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Procedia CIRP 116 (2023) 137–142

30th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering Conference.

Design for Circularity – Identification of Fields of Action for Ecodesign for

the Circular Economy
Michael Riesenera, Maximilian Kuhna, Frederike Hellwiga*, Johanna Aysa and Günther Schuha,b

a
Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering (WZL) of RWTH Aachen University, Campus-Boulevard 30, 52062 Aachen, Germany
b
Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT, Steinbachstraße 17, 52074 Aachen, Germany
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 175 7138991; E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract

The prevailing production and consumption patterns mostly follow a linear logic: produce, consume and dispose. This orientation of the
economic system is highly resource-intensive and exceeds planetary boundaries. In order to decouple the economic growth from resource
consumption circular economy is an important enabler by creating and closing resource loops. The goal of a circular economy is the sustainable
return of resources into the value chain. Thereby, the design of the products plays a decisive role. Ecodesign is a systematic design approach for
products in order to reduce environmental impacts over the entire life cycle by defining design principles. Therefore, ecodesign has the
potential to allow the implementation of a circular economy by identifying design principles that enable critical resources to be preserved in
cycles. For this reason, a framework with nine fields of action for the realization of circular economy by ecodesign was derived. The fields of
action are based on the circular economy strategies "Closing the Loop" and "Slowing the Loop" as well as the product lifecycle phases
addressed by ecodesign “production”, “use” and “recycling”. Practical use cases deal with the impact of the various design principles at the
material, component and product levels of analysis.
© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 30th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering Conference

Keywords: : circular economy, ecodesign, circularity, sustainability, reuse

1. Introduction between society's demand for growth and prosperity and

society's goal of protecting the environment [4]. This tension
Increased indications of climate change, growing was addressed as early as 1987 by the Brundtland Report,
competition for scarce natural resources, and an which defined sustainable development as "development
environmentally conscious society are resulting in a which meets the needs of the present without compromising
sharpened awareness that dominating linear "take-make- the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" [5].
waste" patterns of production and consumption cannot Decoupling economic growth from increasing environmental
continue indefinitely [1, 2]. Annual raw material extraction pollution is enabled, among others, by the circular economy.
has tripled over the last four decades, and only about 12% of Circular economy is an alternative economic system that,
materials used are recycled. About 50% of the total unlike the current linear system, aims to return resources to
greenhouse gas emissions and over 90% of the biodiversity the value system instead of disposing them [6]. The
loss occur from raw material extraction and processing of importance of circular economy is also reflected in its
materials [3]. Since the first beginnings of an European increasing presence in policies, guidelines and legislation at
environmental policy, there has been a state of tension national and international level, for example, a transition to

2212-8271 © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 30th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering Conference
10.1016/j.procir.2023.02.024
138 Michael Riesener et al. / Procedia CIRP 116 (2023) 137–142
2 Frederike Hellwig/ Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000

the circular economy also supports the implementation of the Current views on circular economy are shaped by the
Paris Climate Agreement [4, 7]. butterfly diagram from the Ellen Macarthur Foundation.
An enabler for the circular economy is ecodesign, which Figure 1 illustrates the concept of the circular economy for the
describes the consideration of environmental aspects in technosphere, which represents the one part of the butterfly
product design with the aim of minimizing the environmental diagram showing the technical circles and that is well known
impact of a product throughout its life cycle [8]. in the scientific community [13]. Besides the biological
Paradoxically, sustainability aspects are often not considered cycles, which are designed to recycle natural materials
by companies during product development, although around through composting and biodegradation, the focus of this
80% of products' sustainability performance is already paper is on the technical cycles. Here, finite materials are
determined in the design phase [9]. In the early development considered which are kept in cycles through shared use,
stages, decisions are made about product specifics that maintenance, reuse, remanufacturing and recycling [14]. From
influence the environmental performance such as materials, an environmental point of view, the "narrower" cycles (e.g.
waste treatment, energy consumption, emissions which repair) are preferable to the "wider" ones, as a greater product
significantly determine the impact of the product during its value is retained and the energy and material input of the
lifetime [1]. Ecodesign is a framework to address the cycles is lower [15].
minimization of environmental impacts in these early stages
of product development without compromising the quality or Finite raw materials

