TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ; 1. Define fluid power. [A.U., Nov/Dec 2005; Now/Dec 2006; Nov/Dec 2009. Nov/Dec 2010; Apr/May 2011] Fluid power may be defined as the technology that deals with the generation, control and transmission of power using pressurized fluids. 2. Why fluid power system is called muscle of the industry? [A.U, Nov/Dec 201!] The fluid power system is considered as the muscle of automation because it 2" perform various activities associated with automation such as remote and direct control of production operations, manufacturing processes, and materials handling, 3. Distinguish between fluid transport and fluid power systems. Y The objective of the fluid transport systems is to transport/deliver fluids from 0"! place to another place to achieve some useful purpose. Y The fluid power systems use pressurized fluids to produce some useful mechanic! movements to accomplish the desired work.Ditto OOF APM a 4. Name three basic methods of transmitting power. 1. Electrical power transmission, 2. Mechanical power transmission, and 3. Fluid power transmission, (@) Hydraulic power transmission, and (5) Pneumatic power transmission, 5. Under what situations, electrical, mechanical, and fluid power transmissions are suitable ? ¥ Electrical power transmissions are suitable for power transmission over long distances. ¥ Mechanical power transmissions are suitable for the transmission of motion and force over relatively short distances. Y Fluid power transmissions are suitable for power transmission over intermediate distances. 6. What is the fundamental difference between hydraulics and pneumatics? {A.U., Nov/Dec 2009; Nov/Dec 2010] The hydraulic system employs pressurised liquid (such as oil) as the fluid medium whereas the pneumatic system employs compressed air. 7. List any four advantages of using the fluid power. [A.U, Nov/Dee 2007; Apr/May 2008; Nov/Dec 2010; Nov/Dec 2013; Apr/May 2018] 1. Ease and accuracy of control. 2. Multiplication of force 3. Constant force or torque. 4, Simplicity, safety, and economy. 8. Name any four drawbacks of fluid power systems. [A.U, Apr/May 2005; Nov/Dec 2018] 1. Hydraulic fluid leakage poses many problems tothe operations as well as operators 3. Flammable hydraulic fuids may pose fire hazards thus limiting the upper level of working temperature. 3. Hydraulic elements require special treatments to protect them against rust, corrosion, din, etc. Otherwise the contaminated elements may impair the system operation. 4, Hydraulic fluids may pose problems if it disintegrates due to ageing and chemical deterioration. Oe eg1.24 ——___ Bip drais and Prieur. 9. List any four applications of fluid power in the manufacturing industry. 1. Hydraulic presses, 2, Pneumatic hand tools, 3. Hydraulic and pneumatic fixtures, and 4. Pneumatic driven automatic indexing machine. 10. List the applications of fluid power in agriculture and aviation industries. [A.U,, May/June 2013; Apr/May 2017) ‘Hydraulic and pneumatic driven elevator conveyors for use in harvesting of grains; fluid power driven farm equipments. Hydraulic-actuated landing gears, cargo doors, gun drives, and flight control devices such as rudders, ailerons, and elerons for aircraft; fluid powered missile launching systems 11. What are the two main types of fluid power systems ? 1. Hydraulic power systems, and 2. Pneumatic power systems. 12. Why are hydraulic systems preferred for heavy work than the pneutnatic systems ? {4.U,, Nov/Dec 2010; Nov/Dec 2018] The hydraulic power systems can generate and transmit large torques and forces with high pressures to any part of « machine, That's why they are preferred for heavy work. 13. Under what conditions pneumatic systems are preferred? [A.U,, Nov/Dec 2012] Pneumatic systems are preferred for low load and low power applications. i“ decrraien re peat sysfems, ee are pneumatic systems are suitable on!) Since pneumatic pressures are quite low due to the compressor design, the pneumatic systems are suitable only for low load and low power applications, 15. What's it not possible to obtain a precise actuator control in pneumatic systems ? ___Due to a high compressibility of air, it is impossible to obtain a precise actuator cont! in pneumatic systems. 16, What are the major components of a hydraulic system ? é [A.U,, Nov/Dec 2007; Nov/Dec 2010; Apr/May 201!) The six basic components of a hydraulic system are : 1. Reservoir (or tank), 4. Valves, 2. Pump, 5. Actuator, and 3. Prime mover, 6. Fluid-transfer piping.=. .. Introduction to Fluid Power 1.25 es ee 17. List the basic components of a pneumatic system. 1. Reservoir (or air tank), 4. Valves, 2. Compressor, 5. Actuator, and 3. Prime mover, 6. Fluid-transfer piping. Give any two differences between hydraulic power and pneumatic power. (or) Compare hydraulic and pneumatic drives for automation. [A.U,, Apr/May 2010; May/June 2012] Description Pneumatic System Medium Pressurized liquid Compressed air/gas Accumulator Reservoir Compressor REVIEW QUESTIONS . (a) Distinguish between fluid transport and fluid power systems. (b) Briefly explain three basic methods of transmitting power. (c) What are the basic elements of fluid power system? 