UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS UNIVERSITEITSEKSAMENS

UNISA [z of south africa

PYC3701 (a97981) OctoberiNovember 2019

Social Psychology
70 Marks
Duration 2 Hours
EXAMINERS :
FIRST PROF Z CAKATA MR K MBATHA
MRS K SHIRINDA-MTHOMBENI
SECOND DR FT SILINDA
EXTERNAL MR MJ ABDOL
Closed book examination.
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ThlnmmmafionMmpawmnnln-mepropenyoflmumnnyo
removed from the examination venue.

reading sheet, pius 1 sheet for

This paper consists of 13 pages, nstructions for completion of a mark
rough work on page 14

After completing your answers, you must hand in the following"

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() The examination paper. (Ali the pages must be handed in)

paper consists of 70 items. Your mark will be converted by the computer to a

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Answer the following multipte choice questions on the mark reading sheet

Read the mstructions for completing the mark reading sheet before answering the questions.

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Use only a SOFT PENCIL to answer the questions.

Place the completed mark reading shest in your script

1 Left-handers compnse about 10 percent of the world's population. Sophie Is left-handed and
prefers left-handed men. She 1s going to be introduced to Wiliam. She has been
truthfully
informed that Wilham 1s either a left-handed psycholinguist or a left-handed used car salesman
from the Gauteng region of South Africa If Sophie makes good use of base rates, which of the
following outcomes should she expect?

William 15 a left-handed psycholingusst.

ENFTY NN

Willlam 1s a new car salesman from the Gauteng region of SA.

She has been misinformed about Willlam's existence as a crude statistical prank.
William 1s a used car salesman from the Gauteng region of SA, who also happens to be
lefi-handed

2, High levels of stress and multiple competing demands for our attention and abilies
can reduce
our mental processing capactty. These situations can lead to - - - - -

1 nformation overload
2. schema development
3 the representativeness heuristic
4. cognitive withdrawal

3 Those things that are easier to recall tend to have a greater impact on subsequ
ent judgments and
decisions. This fact 1s known as - - - - - X

1 automatic pnming
2, the base rate heurstic
3 the availabllity heunistic
4, the recency effect

4 Juanita finds that she has been given too much information about different
new cars and therr

1 non-automatic processing
2 information overioad
3. anchoring and adjustment
4, the representativeness heuristic

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Judging individuals based on their similarty to typical members of a group 1s known as the

1 availability heunstic
2 automatic priming
3 anchoring heunistic
4 representativeness heuristic

Julia often eats at Kentucky Fried Chicken, a restaurant located in a brick building, despite the
fact that her eating there has resulted in bad indigestion several tmes She avouds the well-
respected African Bamboo restaurant close to her home, because it is in a wooden building. Julia's
eating habits are probably being guided by - - - - - .

the availability heuristic

an ant-Afnican prejudice
sop=

the anchoring and adjustment heunstic

an addiction to fried snacks

If you were a convicted defendant facing sentencing for a crime you have committed, based on
anchoring and adjustment research, what would you want the judge to do before she sentences
you?

Give a light sentence to another criminal for a simitar crime

Give a harsh sentence to another criminal for a more severe crime.
EaR ol

Read a treatise on the death penalty versus life impnsonment.

Roll double sixes 1n a lunchtime game of monopoly with her bailiff.

Ellen’s boyfniend has taken her out to dinner at a very exclusive restaurant. Eilen notices that he
can't seem to sit still dunng the meal, and s constantly rubbing his left knee, scratching an itch,
or pulling his earlobe This type of body language usually indicates - - - - -

1. emotional arousal
2. correspondent inference
3 nothing, it cannot be interpreted without more information
4. some sort of physical allment
T
he process whereby we seek to know and understand others is - - - - - and frequently make use
of - .
Social awareness; not really canng about people
SR

social attribution; impression management

social consistency; correspondence bias
ENR

social perception, nonverbal communication

10. There are five basic channels of nonverbal communications. These are - - - - -

1. facial expressions, eye contact, body movements, posture and touching

2 touching, eye contact, body movements, vocat tone and facial expressions
3 body movements, facial expressions, posture, attnbutions and vocal tone
4 body movements, posture, facial expressions, eye contact and attnbutions

