet at
a speed of 64 m s–1. The ball has a mass of 0.058 kg and the contact between the
ball and the racquet lasts for 25 ms.

The student strikes the tennis ball at point P. The tennis ball is initially directed at
an angle of 7.00° to the horizontal.

The following data are available.

Height of P = 2.80 m
Distance of student from net = 11.9 m
Height of net = 0.910 m
Initial speed of tennis ball = 64 m s-1

(ai) Calculate the average force exerted by the racquet on the ball. [2]

Markscheme

Δmv Δv 0.058×64.0
F =
Δt
/m
Δt
/ −3
✔
25×10

F = 148 «N»≈150«N» ✔
(aii) Calculate the average power delivered to the ball during the
impact. [2]

Markscheme

ALTERNATIVE 1
1 2 1 2
mv ×0.058×64.0
P =
2

t
/
2
−3
✔
25×10

P = 4700/4800«W» ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2

64.0
P = averageF v / 148 ×
2
✔

P = 4700/4800«W» ✔

(bi) Calculate the time it takes the tennis ball to reach the net. [2]

Markscheme

horizontal component of velocity is 64.0 × cos 7∘ = 63.52«m s

−1
»
✔

11.9
t =« »0.187/0.19«s» ✔
63.52

(bii) Show that the tennis ball passes over the net. [3]

Markscheme

ALTERNATIVE 1
 uy=64sin7/7.80«ms–1» ✔

decrease in height = 7.80 × 0.187 + 1

2
× 9.81 × 0.1872 / 1.63«m» ✔

final height = «2.80 – 1.63» = 1.1/1.2«m» ✔

«higher than net so goes over»

ALTERNATIVE 2

vertical distance to fall to net «=2.80 – 0.91» = 1.89«m» ✔

1 2
time to fall this distance found using «1.89 = 7.8t +
2
× 9.81 × t »

t = 0.21«s» ✔

0.21«s» > 0.187«s» ✔

«reaches the net before it has fallen far enough so goes over»

(biii) Determine the speed of the tennis ball as it strikes the ground. [2]

Markscheme

ALTERNATIVE 1

Initial KE + PE = final KE /

1 2 1 2
× 0.058 × 64 + 0.058 × 9.81 × 2.80 = × 0.058 × v
2 2

v = 64.4«m s »✔
−1

ALTERNATIVE 2

2 −1
vv =«√ 7.8 + 2 × 9.81 × 2.8» = 10.8«m s » ✔
 2 2
«v = √ 63.5 + 10.8 »

v = 64.4«m s » ✔
−1

(c) A student models the bounce of the tennis ball to predict the
angle θ at which the ball leaves a surface of clay and a surface of
grass.

The model assumes

• during contact with the surface the ball slides.

• the sliding time is the same for both surfaces.
• the sliding frictional force is greater for clay than grass.
• the normal reaction force is the same for both surfaces.

Predict for the student’s model, without calculation, whether θ is

greater for a clay surface or for a grass surface. [3]

Markscheme

so horizontal velocity component at lift off for clay is smaller ✔

normal force is the same so vertical component of velocity is the same ✔

so bounce angle on clay is greater ✔

© International Baccalaureate Organization, 2023