Computer Aided Design of Multi-Stage Gearboxes

Prof. Dr. M. A. Nasser Prof. Dr. F. R. Gomaa

Department of Production Engineering & Mech. design Department of Production Engineering & Mech. design
University of Menoufia University of Menoufia
Shebin El-kom, Menoufia, Egypt Shebin El-kom, Menoufia, Egypt
[email protected] [email protected]

Dr. M. A. Asy Ahmed Deabs

Department of Production Engineering & Mech. design Department of Production Engineering & Mech. design
University of Menoufia University of Menoufia
Shebin El-kom, Menoufia, Egypt Shebin El-kom, Menoufia, Egypt
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract - Gearboxes are the most important and complicated programs are used for designing gears and gear boxes such as
part of machine tools, there are a great lack of an integrated KISSsoft [11], Program 580 [12], MD design [13] and Amtec
manual and/or computerized design of gearbox, this problem software [14]. KISSsoft is a program for sizing, optimizing
motivate to made a solution. The developed software called and recalculating designs for machine components such as
(GearBox LAB) for design and simulate multi-stage gearboxes, it
gears, shafts and bearings, screws, springs, joining elements
is created by using Visual Basic6 (VB6) programming language.
The software considers optimum structural diagram, speeds and belts. Program 580 is used to design a gearbox for the
design (theoretical, actual and their errors), speed chart, minimum weight. It is also useful in estimating the cost of a
kinematic diagram, design of gears, shafts, keys and spline, gearbox before it is manufactured. MD design software is used
bearing selection, shafts axis layout, gear box dimensions, fixing to generate a gear model and subsequent recalculation of the
bolts and foundation studs, gear meshing and bearing frequencies kinematics and single stage spur gears described how to check
as well as the Campbell diagram. The program is helpful for this construction. Amtec software is used to determine the
mechanical designers, researchers, students, troubleshooters as gears dimensions for single stage, it is very useful for checking
well as quality control and vibration engineers.
tooth profile, reasoning, noise reduction, bearing load and
flash temperature. The design and calculations software for
Index Terms — Computer aided design, design techniques,
simulation, software design, machine tools.
multi stages gear boxes are limited to only one step or output
rotating speed, [20].
From the literature review it is clear that there is a great lack in
1. INTRODUCTION the specific design applications such as machine tool gear
Machine tools use a gear box driven by electric motors boxes, like those concerned with machine elements [15, 16]. In
allowing the operator to select suitable cutting speeds and this paper the design of machine tool gear boxes is
feeds entirely through the gearboxes. Gearboxes also allow the computerized using visual basic 6 (VB-6) [17] considering the
input shaft and the output shaft to be in different directions. selection of electric motor, stepped diagram, finding the gear
Gearboxes save money, time and power consumption in metal module, gear ratios, calculates the number of teeth of
cutting. References [1-6] concern the design of machine tool individual and cluster gears, limitations in the choice of the
gear boxes, while [7-9] concern the design of machine number of teeth in the gear trains, used in the gear boxes, and
elements. Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computing torque regulation of speed, Laws of stepped
computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, regulation, progression, No. of speed steps, break up of speed
analysis, or optimization of a design [10]. CAD software is steps, structural formulae, structural diagram, selection of best
used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the structural diagram, speed chart, kinematic and shaft sizes, as
quality of design, improve communications through well as gearbox gears and bearings noise and vibration
documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. frequencies as well as Campbell diagram is achieved.
CAD is the technology concerned with the use of digital Campbell diagram is a mathematically constructed diagram
computers to perform certain functions in design. This used to check for coincidence of vibration sources with natural
technology is moving in the direction of greater integration of resonances.
design and manufacturing activities. These activities have The gear box size is estimated and can be minimized. Design
traditionally been treated as distinct and separate functions in a case study of speed gear box for lathe machine is solved
production firm. Ultimately, CAD will provide the technology manually and by using the written program. Good agreement
base for the computer-integrated factories of the future. Some between both methods is achieved. The program is essential
for professional mechanical designers, researchers, students,
148 www.ijaegt.com
troubleshooters as well as quality control and vibration
engineers. It enables them in analyzing, simulation, redesign of
multi stage gear boxes. Moreover, it helps them in both design,
2. Theoretical Design Procedure:
production and operation stages.
In this section, it indicate to all calculation processes that
1.2 HELPFUL HINTS software consider in programming.
2.1 Gearbox speeds regulations:
In machine tools, stepped speed regulation obtained by
more than one way using different progression as geometric,
harmonic, logarithmic and differential progression.
Differential progression is the best one to achieve speed
proximity. However geometric progression is widely used in
machine tools as an international standard. Speeds in
geometric progression are estimated as the following form:
First Speed