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11 According to Kelley's theory, behaviours that anse because of an individual's trarts, motives, or
intentions are - - - - - caused, while those behaviours that anse because of some aspect of the
social or physical environment are - - - - - caused

1 ambiguously, distinctively
2. genetcally, environmentally
3 externally; internally
4 nternally; externally

12 Abbie noticed that Kayla spends time talking to almost everyone she meets at work and believes
that this 1s because Kaya is a friendly, outgoing person In fact, Kayla Is rather shy and withdrawn
most of the time, but her job at a local bank requires that she talk with most of the bank's customers
peniodically Abbie's incorrect perception of Kayla can be attributed to - - - - -

1 a discounting error
2 the correspondencs bias
3 idiosyneratic behaviour
4. her perceptuat salience

13. People who tell more hies tend to be - - - - - This supports the idea that people lie in order to

1 less popular, deceive others maliciously

2 incompetent, cover up therr famiies
3 moare popular, to help protect the other person
4 mentally unstable; cover up weaknesses of character

14 Jason has been told that he should make sure to shake hands with the interviewer when he
applies for a job, and that this handshake should be firm, vigorous, and lasta long ime According
to research (Chaplin et al., 2000), f Jason follows this advice, the nterviewer may think that Jason

1 shghtly disagreeabie but very outgoing

2 relatively shy and hughly conscientious
3 outgoing and willing to try new things
4 a bit neurotic and somewhat outgoing

15. Nisbett and Wilson (1977) showed that after an action we examine our - - - - - and generate
----- reasons for why we acted in a certain way
1 behawiour, often inaccurate
2 feelings, mostly accurate
3. attitudes, highly insightful
4 behaviour mostly complex

16 Bobby Ray argues that - - - - - would change his life forever 1t is likely that Bobby Ray would be
----- a year later than he would now predict.

1 winning the lottery, not as happy

2 having a bad car accident, even less happy
3. winning the lottery but failing to tum in the ticket on time, angrier
4 having a bad car accident and having to get around in a wheelchaur, less optimistic

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17. George was Iistening while a friend descnibed him to someone else on the telephone His friend's
description included “fnendly, taller, active” and similarterms As a resuit, George ts now probably
thinking of himself in terms of - - - - -.)

collectivist relationships
EAR S

indeterminant relationships
Intergroup comparisons
intragroup comparisons

18. When Jeremy was recently asked to descnbe himself to his classmates, he spoke about being a
member of the football team and how this helped to make his expenences different from those of
other students in the class Jeremy was pnimarly making - - - - - comparisons

1 extragroup
2 intergroup
3 individual
4 Intragroup

19 Our self—concept varies periodically because - - - - -

1 we do not expenence all aspects of our self—concept simultaneously.

2 our subjective expenence of in-groups and out-groups changes over tme.
3 our experiences cause subtle changes in our personaliies.
4. our intergroup compansons changes over time.

Kayla has decided to get a body piercing Her expectation ts that she might well receive - - - - -
byfirom her mom's mainstream fniends This wili ikely cause herto - - - - - dentify with - - - - -, .

1 rejection; more closely; others who have a body piercing

2. acceptance, more closely, others who have a body piercing
3. rejection, less closely, other kids at school
4 rejection; more closely, kids who were forced to give up their body piercing

21 Atttudes are - - - - -

1 the mechamism we use to reduce dissonance.

2 the mechanism we can use %o protect ourselves from unwanted views of ourselves
3 our evaluations of different aspects of the social world.
4, our evaluations of ourselves
often by an
According to the process of instrumental conditioning behaviour will be displayed
individuat if - - - - -

1 it 1s reinforced
2. the individual sees a role mode! perform the action
3. it 15 ignored
4 itis preceded by a pleasant subiminal stmulus

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23. We hold values similar to and identify with, - - - - -

1 members of our referance group(s)

2 members of our age group
3. people who dress similarto ourselves
4. we base our choices strictly on individuating cues

24, Classical conditioning suggests that people can leamto - - - - - .

