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Lesson 4 Cellular Respiration

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31 views4 pages

Lesson 4 Cellular Respiration

Uploaded by

G05 Catequista Chloe Amor Salave
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SECOND QUARTER:

UNIT VI: FUELS OF LIFE


Lesson 4: Cellular Respiration

Learning Objectives Output/Product


• Discuss how glucose is used for ATP production Journal Task (Project)
during cellular respiration.
• Recognize that organisms require energy to
carry out functions required for life.

This module highlights cellular respiration, an important metabolic process essential in converting
biochemical energy from nutrients’ into energy for work.

I.DISCUSSION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
-reverse of photosynthesis
-process of obtaining energy from food with or without oxygen

In the process of photosynthesis, plants/autotrophs make GLUCOSE using…


CO2 + H2O → GLUCOSE(C6H12O6) + O2 (they need SOLAR ENERGY)

Chemical Reaction of Cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ENERGY

GLUCOSE
-C6H12O6
-heterotrophs don’t make glucose, they obtain glucose by consuming or eating other organisms

In Cellular Respiration
-energy-rich organic molecules (usu. Glucose) are broken down to lower-energy products to release energy
o Breaking down GLUCOSE to release energy → exothermic reaction
o Process of glycolysis

2 Pathways by which energy is harvested:


o Aerobic Respiration
▪ Also known as Cellular Respiration
▪ oxygen-dependent
o Aerobic Respiration
▪ A.k.a “fermentation”
▪ harvest energy with the absence of oxygen

AEROBIC RESPIRATION
-energy harvested from food
-breakdown glucose using OXYGEN

3 STAGES:
o Glycolysis
o Kreb cycle
o Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Chemical Reaction: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (EXOTHERMIC REACTION)


*exact reverse of photosynthesis: CO2 + H2O + SOLAR ENERGY → GLUCOSE + O2 (ENDOTHERMIC REACTION)
STAGE 1: GLYCOLYSIS
- “glycol” – meaning sugar; “lysis” meaning “to split”
-series of enzyme controlled reactions that occur inside CYTOPLASM
-don’t require O2
-breakdown of GLUCOSE into 2 pyruvates yields 2 ATPS

GLUCOSE (contains 6 carbon) → 2 pyruvates (3 carbons)


Niconamide Adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) → NADH-
– electron carrier proteins
-by gaining electrons as reduction process it turn into NADH-
(gains an hydrogen and electron but losses its + charged)
-transfer to series of electron transfer reaction called ETC to produced more energy (ATP)
ADP → ATP

Overall Reaction:
C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD
→ 2 pyruvates (C3H4O3) + 2ATPs + 2NADH- +2H

STAGE II: KREB CYCLE


Preparation for Kreb Cycle
• through the process of Pyruvate Oxidation
o 3 carbon pyruvate strips off one carbon and turn
into Acetyl molecules (containing 2 carbons)
o Acetyl molecule is attached to co-enzyme-A (CoA)
→proceeds to Kreb Cycle and Oxidized
• AcetylCoA will merge with 4 carbon Oxaloacetic acid to
form 6 carbon CITRIC ACID or KREB CYCLE

Kreb Cycle
• Located on the mitochondria (matrix)
• Through oxidation process:
o 2 carbons from the citric acid will cleaved off
turning back into 4 carbons (oxaloacetic acid)
o 2 CO2 was yielded (by-products)
-remaining carbon and oxygen atoms in
pyruvic acid molecules
• 2 electron carrier proteins → NAD+ and FAD+ (Flavin
adenine dinucleotide)
o H ions and electrons are attached to them to
form NADH+ and FADH2 → transported to ETC
• 2 ATPs
STAGE III: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

ETC
-located in mitochondria
-involves in a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that transport the chemical energy present in H electrons to ATP
-energy carrier by NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis and kreb cycle is used to generate ATP
-Cytochrome
> iron-containing enzymes in the membrane of mitochondria
-energy rich electrons are transported from one cytochrome to the next → until high concentration of H ions
-channel open (ATP synthase) and speeds up formation of 32 ATP from electrons
-H ions bond to O2 → H2O (by-products)

Summary of Aerobic Respiration

STEPS GLYCOLYSIS KREB CYCLE ETC


Location CYTOPLASM MITOCHONDRIA MITOCHONDRIA
reactants GLUCOSE PYRUVATE HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON
CARRIERS
Major Products 2 PYRUVATES NADH AND FADH2 ATP
By-products NO O2 CO2 H2O
# of ATPS 2 2 32
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
-aka “FERMENTATION”
>which recycles materials needed for glycolysis to continue, but don’t release any useful energy
>needs a molecule of NAD+ to pick elections →to produce ATP
-only occurs when oxygen is depleted
>When oxygen is unavailable, a molecule of glucose can be split by glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation
can occur in animals cells and alcoholic fermentation in plants
-only occurs in cytoplasm

2 types:

• ANIMALS/HUMANS
o C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3 (lactic acid) + energy
o Lactic acid – associated with feeling tired/ muscle fatigue
▪ Waste product which build ups in your muscle cells and cause sore feeling
o Called LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

• PLANTS and YEAST


o Glucose (C6H12O6) →(ethanol) 2C2H5OH +2CO2 + energy
o Ethanol – useful in the rising of the bread during baking
o Called ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION

Summary of CELLULAR RESPIRATION

AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION


Site of Eukaryotes Cytoplasm and mitochondriacytoplasm
Reactants Glucose + oxygen glucose
Products CO2 + H2O Lactic acid (animals)
Ethanol + CO2 (plants/yeast)
ATP’s per glucose 36/38 (more efficient) 2 (less efficient)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Reference:
General Biology 1: Exploring life through Science by Anna Cherylle Morales-Ramos and John Donnie A. Ramos
Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology
Internet
https://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Exercise%20Phys/ETCstory.html
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_Introductory_Biology_(
CK-12)/02%3A_Cell_Biology/2.28%3A_Krebs_Cycle

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