2. List down the advantages of fluid power systems. [A.U,, May/June 2009; Nov/Dec 2010; Apr/May 2011; Now/Dec 2018] [Ans. Refer Section 1.5] 3. List out the applications of fluid power employed in different industries/fields. [A.U,, May/June 2009; Nov/Dec 2009; Nov/Dec 2010; Apr/May 2011; May/June 2013; Nov/Dec 2013; Nov/Dec 2016; Apr/May 2018} [Ans. Refer Section 1.6] 4, Write the advantages and applications of fluid power with respect to machine tool applications. [A.U., Nov/Dec 2012] [Ans. Refer Sections 1.5 and 1.6) 5. Explain the various types of fluid power system. [4.U,, May/June 2013; Nov/Dec 2013; Nov/Dec 2018] [Ans. Refer Sections 1.7 & 1.8] 6. With neat sketch explain the hydraulic and pneumatic fluid power systems. [A.U,, Nov/Dec 2006] [Ans. Refer Sections 1.7 & 1.8] 7. What are the basic components that are required for a hydraulic system? Explain their functions. [A.U,, May/Jun 2009; Nov/Dec 2011; Apr/May 20. 18] [Ans. Refer Section 1.7.2]Hydraulic Fluids and their Properties 2.21 TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 1, What are the primary functions of a fluid in any fluid power system? [A.U,, Now/Dec 2009; Nov/Dec 2012] To transmit power. To lubricate moving parts. To seal gaps and clearances between mating components. To dissipate heat generated by internal friction. To prevent rust and corrosion. 2, Differentiate between a liquid and a gas. Liquid Posses a definite volume for a given | Has a definite mass, but does not ‘mass, but conforms to the shape of the | possess a definite volume and conforms container. to the shape of the container. Incompressible fluid. Compressible fluid. It forms a free surface. It expands and occupies the whole volume of the container. 3. What is density of a fluid ? What are the three different ways of expressing it ? ¥ The density of a fluid is that quantity of matter contained in unit volume of the substance. V The three ways of expressing the density are : 1, Mass density, 2. Weight density, and 3. Specific gravity (or relative density). 4. Define viscosity and bulk modulus of a hydraulic fluid. [A.U,, May/June 2006] ¥ Viscosity may be defined as the shearing force required to move two plane surfaces relative to one another with a film of fluid between them. Y Bulk modulus is the measure of compressibility of a fluid. It is the reciprocal of compressibility. 5. What is meant by ‘viscosity’ of a fluid ? Also state Newton’s law of viscosity. ¥ Viscosity is the measure of the ability of a fluid to flow. It is the measure of the fluid’s internal resistance to shear or flow at a definite temperature and pressure. V Newton's law of viscosity : It states that the shear stress on a fluid element layer is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain. 6. Define the terms absolute viscosity and Kinematic viscosity. [4.U, Nov/Dec 2011] Y Absolute viscosity, also known as coefficient of dynamic viscosity, is defined as the shear stress required to produce unit rate of shear strain, ¥ Kinematic viscosity is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density.EN oe ee tren, o high viscosity is 7. What are the undesirable effects when an oll having very’ a oe’ When the oil is too thick (Le, oil having very high viscosity Sieg effects will result in the system : 1. Increase in load and hence increased power loss. se | 2. High operating temperatures because there will be internal 3. Excessive wear of parts. 4. Reduced intemal leakage. 8. What are the undesirable effects when an oil viscosity is too low ? [A.U, Apr/May x ‘When an oil viscosity is too low, then the following undesirable effects will resuitin system : Less internal friction. ‘Smaller pressure losses in pipes and valves. Increase in control action and component response. Increased internal and external leakage. . Cannot lubricate property. : 9. State the effect of temperature and pressure on viscosity of liquids. The viscosity of the liquids decreases with increase in temperatures wheres: viscosity increases with increasing pressure. 10. State the effect of temperature and pressucz-on viscosity of gases. [A.U, Nov/Dec i | The viscosity of gases increase wittr incvease in temperature. Over the normal rat! ! Pressures, the viscosity of gases is found tv be independent of pressure. 11. “The viscosity of liquid decreases bub that of gases increases with incre femperature”-—Why '? ¥ Since the shear stress in the liquids (due to the intermolecular cohesion) é: with increase of temperature, therefore the viscosity of liquid decreases with inc* ¥ ' the temperature of a gas increases, the molecular interchange will i Mentoe the viscosity of a gas increases with increase in temperature. 12. What is viscosity index ? What do you infer from V.I. number of an oll ? [A.U, Aprisios” indicating the effect of « <'* yaeere ¥ The viscosity index (VI) of a liquid is a number temperature on viscosity, ¥ The rate of change in viscosity with chan, high V.I. oils than the low V.L oils. less" iges in temperature is relatively Ce EE ee -_”Hpironiie Righds and thelr Propertice 13, Why should a hydraulic fluid have high bulk modulus ? The hiss the bulk modulus, the less elastic or more stiffer the fluid. High bulk modulus values are desirable since they result in more stable and less elastic systems. 