function of a product [8]. Technical cycle

For this reason, the objective of the paper is the (Technosphere)
Parts Manufacturer
development of a framework to systematically derive fields of
Recycling
actions for the realization of circular economy by ecodesign.
Product Manufacturer
Therefore, the paper is structured as follows. After the Rehabilitation/
Restoration
motivation in section one, section two focuses on the Service Provider
fundamentals and related work. In the third section, a matrix Reuse/
Redistribute
User
framework is derived from the scientific literature and
described in detail. The framework consists of three Maintain/Repair

dimensions from the context of the product life cycle on the Share
one hand and three challenges to be considered in the context Collection
of the realization of circular economy by ecodesign on the
other hand. Consequently, nine fields of action will result, Minimize systematic leakage and negative externalities
which will be described in detail in section four. The paper
ends with a summary in section five. Figure 1: Butterfly diagram [16]

2. Fundamentals 2.2. Ecodesign approach

This section presents the relevant theoretical concepts of Ecodesign is considered a proactive approach for
the circular economy and the fundamental approach of integrating environmental aspects into product development
ecodesign, which form the basis for the derived framework. and related processes, such as manufacturing, marketing,
procurement etc. [16]. The main purpose of ecodesign is to
2.1. Definition of circular economy reduce the product-related environmental impact during the
entire life cycle of the product, while retaining the
The development and propagation of the first circular performance, quality and functionality of the product [17].
economy approaches took place in the 1960s and 1970s with The implementation of ecodesign consists of an ambidextrous
the objective of a closed circular system, capable of approach with regard to product design and business model,
continuous reproduction of materials with minimal energy taking into account mutual interactions [16]. The task of
input, in order to reduce human intervention in ecosystems product designers is to determine the environmental impact of
and avoid drastic economic and ecological consequences [10]. components and products at each stage of the product life
Continuous refinement of the concept as well as the general cycle: raw materials, production of materials out of the raw
prioritization of sustainability efforts on a political and materials, the production techniques, assembly of components
societal level are reflected by the modern definition of the into products, the packaging, the impact of consumables, etc.
circular economy. The Ellen McArthur Foundation defines [8]. Ecodesign guidelines thus aim to select resources with a
the circular economy as a system that is „restorative and low environmental impact and provide for technological
regenerative by design and aims to keep products, solutions, minimize waste, and enable easy reassembly and
components, and materials at their highest utility and value at disassembly through product modularization [7]. The product
all times” [11]. Accordingly, the circular economy is framed designer aims to find the best compromise between the needs
as a regenerative system in which material use, waste, and specifications for the product and the principles of
emissions and energy consumption are minimized throughout ecodesign. To integrate ecodesign into the product
the life cycle of products [12]. development process, the product designer has several "design
for X" guidelines at his disposal [18]. The “design for X”
 Michael Riesener et al. / Procedia CIRP 116 (2023) 137–142 139
Frederike Hellwig/ Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000 3

