EXPERT SYSTEMS

What are Expert Systems?

The expert systems are the computer applications developed to solve complex problems in a
particular domain, at the level of extra-ordinary human intelligence and expertise.
Characteristics of Expert Systems
• High performance
• Understandable
• Reliable
• Highly responsive
Capabilities of Expert Systems
The expert systems are capable of −
• Advising
• Instructing and assisting human in decision making
• Demonstrating
• Deriving a solution
• Diagnosing
• Explaining
• Interpreting input
• Predicting results
• Justifying the conclusion
• Suggesting alternative options to a problem
They are incapable of −
• Substituting human decision makers
• Possessing human capabilities
• Producing accurate output for inadequate knowledge base
• Refining their own knowledge
Components of Expert Systems
The components of ES include −
• Knowledge Base
• Inference Engine
 • User Interface
Let us see them one by one briefly −

Knowledge Base
It contains domain-specific and high-quality knowledge.
Knowledge is required to exhibit intelligence. The success of any ES majorly depends upon the
collection of highly accurate and precise knowledge.
What is Knowledge?
The data is collection of facts. The information is organized as data and facts about the task
domain. Data, information, and past experience combined together are termed as knowledge.
Components of Knowledge Base
The knowledge base of an ES is a store of both, factual and heuristic knowledge.
• Factual Knowledge − It is the information widely accepted by the Knowledge Engineers
and scholars in the task domain.
• Heuristic Knowledge − It is about practice, accurate judgement, one’s ability of
evaluation, and guessing.
Knowledge representation
It is the method used to organize and formalize the knowledge in the knowledge base. It is in the
form of IF-THEN-ELSE rules.
Knowledge Acquisition
The success of any expert system majorly depends on the quality, completeness, and accuracy of
the information stored in the knowledge base.
The knowledge base is formed by readings from various experts, scholars, and the Knowledge
Engineers. The knowledge engineer is a person with the qualities of empathy, quick learning,
and case analyzing skills.
He acquires information from subject expert by recording, interviewing, and observing him at
work, etc. He then categorizes and organizes the information in a meaningful way, in the form of
IF-THEN-ELSE rules, to be used by interference machine. The knowledge engineer also monitors
the development of the ES.
Inference Engine
Use of efficient procedures and rules by the Inference Engine is essential in deducting a correct,
flawless solution.
In case of knowledge-based ES, the Inference Engine acquires and manipulates the knowledge
from the knowledge base to arrive at a particular solution.
In case of rule based ES, it −
• Applies rules repeatedly to the facts, which are obtained from earlier rule application.
• Adds new knowledge into the knowledge base if required.
• Resolves rules conflict when multiple rules are applicable to a particular case.
To recommend a solution, the Inference Engine uses the following strategies −
• Forward Chaining
• Backward Chaining
Forward Chaining
It is a strategy of an expert system to answer the question, “What can happen next?”
Here, the Inference Engine follows the chain of conditions and derivations and finally deduces
the outcome. It considers all the facts and rules, and sorts them before concluding to a solution.
This strategy is followed for working on conclusion, result, or effect. For example, prediction of
share market status as an effect of changes in interest rates.
Backward Chaining
With this strategy, an expert system finds out the answer to the question, “Why this happened?”
On the basis of what has already happened, the Inference Engine tries to find out which conditions
could have happened in the past for this result. This strategy is followed for finding out cause or
reason. For example, diagnosis of blood cancer in humans.

User Interface
User interface provides interaction between user of the ES and the ES itself. It is generally Natural
Language Processing so as to be used by the user who is well-versed in the task domain. The user
of the ES need not be necessarily an expert in Artificial Intelligence.
It explains how the ES has arrived at a particular recommendation. The explanation may appear
in the following forms −
• Natural language displayed on screen.
• Verbal narrations in natural language.
• Listing of rule numbers displayed on the screen.
The user interface makes it easy to trace the credibility of the deductions.
Requirements of Efficient ES User Interface
 • It should help users to accomplish their goals in shortest possible way.
• It should be designed to work for user’s existing or desired work practices.
• Its technology should be adaptable to user’s requirements; not the other way round.
• It should make efficient use of user input.
Expert Systems Limitations
No technology can offer easy and complete solution. Large systems are costly, require significant
development time, and computer resources. ESs have their limitations which include −
• Limitations of the technology
• Difficult knowledge acquisition
• ES are difficult to maintain
• High development costs
Applications of Expert System
The following table shows where ES can be applied.