Second Speed

Third speed

Generally

2.2 Flow Diagram and Speed Chart:

Flow Diagram and Speed Chart are defined as chart that
describe speeds distribution in gearbox and how to choose
suitable reduction ratios in required speed, speed distribution
is depend on this equation [3, 4, 8]:

Subscripts:

I II I II

n1 n1

n2 n2

n3 n3

Speed chart. Flow diagram.

Figure (1) Speed Chart, Flow diagram & Kinematic diagram of 3 Speeds
Gear Box.

149 www.ijaegt.com
 Flow Diagram and Speed Chart are very similar to each
other except speed charts are constrained with reduction ratio
values however flow diagrams doesn't have any abidance to
numbers, it only gives a general distribution of speed. Shaft
are expressed as (I, II, III, …. ) and also speeds as horizontal
lines (n1, n2, n3, ……. ) as shown in figure (1):

2.3 Kinematic Diagram:

It is considered as a graphical solution chart or structural
diagram to design gearbox depend mainly on speeds
distributions, their mission is give gears and speeds
distribution in simple charts that aid mechanical designers
through designing of gearbox, kinematic diagram give an
drawn description to gears, its location, fixation and movement
in gear box, number and types of shafts and layout of gearbox.

2.4 Gears details and reduction ratios:

Theoretical speeds are determined according to standard
geometric base (f) (1.06, 1.12, 1.26, 1.41, 1.58, 1.78, and 2).
Once theoretical speed is determined, then reduction ratios
calculated from equation:
2.6 Gear Meshing Frequency:
Frequency is defined as Hertz (Hz) [cycles / sec.]. For the
gear meshing it can be calculated by (number of teeth *
Gears details include module, gears dimensions and rotational speed [rpm]) / 60. Gear meshing frequency is a
number of teeth. The number of teeth is mainly determined harmonic phenomenon. Its harmonics can be found by
from reduction ratios of meshed gears groups [1, 2, 3, 5] as multiplying fundamental meshing frequency by the numbers 1,
shown from the kinematic diagram of three meshed reduction 2, 3, ……etc.
ratios (six gears):

2.7 Bearing Frequencies:

Different bearing frequencies are calculated from the
inner geometry of the bearings using formulas with number of
contacts in possible place of defect [18].

2.5 Theoretical speed, Actual speeds and Speed error:

Theoretical speeds means design speeds or ideal speeds
but sometimes it is not real speeds due to some approximation
or standardizations in design processes or availability in
practical side. Actual speeds are the real speeds which are
really produced in spindle of machines due to the movement in
mechanical parts [3,8], Deviation of speeds (theoretical)
produce speed error that must be less than maximum errors.
For the kinematic diagram shown in figure (1) theoretical,
actual speeds and speed errors are calculated from following 2.8 Gearbox Dimensions:
equations: Gear box dimensions are estimated for Fig. (2) From
equations given in reference [19]. As shown in table (1), Gear

150 www.ijaegt.com
Box Casing wall thickness can be determined as a function of
material and hardened condition 3. THE SOFTWARE:
The software is produces to design multi-stage gearboxes
with (2, 4,6,8,9,12,16,18 & 24) speed. The design include
gears design, speeds regulation, shafts design, keys design, and
kinematic diagram also bearing and gear meshing frequencies
are determined, gear box casing and top cover dimensions.