guidelines with a focus on ecodesign describe strategies, production, resulting in a circulation of the resource [26].
which support the designer in the development of Each process step of recycling, requires the use of new
environmentally less impactful products e.g. “design for resources and reduces material utility as well as quality. To
assembly”, “design for repair”, “design for recycling”, meet these challenges, the following research question needs
“design for maintainability” [19]. Ecodesign thus takes into be answered: How can ecodesign support the circular
account all environmentally relevant effects of a product economy in terms of the design of a product's material?
during its entire life cycle, without explicitly aiming at the The second challenge arises from the "slowing the loop"
circular economy [19]. Other approaches in this field of look strategy and aims at the component analysis level. Companies
in particular at the high number of policies that address the are faced with the challenge of keeping individual
different environmental impacts of products during their life components in the technical loop through maintenance, repair,
cycle, but do not address how ecodesign can be used to reuse and re-production [27]. Consequently, it is necessary to
achieve a holistic implementation of the circular economy address the question: How can ecodesign support the circular
[20, 21]. Other authors discuss in detail the potentials of economy with regard to the design of the individual
ecodesign for recycling, but without considering the other R- components of a product?
strategies [22]. A systematic review of the consideration of The third challenge also arises from the "slowing the loop"
circular economy aspects (such as repairability or strategy and aims at the product level of analysis. The design
remanufacturing) in ecodesign and an easily accessible of durable products and the extension or intensification of the
framework for companies is missing in the literature so far useful life of entire products leads to a slowing of resource
[23].This paper will therefore examine the contribution of the flows [28]. The slowing down of cycles requires the
ecodesign approach on the circular economy. rethinking of existing business models and a way of selling
products that is not primarily consumption-oriented [29].
3. Derivation of the research framework Therefore, the following research question needs to be
answered: How can ecodesign support the circular economy
The objective of this paper is to present a framework that with regard to the design of the entire product?
describes fields of action for the realization of circular Together with the life cycle phases "production", "use" and
economy by ecodesign. The research framework is based on "recycling", the above-mentioned challenges span a matrix of
two dimensions, which were derived from an analytical- nine fields of action. These fields of action form the research
deductive analysis of the literature and an empirical-inductive framework for this paper and are described in detail in the
analysis of existing use-cases. following chapter.
Ecodesign considers all life cycle phases of a product, as
products have an impact on the environment in each of these 4. Fields of action for the realization of circular economy
phases [8]. Therefore, the first dimension results from the by ecodesign
product life cycle. At the beginning of the life cycle of a
product is its fabrication. The ecodesign approach has a major The following section is structured according to the
influence on the manufacturing, e.g. due to the choice of framework derived previously. Thus, fields of action for the
primary raw materials [24]. The integration of environmental realization of circular economy by ecodesign are derived as
aspects into product design driven by eco-design has also an shown in Figure 2. The following chapters are based on the
impact on the usage phase of a product. Furthermore, the strategies for the circular economy. The extent to which the
ecodesign approach offers potentials for the reutilization of strategies can be realized in the various life cycle phases is
products by conceiving and designing materials, components examined.
and products for a re-introduction into the economic cycle. Strategies for the circular economy

Thus, production, usage, and reutilization characterize the Closing the Loop Slowing the Loop
sphere of action of ecodesign and therefore constitute the first Material Components Product
dimension of the research framework.
Design for
The second dimension is derived from the different cycle Design with Recycled
Remanufacturing
Design for Upgradability
Production

Materials Maintain upgradeability of

types of the circular economy, described in section 2. The Utilize collaborations to
Design components to be
products to preserve
durable, accessible,
outer loop of the butterfly diagram (recycling) closes the loop drive the use of secondary
raw materials in product
compact, and low-
product value and avoid
premature product
complexity to provide them
between the end of product use and production, resulting in a manufacturing.
with a new life cycle.
replacement.

circulation of the resource [25]. Therefore this strategy is

called “closing the loop”. The inner loops are to be located
Ecodesign scope

Design for Circular

under the strategy "slowing the loop" [26]. The design of Design with Mono- Design for Repairability Business Models
materials Provide repair options for Understand products as a
durable products and the extension or intensification of their
Usage

Rethink material solutions components to extend life service to increase useful

useful life through small loops from the diagram leads to a and properties to enable
the use of mono materials.
cycle through in-use repair
services.
life on the customer side
and ensure profitability on
slowdown in resource flows. Based on these elements, the the supplier side.

main challenges for the realization of the circular economy by

ecodesign can be described. Design for Reuse Design for
Reutilization

Design with Waste

The first challenge arises from the "closing the loop" Collect and recycle
Modularize products to Refurbishment
ensure achievement of the Design products for
strategy and aims at the material analysis level. Recycling exhausted materials to
organization's own cascade use in order to
transform them into new
closes the loop between the end of product use and forms of value creation.
component recycling
goals.
reuse or remarket them
with little loss of quality.