1 dislike stimuli to which they are initially neutral

2 dislike stmuli which gives them some sort of punishment
3 form evaluations only in the presence of others
4. prefer stimuli only after careful evaluation

25 Tony disagrees with a certan political commercial, When the commercial comes on, he
)immediately switches the television channel. This is an example of - - -
- -.
formulating counterarguments
ol o
Eall

attitude polansation
selective avoidance
selective attention

Attitudes formed on the basis of direct personal experience with the

object are generally - - - - -
more likely to have a weak effect on behaviour
LIPS

more likely to have a strong effect on behaviour

less likely to have a strong effect on behaviour,
less likely to have any effect on behaviour

27 Juan feels unsure about the correctness of his atiitude about

a new rule at his job He may feel
more correct in his attitude if - - - - -

1. he simply lets management do its Job

2, he thinks more generally about the costs and benefits of his
job.
3 he finds out that most of his coworkers share his attitude
4, a management person helps him see the wisdom of the new
rule.
28 Alisa wants to run for elected office in her state Given stereotypes
about the most appropriate
Jobs for females, her two best shots for winning would be or
- - - - -.
1. comptroller; attorney general
2 education dept head; human services director
3 comptroller; education dept head governor
4, attorney general, human services director

29 One result of tokenism Is that it - --- -

can damage the self-esteem and confidence of tokenized individ

increases the likelihcod of minority group protests.
uals.
increases the likelhood of affirmative action lawsuits.
@

helps to maintain the perception that the existing system Is

unfair.

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30. In a study, participants were told an Afncan-American student had been discnminated
against in the grading of a paper and had etther complained about it or dealt with it by
accepting responsibility. Participants evaluated the student - - - - - mthe----- condition
than in the - - - - - condition.

1 more negatively; complaint, responsibility

2. more positively; complaint; responsibility
3 about the same, complaint; responsibiiity
4. more stereotypically, complaint; responsibility

31 The idea that prejudice s caused by direct competition between social groups for scarce
resources is known ag - - - - - .

superardinate goals theory

social identrty theory
Ll

realistc conflict theory

ol

ultimate attribution error

32 Gender-based discrimination affects a substantial proportion of the population by- - - - - .

1. blocking women'’s progress In the workplace

2. blocking men disproportionately from technical careers
3 affecting women'’s status in the social world more generally
4 increasing the level of mantal discord

Differential actions taken fowards members of specific social groups are known as - - - - - .

1. discrimination
2. minimal groups
3. prejudices
4, incidental feelings

In a study, Jews were asked to think about Jews and Germans as two separate groups, or
as part of one larger group, humans Jewsin the- - - - - condition indicated they were
----- to forgive Germans for the past.

1. second; more likely

2. first; more likely
3. second; less likely
4 first; equally iikely

35. Newborns are predispased to jook toward faces in preference to other sumuli This offers
evidence that there is - - - - - .

no evolutionary rationale for why humans would show a high affiliation need
a decrease In affiliative behaviour at the communtty level
pon

a neurobiological basis for the need to affilate

not an automatic response to facial cues

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36 Bruce has a relatively high need for affiliation. As such, he would lkely - - - - -

show Jess emotional involvement in a relationship

not express a desire to marry right after college
BN

avoid making negative comments to fellow workers

prefer to spend as much time alone as possible

37 An individual’s strongest atbtudes are usually acquired through - - - - -

1 cognitive processes
2 social learning
3 parental influence
4 direct experience

38 People with a-- - - - attachment style often expenence - - - - - stress when they have conflict
with a relationship partner.

secure, less
RN

fearful-avoidant; less
preoccupied; less
FETY

dismissing, less

39 The door-in-the-face technique 1s based on the - - - - - principle of compliance.

reciprocity
friendship/iking
SR

social validation
commitment/consistency
40 The type of social influence that occurs when one person orders anather to perform some action
and the other person then complies 1s known as - - - - -

1 Obedience
2 Conformity
3 Ingratiation
4 Comphance

41 Th e degree of security an individual feels In interpersonal relationships 1s referred to as her or

1 attachment style
2 mother-infant bonding
3 basic attitudes toward interactions
4 introjected caregiver information

