Wireless Communication and Mobile

Computing

Compiled by Atalo H.
 CHAPTER TWO
MOBILE COMPUTING
• Mobile Computing
• Mobile Communication
• Mobile Hardware
• Mobile Software
• Advantages of Mobile Computing
• Mobile Computing Future Trends
• Mobile computing issue and challenges
 Mobile Computing
 Mobile Computing is the combination of two words
 Mobile means movable and computing means processing,
transforming and storing of something.
 Mobile Computing is defined as advance technology that
uses computing device(like tablet, mobile phone, iPad,
laptop) it allows transmission(sending and receiving) of
data (text, message, voice, audio, video ) with the help of
wireless facility(without using any physical link or cable)
which can use anywhere and3 anytime.
 Mobile Computing
 Mobile Computing is a technology that allows
transmission of data, voice and video via a computer or
any other wireless enabled device without having to be
connected to a fixed physical link.
 The main concept involves:
 Mobile communication
 Mobile hardware
 Mobile software
Mobile Communication
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
 The mobile communication refers to the infrastructure put in
place to ensure that seamless and reliable communication goes
on.
 These would include devices such as Protocols, Services,
Bandwidth, and Portals necessary to facilitate and support of
the stated services.
 The data format is also defined at this stage. This ensures that
there is no collision with other existing systems which offer the
same service.
 Since the media is unguided/unbounded, the overlaying
infrastructure is more of radio wave oriented. That is, the
signals are carried over the air to intended devices that are
capable of receiving and sending similar kinds of signals.
 Mobile Hardware
MOBILE
 Mobile hardware COMMUNICATION
includes mobile devices or device
components that receive or access the service of
mobility. They would range from Portable laptops,
Smartphones, Tablet Pc's, Personal Digital
Assistants(PDAs).
 These devices will have receptor medium that are
capable of sensing and receiving signals. These devices are
configured to operate in full- duplex, whereby they are
capable of sending and receiving signals at the same time.
They don't have to wait until one device has finished
communicating for the other device to initiate
communications.
 Above mentioned devices use an existing and established
network to operate on. In most cases, it would be a
wireless network.
 Mobile Software
 Mobile software is the actual program that run on the
mobile hardware.
 It deals with the characteristics and requirements of
mobile applications.
 This is the engine of that mobile device. In other terms,
it is the operating system of that appliance. It's the
essential component that makes the mobile device
operate.
 Since portability is the main factor, this type of
computing ensures that users are not tied or pinned to a
single physical location, but are able to operate from
anywhere.
 It will incorporate all aspects of wireless
communications.
 In today's computing world, different technologies have
come up.
 These have grown to support existing computer
networks all over the world. With mobile computing, we
find that the need to be confined within one physical
location has been eradicated. We hear of terms such as
telecommuting.
 This is being able to work from home or the field but at
the same time accessing resources as if one is in the
office.
 The emergence of portable computers and laptops, personal
digital Assistants (PDA), PC Tablets and Smartphones, has in turn
made mobile computing very convenient.
 The portability of the devices ensures and enables user to access
all services as if they were in the internal network of their
company.
 For example, the use of Tablet Pc and IPads. This new technology
enables users to update documents, surf the internet, send and
receive e-mail, stream live video files, take photographs and also
support video and voice conferencing.
 The constant and ever increasing demand for superior and robust
smart devices has been as a catalyst for market share.
 Each manufacturer is trying to curve a niche of themselves in the
market.
 These devices are invented and innovated to provide top of the
class applications and services.
 With cellular phones, different manufacturers have come up with
unique Smartphones that are capable of performing the same
tasks as computers and at the same processing speed.
 The market share for different competitors is constantly being
fought for. For example the manufacturers of Apple's IPhone OS, Google's
Android' Microsoft Windows Mobile, Research In Motion's Blackberry OS, are
constantly competing to offer better products with each release.
 The need for better, portable, affordable, and robust has also made
these vendors to constantly be innovative.
 Market figure and statistics show an ever rapidly growing need to
purchase and use such devices for either professional or home
use. Since technology is driven by market needs, it's in this light
that services suited for a long term implementation are developed
or innovated.
 This has also pushed other industry vendors to adopt services
that will provide better service delivery. For example, cellular
service providers are forced to improve and be innovative to
capture more subscribers.
 This can be in terms of superior services such as high speed
internet and data access, voice and video service etc. hence the
adoption of different generations of networks like of 2G, 2.5G, 3G,
4G networks services.
Mobile computing is not limited to Mobile Phones only, but
also there are various gadgets available in the market
helping mobile computing. They are usually classified in the
following categories:
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
 The main purpose of this device was to act as an electronic
organizer or day planner that is portable, easy to use and capable
of sharing information with computer systems.
 PDA was an extension of the PC, not a replacement. These systems
were capable of sharing information with a computer system
through a process or service known as synchronization. Where
both devices will access each other to check for changes or
updates in the individual devices. The use of infrared and Bluetooth
connections enabled these devices to always be synchronized.
 With PDA devices, a user could; browsers the internet, listen to
audio clips, watch video clips, edit and modify office documents, and
many more services. They had a stylus and a touch sensitive screen
for input and output purposes.
Smartphones
 This kind of phone combines the features of a PDA with that of a
mobile phone or camera phone. It has a superior edge over other
kinds of mobile phones.