3.1 General Design Flow Diagram:

The mainframe of both manual and CAD solution of
designing multi- stage gear boxes is given in Figure (4). Input
data are defined as (A), (B) and (C), where:
Input (A): speed input data for motor and gearbox.
Input (B): gear, shaft and casing input data.
Input (C): bearing, pulley and belt input data.
The software is used to design 16 speed gearbox with
motor power 3.5 HP and 1000 rpm, maximum speed = 770
Figure (2) Gear box casing sketch. rpm, minimum speed = 31.5 rpm, gear permissible bending
stress = 1580 kg/cm2, gear pressure angle = 21 o, driver pulley
Non-Case Hardened Case Hardened diameter = 14.6 cm, distance between pulley axis = 55 cm, belt
Material
Gears Gears
reduction ratio = 0.49, bearing efficiency = 0.95, gear
CI Castings 0.007L+6 mm 0.010L+6 mm
efficiency=0.95, pulley efficiency = 0.95, Driven Pulley Width
Steel Castings 0.005L+4 mm 0.007L+4 mm = 15 cm, initial bearing width = 2 cm, shaft yield strength =
Welded Construction 0.004L+4 mm 0.005L+4 mm 4920 kg/cm2, shaft diameter safety factor =1.5. The CAD
results were compared with manual solution of this gear box.
TABLE (1) GEAR BOX CASING WALL THICKNESS.
3.2 Coding:
The software written in Visual Basic language. The
software working as graphic user interface (GUI) to be user
friendly. The software is converted to an executable file to
enable starting the program by just one click.

2.9 Campbell Diagram:

The Campbell diagram represents the natural frequency
versus the rotation speed of the shaft: the evolution of the
natural frequencies corresponding to a mode are drawn as a
function of the rotation speed of the shaft.

Figure (3) Campbell diagram

151 www.ijaegt.com
 A
Start

Choose Gearbox Speed

Input Speed Data (A)

Input Speed 1
Input Gear Data (B)

Input Shaft Data (C)

Input (Motor Input (Motor Speed, Motor
Speed, Motor Power, Max Speed, Min.
Power, Max Speed, Speed)
Geometry Base)
Calculation Design Process

Check data Completion &

Standard value of Base Gears Dimension
Geometry

Gearbox Speeds

Flow and Speed Chart

Input (No. of Teeth, Bending

Stress, Pressure angle,
Gears Efficiency)
Gearbox Arrangement

Check data
Completion
Shaft Design

No. of Teeth Correction

Kinematic Diagram and (Bearing
frequencies & Gear Meshing Frequencies)

Campbell Diagram for

Each Reduction Ratio
Input (Bearing & Belt
Efficiency, Belt Reduction
Ratio)

Campbell Diagram for All

Reduction Ratios
Check data
Completion

Proximity Diagram for

Speeds C Speeds Correction Each Reduction Ratios

Output Design processes End

Figure (4-a) Gear Box Design Flow Diagram Figure (4-b) Data Input Sequence

152 www.ijaegt.com
3.3 Software (GUI) windows:
In this part, it discuss the (GUI) windows that users can
deal.
3.3.1 Welcome Screen:
The screen Shot of the welcome screen is shown in
Figure (5). It shows the name of software (GEARBOX Lab),
author and supervisors. This part of GEARBOX Lab is
concerned with multi-stage gear boxes (MSGB) design.

Figure (7) Screen shot of gears number of teeth, modules & dimensions.

3.3.4 Actual and Theoretical Speeds and speeds errors:

Screen shot given in figure (8) gives theoretical and
actual speeds, speed error and maximum speed error for each
speed.