Figure 2: Research framework

140 Michael Riesener et al. / Procedia CIRP 116 (2023) 137–142
4 Frederike Hellwig/ Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000

4.1. Closing the loop - Material analysis level 4.2. Slowing the loop - Component analysis level

In this section, three fields of action along the scope of In the next section, the challenge of "slowing the loop" is
ecodesign for the strategy "closing the loop" are elaborated. addressed at the component analysis level and the
As mentioned in section 3, the focus is on the material corresponding fields of action are described.
analysis level. In the area of production, ecodesign enables the
In the production phase of products, the use of secondary remanufacturing of used components, which can result in cost
raw materials must be promoted in the "closing the loop" savings through material recovery and energy conservation.
strategy. When designing technical cycles, ecodesign aims to Remanufacturing processes include the disassembly of a
ensure that materials can be continuously and safely recycled product, cleaning and sorting, restoration and replacement of
into usable materials or new products [25]. To establish a defective components as well as the testing of individual parts
continuous flow in the technical cycle, it is important that the or the entire product [38]. Remanufacturing is characterized
recycled materials have equivalent properties to the original by returning components and products to the cycle with a
material [30]. In order to create safe and sustainable supply guarantee and in at least equivalent performance compared to
sources for secondary raw materials, different actors in the the original product [39]. It is well known that product design
value chain can use their respective know-how at each stage plays a critical role in determining the ease with which a
of the value chain [31]. Depending on the company, this product or component can be remanufactured, as decisions
ranges from the collection of end-of-life products to about product structure, disassembly and reassembly options,
disassembly, material extraction and cleaning. Synergy effects and materials are made at this stage [40]. Particularly in
can be created through cooperation in a consortium along a conjunction with innovations in product design,
value chain [31]. Cooperation between actors in a value chain remanufacturing is seen as a promising strategy [41]. For the
can therefore ensure the availability of resources in the form remanufacturing of components, the following success factors
of secondary raw materials [32]. An exemplary use case is the are identified in the literature: easy identification of parts,
Renault Group, which was able to create synergy effects in facilitated accessibility, handling and durability [40]. These
the field of Li-ion battery production by joining forces with a aspects have an impact on cleaning, debugging, inspection
consortium [33]. and testing of the components.
With regard to the usage phase of a product, companies In the usage phase, the focus of ecodesign in relation to
should consider the use of monomaterials in the “closing the individual components is on repairability. A simplified repair
loop” strategy. Composites use the combination of two mechanism enables the consumer to carry out a repair himself
different raw materials that compensate for each other's and thus leads to an extension of the component’s life cycle
weaknesses. However, the use of composites makes it more [42]. In addition to the reparability of individual components,
difficult to reuse the raw materials, as much more complex the services they enable during use also help to extend the
recycling processes are required [34]. Monomaterials, on the product’s life cycle [39]. This approach requires products that
other hand, have significantly better sustainability values [35]. can be easily disassembled and upgraded, both to allow the
It is essential that the complex requirements of the use phase user to repair them and to facilitate access to components that
are understood and captured to enable the use of new material need to be repaired or replaced by the company itself [26].
solutions and properties. For example, the barrier properties Accordingly, repair options should be provided for individual
required in the use of food packaging must be analyzed in components in order to extend the life cycle through repair
detail to enable the use of recyclable packaging made from services in use.
monomaterials. Accordingly, the field of action addresses the A prerequisite for the reusability and compatibility of
focus of product design towards new material solutions and individual components is their functional and physical
properties in order to enable the use of monomaterials. independence. Modularization is used to organize complex
The current paradigm shift in society means that products products and processes in modules, avoiding strong
which have reached the end of their life cycle are not regarded dependencies between components [43]. A modular product
as waste, but as a valuable resource [36]. In the context of design allows the replacement, refurbishment and
product design, products must be developed in such a way upgradability of its components and thus extend the lifetime
that materials can be continuously recycled into new materials the overall product. This approach aims to develop modules
or products. Accordingly, companies are dependent on and interfaces, enabling new product variants and simple
collecting and recycling used materials in order to transform reassembly and disassembly strategies [44]. Expandable
them into new forms of value creation. If possible, product modularization must already be anchored in the
downcycling, the processing into lower-quality products and design processes and include the variability of components
materials, should be avoided [25]. To strengthen this and materials. This field of action therefore aims to
approach, a global network of reuse and recycling providers is modularize products in order to ensure that the goal of
needed to collect and take back the relevant end-of-life recycling components is achieved. A successful application of
products and waste. A successful implementation of this field this field of action is taking place at the company Gerrard
of action can be seen at the company HP. Recycled printer street, among others. Each module of the headphones can be
cartridges are reinforced with waste such as plastic bottles and replaced independently and is upward and downward
clothes hangers [37]. compatible, which ensures the reusability of the components
[45].
 Michael Riesener et al. / Procedia CIRP 116 (2023) 137–142 141
Frederike Hellwig/ Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000 5