14, poms cloud point of an oil, Also give its significance. eae : Cloud Point is defined as the temperature at which wax or other lissolved solids beings to crystallise and become noticeable when liquids are chilled under specified conditions Y Significance : The cloud point is of interest for use at low temperatures. 15. Define pour point of an oil. Also mention its significance. Y Definition : The pour point of an oil is the temperature below which the oil will not flow freely. Y Significance : This property is very important for hydraulic systems required to operate in extremely cold weather. 16. Define the terms ‘flash’ and ‘fire’ points, relative to hydraulic fluids. ¥ The flash point is the minimum temperature at which sufficient liquid is vaporised under specified conditions to create a mixture that will burnt if ignited. ¥ The fire point is the minimum temperature at which sufficient vapour is continuously generated to sustain combustion. 17. Mention the significance of flash and fire points. Flash and fire points indicate the temperature at which the liquid begins to volatilize. A lower flash or fire point is an indication that the liquid has become contaminated with a more volatile product (such as fuel). 18. What is demulsibility ? Write its significance. ¥ The property of a hydraulic fluid to separate rapidly and completely from moisture and to resist emulsification is known as demulsibility. V Significance : This property is significant because the operation of many hydraulic systems are conducive to the forming of moisture or of stable water-in-oil emulsions, 19. What is oxidation stability ? Oxidation stability is defined as the ability of a liquid to resist reaction with oxygen or oxygen-containing compounds. 20. What is neutralization number of hydraulic fluid ? Write its significance. [A.U,, Nov/Dec 2010] VY The neutralization number is a measure of acidity or alkalinity of a hydraulic fluid. ¥ High acidity causes the oxidation rate in an oil to increase rapidly. 21. List out any four desirable properties of a good hydraulic fluid. [A.U., May/June 2009; Nov/Dec 2009] 1. Stable viscosity characteristics. 2. Good lubricity.ian a ——— Hydraulics and Prema, 3. Compatibility with system materials. 4. Stable physical and chemical properties. 5. Good heat dissipation capability. 3 ( 6. High bulk modulus and degree of incompressibility. : 22. List she general types of hydraulics fluids. 1, Petroleum base hydraulic oils, and 2. Noo-petroleum base hydraulic oils. (a) Wawer, @) Fanless, (c) Glycols, (d) Water glycols, (e) Phosphate esters, Silicate esters, 23. Name any four hydraulic fluids thet are commonly used. (AU, AprDcy 203 1. Petroleum oils. 2. Water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. 3, Glycols. 4, Phosphate esters. 24, Name any three fire resistant fluids. 1, Water-in-oi! emulsions. 2. Water glycols. 3. Phosphate esters. 1 25. Why is water not commonly used as a hydraulic fluid ? Because the water exhibits the following disadvantages : 1. Water does not possess lubricating property. 2. Water evaporates soon and hence it can be used only over a limited rang¢ temperature. [A.U,, Nov/Dec 2615) 3. It is high corrosive in nature. 1. What are the functions of a fluid in any fluid power systems? [A.U,, Apr/May 2008; Now/Dec 2010] [Ans. Refer Section >! 2 List and explain the various functions of a hydraulic fluid in a hydraulic system. 3. Explain any eight characteristics of fluid used in hydraulic system. (AU, May/Sun 2012; Apr/May 2017] (Ams. Refer Secio"” DdRR Rn aera ates ee. .17- eet nee ease acetee oe teeny eT ERG cat ee patinacec aia Hydraulics nd Prey, Fie oe lg 1. Distinguish between gauge and absolute pressures. Give the relationship j,,° them. ; bs TF the pressure is measured with reference to the atmospheric Pressure, ten it oe fauge pressure. The pressure measured with respect t0 Vi a Pressure. Relationship : Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure + I ce pus i 0 2. State Pascal’s law (or) State the basic law Pa Pane Baro} Daim nn Pascal’s law states that the pressure generated at any point in a confined fluid .., equally in all directions. 3. Name any two applications of Pascal's law. [A.U,, May/June 2017) 1, Bramah’s hydraulic press. 2. Air-to-hydraulic pressure booster. 4. What is the purpose of a hydraulic press ? 6 The hydraulic press amplifies the hydraulic force in the hydraulic systems. That isin: hydraulic press a small input force is applied to generate a large output force. 5. What is the use of air-to-hydraulic pressure booster ? The air-to-hydraulic pressure booster is a device used for converting compressed ait in: the higher hydraulic pressure, which is required for operating hydraulic cylinders. 6. Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow. v A laminar flow is one in which paths taken By the individual particles do not cros one another and move along well-defined paths. The faminar flow is characterised} the fluid flowing in smooth layers of laminae. ¥ A turbulent flow is that flow in which fluid particles a turbulent flow is characterised by continuous pais Ras ame... ol direction of the velocity of the fluid particles, me 7, What is Reynold’s number? Write its tae Significance with reference to fluid pow? 14.U., Nov/Dec 2006; Nov/Dec 201 Reynolds number, Re = a = v where p = Density of the liquid, V = Velocity of flow, D = Diameter of the pipe, w= Absolute viscosity of the fluid, and S6 = Kinematic viscosity of the fluid,ene alice ie a aes Reynold’s number is the basis for determin i If Bein hvten termining the laminar and turbulent flow. 1 laminar; and if Re > 4000, then the flow is turbulent. 8, Name two causes of turbulence in fluid flow, (i) More resistance to flow. (ii) Greater energy loss, 9. If the temperature increases so that the fluid viscosity decreases, would the Reynolds number increase, decrease, or remain the same ? ‘ _pVD _ vb Since Re =" "~ = "J any decrease in fluid viscosity would increase the Reynolds number. 10. What is meant by flow rate ? Flow rate (or discharge) is the volume of the liquid flowing through a pipe in specific period of time. Mathematically, Q=~ = Ax V 11. State the continuity equation, Continuity equation states as: “If no fluid is added or removed from the pipe in any length then the mass passing across different sections shall be same”. Mathematically, A\V, = A.V, = A3V3 12. State Bernoulli’s equation. Bernoulli’s equation states as follows : “In an ideal, incompressible fluid when the flow is steady and continuous, the sum of potential energy, kinetic energy and pressure energy is constant across all cross sections of the pipe.” Mathematically, vi? “iP atgg ty 7 2tig tw 13. List out the various energy losses when liquid flows through a pipe. 1. Major energy losses This loss is due to friction. 2. Minor energy losses These losses are due to : (i) Losses in valves and pipe fittings. (ii) Sudden enlargement/Contraction of pipe. (iii) Bend in pipe, etc.a Hydraulics and Pre, $80 oo ma [AU., Nov/De,. WH, 14, Explain the term friction factor. ired to calculate the energy loss Friction factor is a dimensionless number ries ¥7 is function of Rants, & friction in the pipe. For laminar flow, the friction > only whereas for turbulent flow ‘f” is a function of Reynolds aumber as well asthe, roughness of the pipe. 15. Give the Darcy’s equation. Wheat is the use of it? The Darcy's equation for the head losses in ees is as follows : w.-4(6)(z9) The Darcy's equation is used to calculate the energy losses due to friction in the pipe 16. Write down the Hagen-Poiseuille equation. The Hagen-Poiseuille, to find frictional losses in laminar flow, is as follows : & (5)(39) HL= Re (D/)\2z 17. Give the expression used to determine friction factor for laminar flow through prs [A.U., Apr/May 2 For laminar flow, the friction factor (/) is function of Reynolds number only ani * 84 given by f= a, 18. Define the term relative roughness. The relative roughness is defined as the pipe inside surface roughness (e) divided by » inside diameter of the pipe (D). <. Relative roughness = . 19. What is a Moody diagram ? Write its use. ¥ The Moody diagram contains many curves. The curves indicate the value of fr factor as a function of Reynolds number and relative roughness. Y The Moody diagram can be used to determine the friction factor for use in Di" equation. 20. Give the expression to calculate the loss of head in the valves and fittings of «pit The loss of head inthe various valves and fittings is given by : na)ina AM 331 21, Write the procedure to calculate the pressure drop in hydraulic circuits. [A.U,, May/June 2013; Apr/May 2017] If the loss of head H, is known, it can be expressed into equivalent pressure drop by using the relation, HX Won where Weight density of oil flowing through valves and fittings. 22, Name any three flow-measuring devices. 1. Rotometer, 2. Turbine flowmeter, and 3. Orifice flowmeter. 23. Name any two pressure-measuring devices. 1. Bourdam gauge, and 2. Schrader gauge. REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Write Pascal’s law. Explain any one applications of Pascal’s law with neat diagram. [A.U., Nov/Dec 2009; Nov/Dec 2010; Nov/Dec 2016; Apr/May 2017] [Ans. Refer Section 3.5] 2, Explain the working principle of hydraulic press with neat sketch {A.U,, Nov/Dec 2011] [Ans. Refer Section 3.5.1] 3. Differentiate between laminar and turbulent fluid flow with examples. [A.U,, Nov/Dec 2006; Apr/May 2008; May/June 2009; Nov/Dec 2011; Nov/Dec 2012; Nov/Dec 2016] [Ans. Refer Section 3.6] 4. What is Reynolds number? How is Reynolds number determined? [A.U,, Now/Dec 2007; Nov/Dec 2011] [Ans. Refer Section 3.7] [ALU,, Now/Dec 2006; Nov/Dec 2016] [Ans. Refer Section 3.15) 5. Explain how Bemoulli’s equation can be used to determine the pressure drop between tw stationg in a hydraulic system. Assume that there are some number of bends, ees, elbows, globe and gate valves in between these two stations separated by a long distance. [A.U,, Apr/May 2010] [Ans. Refer Sections 3.11 to 3.15]Hydraulics and. Pneumatic y 444 a ee Pump Vane pl Brake power Positive displacement p Unbalanced vane PUMP? 1 argulic power Hydrostatic displacement Balanced vane pumps Pump characteristics