Figure (5) Screen shot of welcoming screen.

3.3.2 Main Menu:

The main menu shown in figure (6) is divided into three
steps, choosing number of speeds and input motor, maximum
and minimum speed, motor power and progression ratio in
First Step. Entering minimum number of teeth, pressure angle,
efficiency, width factor and stresses of gears, also shaft
stresses and casing data in second step. Third step used to
Figure (8) Screen shot of theoretical, actual speeds and percentage
enter width and efficiency of bearing, inclined angles and errors between them.
reduction ratio of belt, pulley diameter and width and distance 3.3.5 Speed and Flow diagram:
between pulleys axis. Screen shot Shown in figure (9) gives a plotting chart for
the optimum probability for gear box speeds (Flow diagram)
and actual speed chart according to input data.

Figure (9) Screen shot of speed chart & flow diagram.

Figure (6) Screen shot of the main input data. 3.3.6 Gearbox Arrangement Window:
Figure (10) presents gear box shafts axis layout as side
3.3.3 Designed Gear Data Window: view of the designed gear box. The user can easily minimize
Screen shot shown in figure (7) gives a designed gear the size of the gear box by choosing the shafts arrangement
data such as number of teeth, module, outer diameter, pitch according to the inclined angle of each shaft to the others by
diameter, inner diameter, width of gears and reduction ratios using scroll bars or digital vales of inclined angles between
of gears groups. shafts axes.

153 www.ijaegt.com
 3.3.9 Frequencies of Gearbox Components Window:
Figure (13) gives a kinematic diagram of gear box,
bearings frequencies and gear meshing frequencies for
selected speed, the user can select the required speed and
kinematic diagram using speed scroll bar.

Figure (10) Interactive gear box shafts layout

(horizontal, vertical or arbitrary).
3.3.7 Gearbox Shaft Design Window:
Gear box shafts design window given in figure (11) Figure (13) Screen shot of the gear box components
gives shafts with their dimensions. The user can design both frequencies.
keyed and splined shafts and easily change the number of 3.3.10 Gear Meshing Frequencies Window:
splines. Bearing information has to be entered to the Figure (14) gives gear meshing frequencies for each gear
software. group at each speed.

Figure (14) Screen shot of gear meshing frequencies at all

rotating speeds.
3.3.11 Campbell Diagram for Gear Meshing Frequencies
Windows:

Figure (11) Screen shot of gear box shafts design. Campbell diagram is used to illustrate interferences
between natural frequencies and common exciting forces.
3.3.8 Gearbox Casing Dimensions Window: Excitation can be stationary, rotating, static, dynamic and
It gives designed dimension of gears with neat sketch synchronous. Campbell Diagrams investigates the dynamic
according to previous designed data. behavior of the system, For gear box, eigenfrequencies are a
function of shafts speed, critical speeds are the intersection
points of natural frequency curves with 1x n line, natural
frequencies depend on shaft speed, critical speeds do not. In
the case of a gear box, gear meshing frequency is plotted
against spindle running speed. Three windows are given to
check for coincidence of vibration sources with natural
resonances. Figure (15) presents the screen shot of Campbell
diagram for each gear mesh and its harmonic frequencies at
different speeds. It gives a plot of Campbell Diagram between
rotating speed and gear meshing Frequencies for each gear
group and its harmonic frequencies at each speed. The window
contains four parts namely; arbitrary input data (Speed
Figure (12) Screen shot of gear box casing dimensions.

154 www.ijaegt.com
number, Reduction Ration Number), Speed cursor of the system. For this reason the use of proximity diagram is
corresponding to probable frequencies, frequency cursor essential. Figure (17) gives the software menu of Campbell
corresponding to probable rotating speeds, digital values of diagram considering its two proximity ratios at each speed.
rpm according to excited frequency. Beside the chart there are four major parts in the window
namely; arbitrary input data (Speed step number, Reduction
Ration Number, Proximity Ratio), speed cursor corresponding
3
to probable frequencies, frequency cursor corresponding to
probable rotating speeds, digital values of rpm according to
excited frequency.