42 All of the factors that bind group members together into a coherent social entity are collectively
knownas----- .

1 social norms
2. sociat Influences
3. cohesiveness
4 ingratation

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People who see others picking up litter In a parking lot are less likely to itter. This observation can
best be explained by - - - - -

1 descniptive normative theory

2. conformity pressure
3 normative focus theory
4. situational norms

After seeing a commercial for sneakers supposedly designed by the basketball star Michael
Jordan, Dave decides to rush out and buy a pair Dave has been influenced as a result of the
comphance principle of - - - - -

1. commitment/consistency
2. scarcity
3 fnendship/iking
4 authonty
45, Pointing out incidental similarties between ourselves and those whom we wish to influence 1s
basedonthe----- principle of compliance.

1 social validation
2 reciprocity
3. authonty
4 friendship/liking

Fred, Tshepo, Ben, and Larry are research participants who were individually exposed to
the bona fide pipeline procedure. After seeing a picture of Taxi dnvers, each was shown the
word “bad” The number of seconds it takes for Fred, Tshepo, Ben, and Larryto respond to
the word “bad” 1s 5.2, 38, 2.1, and 4.4, respectively On the basis of this information, which
of these individuals MOST likely holds the greatest amount of negative attitudes towards
Taxi drivers?

47. One emotional response that can be expenenced when individuals become aware of harmful
wrongdoing by members of their own in-group is - - - - -

1 collective guilt
2, empathy
3 benevolent racism
4 respect

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The contact hypothesis is based on the idea that - - - - - .

1. dacreased contact between group members is necessary for the reduction of prejudice
2. contact between members of different social groups has no long-lasting effect on the
levei of prejudice expsrienced by group members
3. increased contact between members of different soclal groups can help to reduce
prejudice between the groups
4 prolonged contact with prejudiced members of society will increase one's
own level of
prejudice

Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of
different emotional responses to the target group. From this perspective, prejudice ansing
from anger may result in behaviours that try to - - - - - 3

1. avoid feelings of guilt and sympathy for the out-group

2. protect the in-group’s status position
3. harm the out-group directly
4. camoufiage the prejudice to the extent possible

Which of the following is NOT a reason on your text ist for the current trends in empathy?

1. Afocus on individual self-esteem

2. Reality shows
3. Social media
4. War

51. Individuals who are in stressful shuations frequently experience an increase in their need to
affiliate with others in a similar situation. This may be because - - - - - 3

1 affilation with others in similar sruations may increase our sense of belongingness
2, such affiliations provide opportunities for social comparisons
3 affiliation with others in similar situations may increasour
e sense of isolation
4, others who are In similar situations may better know what to do

The principle of proximity suggests that the - - - - - .

distance between individuals determines which of their physical characteristics are most
likely to be noticed
distance between individuals indicates whether one individual 1s attracted to another
op

physical closeness between individuals helps determine the probability that repeated
contact will be experienced
distanca between individuals determines who can interact with whom
&~

Dave has Just been shown a composite face of 20 women. He will likely rate this face as
g

----- in attractiveness.

1 average
2. exceptionally below average
3. below average
4. above average

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Suppose that during a conversation with one of your best friends, you discover that she disiikes
social psychology and your professor. You, on the other hand, like both of these things very
much. Under these conditions, your relationship with your friend can be described as

1 balanced
2. rebalanced
3. imbalanced
4. nonbalanced

Our evaluations of strangers tend to be higher when - - - - - .