Pumps Piston pumps Characteristics curves Fixed displacement pumps ‘Axial piston pumps Pump performance Variable displacement pumps Bent axis type Pump noise Non-positive displacement ‘Swash plate type Lip Imps Radial piston pumps Cavitation Hydrodynamic displacement Volumetric displacemeat Pump ripple Pumps Theoretical flow rate Pre ettion ‘Gear pumps Volumetric efficiency Mechanical efficiency TWO MARKS Q&A 1. What is the function of a hydraulic pump ? A hydraulic pump is a device which 'converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy 2. How can you classify pumps ? [A.U., Nov/Dec 2010] 1. Non-positive displacement pumps, and 2. Positive displacement pumps. (a) Rotary pumps (such as gear pumps, Vane pumps, and screw pumps) (b) Reciprocating pumps (such as axial and radial piston pumps) 3. Where are non-positive displacement pumps employed ? Why ? The non-positive displacement pumps are suitable for low-pressure, high-volume flos applications. Since these pumps cannot withstand high pressures, they are used only fr transporting fluid from one place to another. 4 4. What do you mean by non-positive displacement pump? State its implications In non-positive displacement pumps, the fluid {4 .U, Nov/Dec 2006; NowDec 201! : the fluid flow is achie ? ae fluid in motion. Since these pumps cannot withstand high mee a ee a transporting from one place to another, For the same reason, they y agen oY is fluid power industries. ee rieterred in® 5. Why are centrifugal (or non-positive displaceme power applications ? " mt) Pumps not preferred for fluid Because the centrifugal pumps cannot withstand hi, for low-pressure high-volume flow applications. igh pressures. Also they are suitabl Ngee eect —_The Source of Hydraulic Power ae , What are positive displacement pumps > Wy vt haat sip A, (A.V, Nov/Dec 2007; May/June 2012; Apr/May 2018] Qu imps discharge a fixed quantity of fluid into the vee ; n of pump shaft rotation, ¥ Since the flow of fluid is guaranteed on every revolution of the shaf, this type of pump is named as ‘positive’ displacement pump. nee 1, Name any four positive displacement pumps. 1. External and internal gear pumps. 2. Lobe and screw pumps. 3. Vane pumps. ¥ The positive displacement p hydraulic system per revolutio 4, Piston pumps. 8. Why are positive displacement pumps universally used in fluid power industries ? Positive displacement pumps are primarily used where pressure development is the ime requirement. This type of pumps is capable of delivering high pressure fluid, so it is niversally used in fluid power systems. 9. Name any four types of gear pumps used in hydraulic systems. 1. Extemal gear pumps, _2.-Intenal gear pumps, 3. Lobe pumps, and 4. Gerotor pumps. 10. Why all the gear pumps are fixed displacement pumps ? (or) Why gear pumps cannot be used as variable displacement pumps ? In gear pumps, the volumetric displacement depends on the design parameters (ie., diameter and width of gear teeth) of gears and they cannot be varied. So the displacement cannot be varied in gear pumps. “IL, What ype of gears are generally used in gear pumps ? ps ean be of spur gear, helical gear or herringbone gear. The gears in the gear pum [{A.U., Now/Dec 2016; Apr/May 2017] 12. List the merits and demerits of gear pump- ‘Advantages (i) These pumps are self-priming. (il) They give constant delivery for @ set rotor speed, uniform discharge with negligible pulsations, and do not require check valves. (i) tF necessary, these pumps can pump in either direction (by changing the direction ofthe Beat rotation). {)__ The liquid 1 be pumped must be comparatively clean Gi) The pump cannot be operated against a closed discharge without damage. Hence relief valves are required (ii) Variablespeed drives are required to provide changes in pumping rate. {A.U., Now/Dec 2008] 1. How can you specify a pump ® A pump can be specified by its capacity, discharge pressure, and speed of rotation.en Hydrailies and Prey, Oe ie 14. Which pump—external gear, internal gear, sens vane and PISIOR—Beneran, least noise ? ? Screw pump —— the least noise, because of re - Allso in the serew pump, the fluid does not rotate but moves linear Is. Why do screw pumps generate less noise while running? (AU, Nov/Dec 2008; Maykae 2013; NowDec 2 Screw pump generates the least noise, because of rolling action of the screw spindles Also in the screw pump, the fluid does not rotate but moves linearly. 16. Name two designs of vane pumps. 1. Unbalanced vane pumps, and 2. Balanced vane pumps. 