2
1
3

1
4
Figure (15) Screen shot of Campbell diagram for each gear
mesh and its harmonic frequencies at different speeds.

Figure (16) gives a plot of Campbell Diagram between

rotating speed and all gear meshing Frequencies for each gear
at each speed. The user can choose the required speed and the Figure (17) Campbell diagram between speed and gear
software will give five probable frequencies. The user can also meshing frequencies for each gear group and its two proximity
choose required frequency and the software will give five Value (Design Margin)
probable speeds. Beside the Campbell chart four main parts of
the menu are namely; speed step number, speed cursor 4. RESULTS & DISCUSSION:
corresponding to probable frequencies, frequency cursor Comparison between Manual and CAD Solutions:
corresponding to probable rotating speeds and digital values of
rpm according to excited frequency. Validation of Gear box Lab software is obtained by
comparing the obtained results with manually solved problems
as given in the tables (2:6).
3
Gear Number of Gears Module Gears Addendum
Teeth (cm) Diameter (cm)
Manual CAD Manual CAD Manual CAD
z1 44 44 0.15 0.15 6.9 6.9
z2 56 56 0.15 0.15 8.7 8.7
z3 39 39 0.15 0.15 6.15 6.15
2 z4 61 61 0.15 0.15 9.45 9.45
z5 50 50 0.15 0.15 7.8 7.8
z6 50 50 0.15 0.15 7.8 7.8
1 z7 39 39 0.15 0.15 6.15 6.15
4 z8 61 61 0.15 0.15 9.45 9.45
z9 56 56 0.2 0.2 11.6 11.6
z10 44 44 0.2 0.2 9.2 9.2
z11 33 33 0.2 0.2 7 7
z12 67 67 0.2 0.2 13.8 13.8
z13 61 61 0.4 0.4 25.2 25.2
z14 39 39 0.4 0.4 16.4 16.4
Figure (16) Campbell diagram between speed and all gear z15 20 20 0.4 0.4 8.8 8.8
meshing frequencies for each gear at each speed z16 80 80 0.4 0.4 32.8 32.8
There is uncertainty in both design and operation stages, Table (2-a) Gear Number of Teeth, Gears Module (cm),
this may cause changes in both rotating speed and frequencies Gears Addendum Diameter (cm).