 Smartphone have the capability to run multiple programs
concurrently.
 These phones include high-resolution touch enabled screens, web
browsers that can access and properly display standard web pages
rather than just mobile-optimized sites, and high-speed data access
via Wi-Fi and high speed cellular broadband.
 The most common mobile operating systems (OS)
used by modern Smartphones include Google's
Android, Apple's iOS, Nokia's Symbian, RIM's
BlackBerry OS, Samsung's Bada, Microsoft's Windows
Phone, and embedded Linux distributions such as
Maemo and MeeGo.
 Such operating systems can be installed on many
different phone models, and typically each device can
receive multiple OS software updates over its
lifetime.
As general the operating system of smartphone, tablet and
other mobile device are:
 Android: is Linux based operating system by google is the
most popular os currently. Almost 85% of mobile device use
it.
 Windows phone 7: it is the latest os developed by Microsoft
 Appl iOS: is os developed by apple for its own mobile device
like IPhone, Ipad
 Blackberry: this os is used by all blackberry mobile device like
smartphone and playbooks.
Tablet PC and I-Pads
 This mobile device is larger than a mobile phone or a
personal Digital Assistant(PDA) and integrates into a
touch screen and operated using touch sensitive motions
on the screen. They are often controlled by a pen or
touch of a finger. They are usually in slate form and are
light in weight. Examples would include; IPads, Galaxy Tabs,
Blackberry Playbooks etc.
 They offer the same functionality as portable computers.
They support mobile computing to a far superior way
and have enormous processing horse power. User can
edit and modify document files, access high speed
internet, stream video and audio data, receive and send e-
mails, perform lectures and presentations among very
many other functions. They have excellent screen
 Advantages of Mobile Computing
Mobile computing has changed the complete landscape of human
being life. Following are the clear advantages of Mobile Computing:
 Location Flexibility
This has enabled user to work from anywhere as long as there is a
connection established. A user can work without being in a fixed
position. Their mobility ensures that they are able to carry out
numerous tasks at the same time perform their stated jobs.
 Saves Time
The time consumed or wasted by travelling from different locations
or to the office and back, have been slashed. One can now access all
the important documents and files over a secure channel and work
as if they were on their computer. It has enhanced telecommuting in
many companies. This also reduces unnecessary expenses that might
be incurred.
 Enhanced Productivity
Productive nature has been boosted by the fact that a worker can
simply work efficiently and effectively from which ever location they
see comfortable and suitable. Users are able to work with
comfortable environments.
 Entertainment
 With the improvement and availability of high speed data
connections at considerable costs, one is able to get
entertainment they want as they browser the internet for
streamed data.
 Video and audio recordings can now be streamed on the go
using mobile computing.
 Easy to access a wide variety of movies, educational and
informative material.
 Watch news, movies, and documentaries among other
entertainment offers over the internet.
 Ease of research
Field officer and researchers collect and feed data to the system.
 Streamlining of Business Processes
• Sharing of information between business partners.
• Reduced lengthy travelling, since there is the use of voice and
video conferencing, E-Commerce.
• Meetings, seminars and other informative services can be
conducted using the video and voice conferencing.
• This cuts down on travel time and expenditure.
 Mobile Computing Future Trends
 3G,4G,5G (3 Generation)
 3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation
of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunication
services
 Application services include wide-area wireless voice telephone,
mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile
environment.
 GPS (Global Positioning System)
 GPS is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides
location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or
near the Earth, where there is an unobstructed line of sight to
four or more GPS satellites.
 The GPS program provides critical capabilities to military, civil
and commercial users around the world. In addition, GPS is the
backbone for modernizing the global air traffic system, weather,
location services.
 Long Term Evolution (LTE)
LTE is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for
mobile phones and data terminals. It is based on the GSM/EDGE and
UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the capacity and speed
using new modulation techniques. Its related with the implementation
of forth Generation (4G) technology.
 WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) WiMAX
is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40
MBPS data rates, with the latest update providing up to 1 GBits/s for
fixed stations. WiMAX offers a metropolitan area network with a
signal radius of about 50 km. More data rates than DSL, but Bandwidth
must be shared among multiple users and thus yields lower speeds in
practice.
 Near Field Communication (NFC)
 NFC is a set of standards for Smartphones and similar devices to
establish radio communication with each other by touching them
together or bringing them into close proximity, usually no more
than a few centimeters.
 Present and anticipated applications include contactless
transactions, data exchange, and simplified setup of more
complex communications such as Wi-Fi. Communication is also
possible between an NFC device and an unpowered NFC chip,
called a "tag".
 Application Mobile Computing
 Mobile Computing is used in various sectors like
 Vehicle
 For emergency
 In business
 In entertainments
 In mobile payment
 marketing
 Characteristics of Mobile Computing
 Ubiquitous(anywhere any time)
 Location awareness(GPS)
 Adaption:- the ability of adjust the bandwidth fluctuation
without in convenience the user.
 Broadcast- efficiently deliver to housed of user
 Personalization: service in mobile environment can be
easily personalize according to the user profile
 Drawback of Mobile Computing
 Disconnection- network fail(as its wireless connection)
 Bandwidth variation: high variation of bandwidth exist
 Heterogeneous network- different device, interface and
protocols
 Security risk- high (if not encrypted)
 Low bandwidth
 Resource poor mobile element- limited resource(battery,
hardware etc)

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