11. Differentiate between fixed and variable displacement pumps. [4.U,, Now/Dec 2006; May/June 2013) In fixed displacement Pumps, the displacement of the pump cannot be varied by any means. But in variable displacement Pumips, the displacement of the pump can be varied by Some suitable arrangements. ion of the screw Spindle, 18. When do you call a vane pump as a balanced or unbalance one ? A vane pump can be referred as unbalanced on one side of the rotor. But the balanced van which are diametrically opposite to each other, 19. What is a balanced vane pump? Pump if alf the Pumping action takes place © pump has two intake and two outlet port [A.U,, Nov/Dec 2012] In unbalance vane pump, the variable displacement can 5 call varying the eccentricity, be provided by mechanically operating pressures, nB side loads and thus permit higher 2. The balanced vane pumps have much im; rove oe vane pumps. Proved service lives over simpler unbalance!paps The Source of Hydraulic Power tn 32. Give the symbol of variable vane pump. So sas [A.U,, May/June 2009] = Variable displacement Variable dis unidirectional pump cares bidirectional pump 1B. Sketch the graphical symbol of variable displacement reversible pump. [A.U, Apr/May 2010] = Variable displacement reversible (bi-directional) pump 24, What is a pressure compensated vane pump and how does it work? [A.U,, Nov/Dec 2009; Nov/Dec 2013] Variable displacement can be provided if the housing can be moved with respect to the ‘olor. This movement changes the eccentricity and hence the displacement, Usually a hand whee! or pressure compensator can be used to move the cam ring to change the eccentricity. 28. Differentiate pressure compensated and non-pressure compensated pumps. [A.U,, Nov/Dec 2006] In pressure compensated pumps, the pump flow can be made to zero. Such a pump has jv own protection against excessive pressure build up. Also there is no power waste and ‘reduced fluid heading. Whereas non-pressure compensated pumps are hydraulically unbalanced and cause undesirable side load on the ae of the pump. %, 2 Name the two basic types of piston pumps. pe ic calamyeegiaio action is affected by a piston that moves in a reciprocating cycle through @ cylinder. Y Types: 1. Axial piston pumps, and 2. Radial piston pumps. 2. How can you vary the displacement in an axial piston pump ? The variable displacement in an axial piston pump can be achieved by altering the sue f the swash plate (or offset angle). Because 'n axial pumps, this swing angle determines the Piston stroke and hence the pump displacement.Hydraulics and Prem, 443 es icy 28, ee Sones ele ae eee parallel tthe shaft centetine, By foal pia ee to the shaft centre-line. 29. Define volumetric efficiency of « pump. Also write is signi ts ¥ Volumetric efficiency is the ratio between the actual flow rate produced Pump ‘and the theoretical flow rate thatthe pump should produce. sng “0 ¥ Significance : The volumetric efficiency indicates the amount of leakage within, Pump. 30. Define mechanical efficiency of a pump. What does it indicate ? : ~ Mechanical efficiency is the ratio between the theoretical power required to operat, the pump and the actual power delivered to the pump. ~ It indicates the amount of energy losses that occur due to reasons other than leakages, 31. What is overall efficiency of a pump ? Y Overall efficiency is the ratio between the actual power delivered by pump and the ‘actual power delivered to pump. “ Mo = Tho mech Y Windicates the amount of energy losses by all means. 32. A positive displacement pump has an overall efficiency of 87% and volumetric efficiency of 93%, what ls its mechanical efficiency? [A.U, May/June 2008] © Solution: Noverat = mech * vot Rovett _ 0.87 Nae “a = G.93% 100 = 93.548% Ans. -w 33. Draw the characteristic curve showing the relationship between discharge pressrt and rate of delivery of an external gear pump, 1800 rpm - SAE 10 @ 105" 40 5c)\- The Source of Hydraulic Power On a a ae what do you mean by ‘slip’ in pumps > Slip is the leakage that occurs be , iat me erat ‘tween the discharge and suction sides of a pump What is pump cavitation ? How can you avoideliminate it? (A.U., Apr/May 2008; Nov/Dec 2010] ¥ The formation, p The formation, growth, and collapse of vapour filled cavities or bubbles in a flowing liquid due to local fallin luid pressure is called pump cavitat ¥ Pump cavitation can be avoided by i roe path be a, Sng that the suction pressure is always What is pump ripple ? A hydraulic pump has a flow rate of 75 Ipm and is rated for a maximum pressure of 20,000 kPa. What is the maximum power output of this pump? [A.U., Nov/Dec 2010] Given Data: Q= 75 \pm = 75 x 103 m3/m = 75 x 103/60 = 1.25 x 103 m/s; P= 20,000 kPa = 20,000 x103 N/m? © Solution: Hydraulic power = P x Q = (20,000 «103) (1.25 x 103) = 25 kW Ans. -» Name any four desirable characteristics of hydraulic pumps. — [4.U, Apr/May 2005] (9, Pumps should provide safe and maximum system working pressure. (ii) They should have high volumetric and overall efficiency. (iii) They should be compact and also have higher power-to-weight ratio. (iv) They should possess the variable displacement control. |. List some of the.factors ane should consider while selecting a pump for a specific “pplication. (i) Safe and maximum operating pressure (ii) Maximum flow rate/delivery requirements. (iii) Pump drive speed. (iv) Type of control. REVIEW QUESTIONS. raulic system. [A.U., Nov/Dec 2018][Ans. Refer Section 4.1.1] (a) Mention the role of a pump in a hyd () How can you elassify pumps? [A.U. Nov/Dec 2005; May/June 2006; Nov/Dec 2011; Nov/Dec 2018) [Ans, Refer Section 4.3]$60 a pay ard Pret, lie Actuators : Th different type 1. Single-acting cyl 3, Telescoping cyli 5, Through rod cyli what means, sin The single-acting pression spring at th "Differentiate betwe single-acting hyde ing cylinders. P-Vp Theoretical torque, Tr = Pq Theoretical power = Tr *@ & 100 Volumetric efficiency, th = Q, ™ " Mechanical efficiency, mech = T, *100 Overall efficiency, M = "hot * Nmech Tin) 22 (red P Win’) x Q, (mts) ~100 What is the purpos The seals are used 9. What are the thre functions. 