155 www.ijaegt.com
 Gears Pitch Gears Dedendum
Gears Width (cm) Gear Meshing Frequency Manual Solution CAD Solution
Diameter (cm) Diameter (cm)
Manual CAD Manual CAD Manual CAD 1 355.7 355.7
z1 6.6 6.6 6.23 6.23 1.2 1.2 Gear Group 2 323.4 323.4
z2 1.2 1.2 3 362.2 362.2
8.4 8.4 8.03 8.03 4 497.1 497.1
z3 5.85 5.85 5.48 5.48 1.2 1.2
Table (5) Gear Meshing Frequency (Hz) in both Manual
z4 9.15 9.15 8.78 8.78 1.2 1.2
& CAD Solutions at 770 rpm.
z5 1.2 1.2
7.5 7.5 7.13 7.13 Bearings Frequencies Manual Solution (MSGB)
z6 7.5 7.5 7.13 7.13 1.2 1.2 Solution
z7 5.85 5.85 5.48 5.48 1.2 1.2
FTF1 3.2 3.2
z8 9.15 9.15 8.78 8.78 1.2 1.2
BPFI1 39.2 39.2
z9 11.2 11.2 10.70 10.70 1.75 1.75
BPFO1 25.4 25.4
z10 8.8 8.8 8.30 8.30 1.75 1.75 Shaft No. 1
z11 1.75 1.75
BSF1 30.2 30.2
6.6 6.6 6.10 6.10
z12 1.75 1.75 FTF2 3.2 3.2
13.4 13.4 12.90 12.90
z13 3.2 3.2 BPFI2 39.2 39.2
24.4 24.4 23.40 23.40
z14 3.2 3.2 BPFO2 25.4 25.4
15.6 15.6 14.60 14.60
z15 3.2 3.2 BSF2 30.2 30.2
8 8 7.00 7.00
z16 32 32 31.00 31.00 3.2 3.2 FTF1 2.5 2.5
Table (2-b) Gears Pitch Diameter (cm), Gears Dedendum BPFI1 31.1 31.1
Diameter (cm) & Gears Width (cm). BPFO1 20.2 20.2
Shaft No. 2
BSF1 24 24
Theoretical Speeds Actual Speeds FTF2 2.5 2.5
Speeds Errors (%)
(rpm) (rpm) BPFI2 31.1 31.1
Manual CAD Manual CAD Manual CAD BPFO2 20.2 20.2
nth1 770 770 758.75 758.75 1.46 1.46 BSF2 24 24
nth2 616 616 617.4 617.4 -0.23 -0.23 FTF1 2.5 2.5
nth3 485.1 485.1 485.1 485.1 0.02 0.02 BPFI1 31.1 31.1
nth4 385 385 394.73 394.73 -2.53 -2.53 BPFO1 20.2 20.2
nth5
Shaft No. 3
308 308 293.63 293.63 4.67 4.67 BSF1 24 24
nth6 242.55 242.55 238.93 238.93 1.49 1.49 FTF2 2.5 2.5
nth7 192.5 192.5 187.73 187.73 2.48 2.48 BPFI2 31.1 31.1
nth8 154 154 152.76 152.76 0.81 0.81 BPFO2 20.2 20.2
nth9 123.2 123.2 121.28 121.28 1.56 1.56 BSF2 24 24
nth10 96.25 96.25 98.68 98.68 -2.52 -2.52 FTF1 3.3 3.3
nth11 77 77 77.54 77.54 -0.7 -0.7 BPFI1 47.6 47.6
nth12 61.6 61.6 63.09 63.09 -2.42 -2.42 BPFO1 33.2 33.2
Shaft No. 4
nth13 48.5 48.5 46.93 46.93 3.26 3.26 BSF1 32 32
nth14 38.5 38.5 38.19 38.19 0.81 0.81 FTF2 3.3 3.3
nth15 30.8 30.8 30.01 30.01 2.56 2.56 BPFI2 47.6 47.6
nth16 24.26 24.26 24.42 24.42 -0.68 -0.68 BPFO2 33.2 33.2
Table (3) Theoretical Speeds (rpm), Actual Speeds (rpm) BSF2 32 32
& Speeds Errors (%). FTF1 5.5 5.5
BPFI1 88.5 88.5
Gearbox Dimensions Manual Solution CAD Solution BPFO1 65.5 65.5
k1 0.87 0.87 Shaft No. 5
BSF1 45 45
k2 0.79 0.79
kc 0.7 0.7 FTF2 5.5 5.5
kf 1.74 1.74 BPFI2 88.5 88.5
dcb 1.3 1.3 BPFO2 65.5 65.5
bs 7.8 7.8
BSF2 45 45
dfb 2.7 2.7
kff 4.1 4.1 Table (6) Bearings Frequencies (Hz) in both Manual &
Wf 6.8 6.8 CAD Solutions at 770 rpm.
Table (4) Gearbox Dimensions (cm) in both Manual & CAD
Solutions.