Application Description

Design Domain Camera lens design, automobile design.

Diagnosis Systems to deduce cause of disease from observed data,

Medical Domain
conduction medical operations on humans.

Comparing data continuously with observed system or with prescribed

Monitoring Systems
behavior such as leakage monitoring in long petroleum pipeline.

Process Control Systems Controlling a physical process based on monitoring.

Knowledge Domain Finding out faults in vehicles, computers.

Detection of possible fraud, suspicious transactions, stock market

Finance/Commerce
trading, Airline scheduling, cargo scheduling.

Expert System Technology

There are several levels of ES technologies available. Expert systems technologies include −
• Expert System Development Environment − The ES development environment
includes hardware and tools. They are −
 o Workstations, minicomputers, mainframes.
o High level Symbolic Programming Languages such as LISt Programming (LISP)
and PROgrammation en LOGique (PROLOG).
o Large databases.
• Tools − They reduce the effort and cost involved in developing an expert system to large
extent.
o Powerful editors and debugging tools with multi-windows.
o They provide rapid prototyping
o Have Inbuilt definitions of model, knowledge representation, and inference design.
• Shells − A shell is nothing but an expert system without knowledge base. A shell provides
the developers with knowledge acquisition, inference engine, user interface, and
explanation facility. For example, few shells are given below −
o Java Expert System Shell (JESS) that provides fully developed Java API for
creating an expert system.
o Vidwan, a shell developed at the National Centre for Software Technology,
Mumbai in 1993. It enables knowledge encoding in the form of IF-THEN rules.
Development of Expert Systems: General Steps
The process of ES development is iterative. Steps in developing the ES include −
Identify Problem Domain
• The problem must be suitable for an expert system to solve it.
• Find the experts in task domain for the ES project.
• Establish cost-effectiveness of the system.
Design the System
• Identify the ES Technology
• Know and establish the degree of integration with the other systems and databases.
• Realize how the concepts can represent the domain knowledge best.
Develop the Prototype
From Knowledge Base: The knowledge engineer works to −
• Acquire domain knowledge from the expert.
• Represent it in the form of If-THEN-ELSE rules.
Test and Refine the Prototype
 • The knowledge engineer uses sample cases to test the prototype for any deficiencies in
performance.
• End users test the prototypes of the ES.
Develop and Complete the ES
• Test and ensure the interaction of the ES with all elements of its environment, including
end users, databases, and other information systems.
• Document the ES project well.
• Train the user to use ES.
Maintain the System
• Keep the knowledge base up-to-date by regular review and update.
• Cater for new interfaces with other information systems, as those systems evolve.
Benefits of Expert Systems
• Availability − They are easily available due to mass production of software.
• Less Production Cost − Production cost is reasonable. This makes them affordable.
• Speed − They offer great speed. They reduce the amount of work an individual puts in.
• Less Error Rate − Error rate is low as compared to human errors.
• Reducing Risk − They can work in the environment dangerous to humans.
• Steady response − They work steadily without getting motional, tensed or fatigued.
Components of an expert systems

Knowledge Base
The component of an expert system that contains the system’s knowledge is called its
knowledge base. This element of the system is so critical to the way most expert systems are
constructed that they are also popularly known as knowledge-based systems.

Inference Engine
Simply having access to a great deal of knowledge does not make you an expert; you also
must know how and when to apply the appropriate knowledge. Similarly, just having a
knowledge base does not make an expert system intelligent.

The system must have another component that directs the implementation of knowledge.
That element of the system is known variously as the control structure, the rule interpreter,
or the inference engine. The inference engine decides which heuristic search techniques are
used to determine how the rules in the knowledge base are to be applied to the problem.

User Interface
The component of an expert system that communicates with the user is known as the user
interface. The communication performed by a user interface is bidirectional. At the simplest
level, we must be able to describe our problem to the expert system, and the system must
be able to respond with its recommendations.