1. Piston seals : 1 KEY TERMS ONE SHOULD REMEMBER Actuators Cylinder cushioning Hydraulic motor performance Hydraulic actuators Rotary actuators ‘Volumetric efficiency Linear actuator Hydraulic motors Mechanical efficiency 2. Wipe or Scrap Hydraulic cylinders ‘Continuous rotary hydraulic motors Overall efficiency grit, water or ot Single-acting cylinders Gear motors Hydraulic power 3. O rings : O rir Double-acting cylinders Vane motors Brake power prevent high pr Differential cylinders Piston motors. Hydraulic motor performance 10. Why are double-a Telescopic cylinders Axial-piston motors: ceased ‘Tandem cylinders Radial-piston motors Fluid transmission device " Since the piston r Dual linear cylinders ited-rotation hydraulic motors xxtending [F = P x A Through rod cylinders Vane ope x Double-rod cylinders Piston type different pressure leve are also called as diffe TWO MARKS Q&A 1. What is meant by , 7 hydraulic cylinde 1. What is the function of a hydraulic actuator ? A hydraulic actuator is used for converting hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. 2. How can you classify the hydraulic actuators ? 1. Linear actuators (also called ‘hydraulic cylinders’), and 2. Rotary actuators (also called ‘hydraulic motors’), 3. What is the function of a hydraulic cylinder ? The hydraulic cylinder is used to convert fluid power into linear mechanical force and motion. 4. Mention few applications of hydraulic cylinders, The hydraulic cylinders are basically used for performing work such as pushing, pulité tilting, and pressing in a variety of engineering applications such as in material handlité equipment, machine tools, construction equipment, and automobiles. When the pressu and travels in the cyl end of the stroke, it Needs to decelerate at the same is called *cy’ 1. What is a telesec Y A telescopic assembly whi ¥ Telescopic c} limited spaceje Actuators : The Transmitter race |! Nome different types of hydraulic cylinders, 1 single-cting cylinders, ing cylinders, 3, Telescoping cylinders, on : 5 Through rod cylinders, andem cylinders, and sy what means, single-acting cylinders are retracted ? | nie single-scting cylinders are retracted using gravity or by the inch f jon spring at the rod end of the cylinders, e inclusion o 2. Double-acting cylinders, iferentiate between a single-actir ‘ cmeing fpebeillé cyinins cae oubleacting hydrate yinder, Seon ead pense pe Ce eae So oviding a hydraulic force in both directions. eee what is the purpose of seals in hydraulic system ? "The seals are used to prevent the internal and extemal leakages of hydraulic system. 4, What are the three types of seals used in a double-acting cylinder ? Also write their functions. 1, Piston seals : They are provided in between piston and barrel to avoid any leakage. | 2, Wipe or Scraper seal : \t is fitted on the outside of the piston rod bearing to prevent grit, water or other matter being drawn into the bearing. | 3, Orings : O rings, also called internal sealing rings, are fitted behind the bearing to |__ prevent high pressure fluid leaking out along the rod, W1. Why are double-acting cylinders known as differential cylinders ? [A.U,, Nov/Dec 2010] Since the piston rod is attached at one side only, the cylinder exerts greater force when siding [F = P Apigog] than when retraction [F =P x (Apison ~ And) ) This results in feat pressure levels on either side of the piston and that's why double-acting cylinders xcals called as differential cylinders. : Il. What is meant by cylinder cushioning ? (or) Why cushioning mechanism is meeded for Iydraulic cylinders? [A.U,, Nov/Dec 2006; Nov/Dec 2009; Nov/Dec 2016; Apr/May 2017] When the pressurised fluid is allowed to enter inside the cylinder, the piston accelerates ud taels inthe eylinder barrel. If the piston is allowed to travel a the same speed til the edotthe sroke twill hit the end eap with grat impact. To avoid this impact, the piston “sto decelerate at the end of the travel. The fine iscalled “eylinder cushion’. 2. What is a telescopic cylinder ? When is itm ‘arrangement made at the end caps to achieve sormally used ? [A.U. Nov/Dec 2009; Now/Dec 2011] ae ams (pistons) nested in’a telescopic “A telescopic cylinder consists of a series of rams (pi assembly which provide a long extension for application re nextended ram. uiring a long stroke but with only ¥ Telescopic cylinders are useful aces limited space available for the u! 7peta Prey, [AU. Apri 2 13. Sketch the graphical symbol of telescoping cylinder. 