156 www.ijaegt.com
 Potential Benefits That Result from Implementing CAD. [13] Tutorial_gearbox_2012_en," Tutorial for gear design and calculation
with MDESIGN gearbox", Available from
Improved mechanical engineering designers productivity and
http://www.driveconcepts.com/info/tutorial_gearbox_2012_en.pdf
Minimize manual process errors in designs, Shorter design [14] Sigma-sh(Eng), "[1] involuteΣ(Spur and Helical Gear Design)",
times, Reduced engineering personnel requirements, Customer Available from http://www.amtecinc.co.jp/sigma-sh(Eng).pdf
modifications are easier to make, Faster response to requests [15] Adeyeri Michael Kanisuru, Adeyemi Michael Bolaji, Ajayi Olumuyiwa
for quotations, Improved accuracy of designs, Provides better Bamidele & Abadariki Samson Olaniran, “Computer Aided Design of
Couplings”, International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (5) :
functional analysis to reduce prototype testing, Assistance in Issue (5) : 2011
preparation of design documentation, Designs have more [16] A.P. Azodo, B.Eng, S.B. Adejuyigbe, Ph.D. M.A. Waheed, Ph.D. and
standardization, Better designs provided, Improved O.U. Dairo, Ph.D. “Computer Aided Design of Mechanical Clutch.”,
productivity in machine tool design, Helps ensure designs are The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology , Volume 13. Number 2.
November 2012 (Fall).
appropriate to existing manufacturing techniques, Saves [17] Richard J. Simon, Richard Peasley, "Using Visual Basic 6.0", 1998.
materials and machining time by optimization algorithms, [18] Calculation of the gear and bearing frequencies, 2007, www.kisssoft.ag
Provides operational results on the status of work in progress, [19] Gearbox Design Lecture 17, Available from
Makes the management of design personnel on projects more http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses.
[20] MDESIGN gearbox 2010, design and calculation software for
effective, Assistance in inspection of complicated designs, multi stage gearboxes. Drive Concepts GmbH, 2010
Better communication interfaces and greater understanding
among engineers, designers, drafters, management, and
different project groups.
5. CONCLUSION:
1. A reliable, user friendly, integrated, accurate, faster
software and in a good agreement with the manual
design of machine tools gear boxes is achieved.
2. The given software is an integrated tool that bridges the
gap exist in the design of machine tools multi stage gear
boxes.
3. The program helps in the design, modification and
analysis of machine tool gear boxes.
4. The program is fruitful for professional mechanical
designers, researchers, students, troubleshooters as well
as quality control and vibration engineers in several
engineering fields such as machine tools, vehicles and
mechanical power transmission.
REFERENCES:
[1] Mehta N.K., "Machine Tool Design", Third Edition, 2012.
[2] JOSHI P. H., "Machine Tools Handbook", Fourth Edition, 2013.
[3] Sharma P.C., "Principles of Machine Tools".
[4] Basu S. K., "Design of Machine Tools", Fifth Edition, 2011.
[5] Nasser A., "Machine Tool Design (Power Transmission)", Faculty of
Engineering, Menoufia University, Egypt, 1979.
[6] SEN G.C., Bhattacharyya A., "Principles of Machine Tools", Second
Edition, 2009.
[7] Andrew D. Dimarogonas, "Machine Design: A CAD Approach", Second
Edition, 2001.
[8] Bhandari V.B., "Design of Machine Elements", Third Edition, 2010.
[9] Gupta J.K., Khurmi R.S., "Textbook of Machine Desig n", SI Edition,
2005.
[10] Narayan, K. Lalit (2008), "Computer Aided Design and
Manufacturing", New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India. p.3. ISBN
812033342X.
[11] ins-304-Frequencies," Calculation of the gear and bearing frequencies
", Available from
http://www.kisssoft.ch/english/downloads/KISSsys/Templates/ins-304-
Frequencies.pdf
[12] IGSProgram580, "Program 580—Minimum Weight Transmission
System", Available from
http://www.uts.com/ResourceCenter/TutorialsandExamples/IntegratedG
earSoftware/IGSProgram580.pdf

157 www.ijaegt.com