1 there are indications that the stranger's attitudes and beliefs are different from ours
2 there are indications of differences i attitudes and beliefs but similartties in behaviours
3. we know that some beliefs are dissimilar, but some attitudes are similarto ours
4 we know that they share atttudes and beliefs that are similar to ours

56. According to balance theory, nonbaiance exists when - - - - -

two people like each other and discover they are dissimilar in some way
two people discover they are dissimilar in some way but neither like nor dislike each
P

other
one person likes the other and the other person dislikes the first
b0

two people dislike one another

57. The proportion of similanty is predictive of the degrese of attraction betwsen two people - - - - -

when discussions are between females and females

when discussions are between males and females
Eal

regardless of the importance of the topics they discuss

ol

when discussions are of topics that are important to the individuals

58, Suppose Diane and Mark, as first year university students, are assigned accommodations
nght next door to each other. Shortly thereafter, they begin dating, and after college, they
wed. The factor that would be MOST responsible for their inial acquaintance is - --- - 3

need for affilation

shared attitudes and beliefs
swps

repeated exposure due to proximity

physical attraction

The vast majorty of the stereotypes based on appearance are mostly - - - - -

inaccurate
inaccurate for younger people but relatively accurate
for older people
poos

accurate for men and women

accurate for females

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60 Jealousy seems to stem in part from - - - - - 3

1 threats to self-efficacy
2. threats to self-esteem
3 lowered need to affiliation
4. insecure attachment style
61 Pressures toward conformity have a stronger effect on our behaviour when - - - - - .

1 we observe a particular group of persons engaging in irrational behaviour

2, the group we observe Is very small
3. different members of a particular group are saying or dotng different things
4. we like and admire a particular group of persons

Imagine that you are at the park with a friend one day when you and your friend see someone
casually throwing a sandwich wrapper on the ground Your friend comments, “How rude! People
should not hitter”, and picks the trash up to drop it in a nearby rubbish bin Your friend’s words
represent - - - - -
1 a descriptive norm
2, environmental awareness
3 symbolic social influence
4. an injunctive norm

Normatve focus theory says - - - - - .

1. norms will influence behaviour only when they are salient

2. our behaviour focuses attention on relevant norms
3. norms are the focus of much of our behaviour
4, norms focus our attenton on inappropnate behaviour

One of the factors associated with compliance is friendship. This is because we are more - - - - -.3

1. willing to comply with those who can provide us with scarce resources if they choose to do
so
2. willing to comply with requests that are consistent with our other behaviours and beliefs
3. resistant to requests that come from those who hold a posttion of authority over us
4. willing to comply with requests from friends or from those we like than with requests from
strangers or people we dislike

65 Your best fiend Nombuso has recently wamed you against giving anyone you don't know well a
nde home from a party Recently you attended a party and spent the whole night reminiscing with
other fnends about fun times you had all shared with Nombuso Later a stranger approaches you
and asks for a nde home, because your relational schema s activated, you will most iikely - - - - -

refuse to give the stranger a ride

ENSY S

give the stranger a nde if they look friendly

give the stranger a nde if they look like Nombuso
refuse to give the stranger a nide because they look nothing ke Nombuso.

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66. In Milgram's (1965) experiment in which research participants were ordered to deliver dangerous
electrical shocks to individuals who made mistakes in learning word pairs - - - - - of the participants
showed total obedience by delivering 450-volt shocks to the learners.

1 50 percent
2 85 percent
3. 35 percent
4 65 percent
67. One way to help people become more resistant to commands from authorities that may lead to
destructive behaviours ist0 - - - - - X

1 expose people to the positive effects of obedience to authorihes

2 remind people that they-not the authorities are responsible for any harm done
3 expose people to the negative consequences of disobedience to authories
4 remind people that challenges to authority can sometimes be met with violence

68 Actions that benefit others without providing any direct benefit to the actor are known as - - - - -

1 heroism
2, self interest
3 kin selection
4 prosocial behaviour

69 Whenthere are many bystanders during an emergency, the probability of receiving help 1s reduced
This is because of - - - - - .

1 the diffusion of responsibility that occur

2 selective altruism
3. inclusive fitness
4 the empathy-aftruism hypothesis

70. Bystanders fraquently fail to respond to an emergency because no ane else Is responding. We
tend to rely on what others say and do when we are not sure of the nature of the situation or of
what behaviours to engage in Thisisknownas - - - - -

1. diffusion of responsibility
2, the altruistic personality effect
3 pluralistic ignorance
4, selective altruism
TOTAL: [70]

DID YOU WRITE YOUR STUDENT NUMBER, COURSE CODE AND UNIQUE NUMBER ON THE
MARK READING SHEET?

®
UNISA 2019

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