10) iS Telescopic cylinder (double-acting) : 14. What are the advantages of telescope cylinders? (01) Mention the significance of telescopic cylinder with an industrial example. [A.U,, May/June 2009; May/June 2012), Y Telescopic cylinders are used where there is a space constraint. ¥ Such cylinders are useful for applications requiring a long stroke but with onl limited space available for the unextended ram. ¥ Some of the applications of telescopig cylinders include hydraulic cranes, high-lit fork trucks, dump trucks, dipper wagons, etc. 1S, What are tandem cylinders ? When are they normally used? —_[A.U., Apr/May 2018] Y A tandem cylinder is one in which two or more piston rod combinations are assembled as a rigid unit with all pistons mounted on single rod, The cylinders are used to obtain a low-force, high-speed action followed by a high. force, low-speed action. 16. Differentiate double-rod and tandem cylinder. [A.U,, May/June 2013] A tandem cylinder is one in which two,or more piston and rod combinations ar assembled as a rigid unit with al pistons mounted on single rod, ~ A double-rod cylinder, also known as through rod cylinder, has single piston with Piston rods extending from both ends of the cylinder, 17. What is meant by rodless cylinder? Where itis preferred? ; i d the piston. The table and piston at Connected ether directly, using a slot cut along the top of the eylinder bods. 4 indirectly, through magnets located on both the piston and table. “ Rodless cylinders were originally developed to ; ; S ina ; Overcome the space limitations of a oe Biting relatively compact, space ating devices, capable agit Ponents or tools in ssembly and automation systems- gale Actuators : The Transmitter ee it ome any four different types of hydraulic cylinder ‘mountings, (A.U., Now/Dee 2010; Apr/May 2011; Nov/Dec 2012] \ side foot mount, 5. Rear flange mount, 3, Centerline mount, 6. Front flange rout, }, End foot mount, 7. Clevis mount, 4, Side-flush mount, 8. Basic mount, etc, iy, What is the function of a hydraulic ‘motor (or rotary actuator) ? The function of a hydraulic motor (or rotary actuator) is to convert hydraulic energy into sexy mechanical energy. y, Name the basic types of rotary actuators. Which will provide the maximum degree of rotation ? ¥ Types: 1. Continuous rotary actuator, and (a) Gear motor, (b) Vane motors, and (c) Piston motors. 2. Limited-rotation hydraulic motors. (a) Vane type, and (5) Piston type. ¥ Continuous rotary actuators will provide the maximum degree of rotation. . How do you rate/specify a hydraulic motor ? The hydraulic motors are usually specified in terms of the torque developing capacity or iffrential pressure. Which hydraulic motor is generally the most efficient ? Why ? The piston motors.are the.most efficient motors. Because they are positive displacement tars 1. Mention few applications where piston motors are employed. — [4.U., Nov/Dec 2010] Piston motors are suitable for low-speed, high torque traction applications such as earth- “ving machinery, agricultural tractors, railway locomotive and other industrial applications. ‘ What do you mean. by a limited-rotation hydraulic motor ? (0 ‘ctuator? 7) What is semi-rotary [A.U, Nov/Dec 2009] The limited-rotation motors ‘provide rotary output motion over a finite angle. Usually ‘ion ofthe shaft of these motors is 90°, 180°, or 270°. ‘ Mention few applications of limited-rotation hydraulic motors. hydraulic motors include conveyor rotation $ tween workstations, positioning for The ii icati f limited- important applications of tip over’ i valve turning, air bending operations, "ns lifting, rotating, and dumping. . ? What are the advantages of a" motors? , and very cheap in cost. [A.U, Now/Dec 2013] * gear motors.are simple in design,és Hydraulics and Prev, 7 fisplacement bidirectional ble 27. Draw the hydraulic symbols for fixed and variable [AU, Noe ap oa. Variable displacement Fixed displacement aca motor bidirectional motor ‘ [A.U, Now/Dec 2009) 28, Define volumetric efficiency of a hydraulic motor. Theoretical flow rate motor should consume 100 (Mvcd\motwe = “~~ Actual flow rate consumed by motor REVIEW QUESTIONS On Hydraulic Cylinders 1, Write short notes on hydraulic actuators. LAU, Nov/Dec 2009] [Ans. Refer Sections 5.1.1 & 5.1.2] . Classify the types of hydraulic cylinders, [A.U,, Nov/Dec 2013; Apr/May 2015) [Ans. Refer Section 5.2.) . With a neat sketch, explain the construction and operation of a double-acting hydraulic actuator. Also derive an expression for the torque capacity of the cylinder. [A.U,, Nov/Dec 2011] [Ans. Refer Section 54] 4. With a neat sketch, explain the ‘end cushion’ provided in hydraulic cylinders. (or) Explain with a neat sketch, the purpose of cushioning in cylinders, [A.U,, Nov/Dec 2007; Nov/Dec 2008; Apr/May 2010; Nov/Dec 2010: May/June 2012 Now/Dec 2012; May/June 2013] (Ans. Refer Section N Y 5. Explain any three types of special cylinders used in hydraulics with neat sketch. 14.U,, May/June 2013] (Ans. Refer Sections 5.6- 55] 6, Explain witha neat sketch, the principle and operation of telescopic cylinder On Hydra [A.U, Nov/Dec 2007; Apr/May 2008; Now/Dec 2008; Nov/Dec 201 12: Now/Dec 2016. 2 As : Apr/May 2017] [Ams. Refer Section 54 7. Deseribe the working of a double-cting tandem cylinder, Give its ersphcal smb! [A.U, Nov/Dec 2013: Apr/May 2018] [Ans. Refer Section 5. lable. (or) Explain the variou’ t diagram NowDec 2006; Apr/say 2010} (Ams. Refer Section 59 8. Sketch at least five types of cylinder mounts ava mechanisms of hydraulic cylinder mountings with neq AU,