4.3. Slowing the loop – Product analysis level Accordingly, products should be designed for cascade use in
order to recycle or remarket them with little loss of quality.
This section addresses the challenge of the "slowing the
loop" strategy with a focus on the product level of analysis. 5. Summary
Regular adjustments to technical progress through the
development of upgradeable products can reduce the purchase The decoupling of economic performance from resource
of new products. Through a standardized design of consumption forms the basis for the transition from a linear
exchangeable basic elements, future technologies can be economic model to the circular economy. For the circular
integrated into existing products without replacing the entire economy, strategies must be designed and implemented that
product [46]. Since only some of the subsystems become reduce resource use and aim to utilize the growing stock of
obsolete and are discarded, the total amount of production and resources already in use. A key concept for the circular
disposal effort can be minimized [47]. This approach can economy is ecodesign, which describes the consideration of
increase the life of products, address changing customer environmental aspects in product design with the aim of
requirements, and additionally enable the use of new, minimize the environmental impact of a product throughout
environmentally friendly technology [48]. Integrating this its life cycle. This paper therefore presented a framework to
approach into the design phase of products is necessary to force the realization of the "Closing the Loop" and "Slowing
initiate upgrades early in the design process [49]. the Loop" strategies of the circular economy by using the
In the usage phase of products, the focus is on switching to ecodesign approach along the life cycle. Nine fields of action
subscription models to slow down the cycle. They are for the implementation of circular economy by ecodesign
characterized by a continuous flow of payments from the were presented that should be detailed in future research due
customer for the services offered. Subscription models enable to their promising impact on the realization of circular
individual services to be offered to customers [50]. This leads economy. In the future, it is important to prepare the derived
to a more customer centric business understanding, as contents in detail and methodically in order to support the
subscription providers need to focus in particular on customer operational implementation of circular economy by
value as a value proposition [51]. The product remains the ecodesign. For example, the design of modularization in terms
property of the manufacturer, giving them direct product of the circular economy should be addressed in detail and is
access. Service and maintenance are taken over by the part of the current research activities of the authors.
manufacturers. The basis for this business model is constant
contact with the customer, which enables the company to Acknowledgements
generate a gain in knowledge about the customer's activities
[52]. Furthermore, the products and product-related services Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG,
offered in the subscription model bring continuous revenues German Research Foundation) under Germany ́ s Excellence
and a high degree of planning security. The additional costs of Strategy – EXC-2023 Internet of Production – 390621612.
extending the lifetime are offset by the additional revenue, as
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