Kingdom

CHAPTER
Classification I

2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Classification and its need
" Advantages of classification
" Characteristics of each kingdom
with suitable examples
Monera: Bacteria -Shape;
useful bacteria, harmful bacteria
Protista: Amoeba - Basic
s reproduction by binary and
multiple fission)
Fungi: Basicstructure of mould,
nutrition andrespiration in
mould, useful fungi, harmful
fungi (applications related to
daily life)
" Plantae: Characteristícs and
structure and life processes
examples
(nutrition, locomotion,
respiration, excretion and Animalia: Characteristics and
examples

CLASSIFICATION AND ITS NEED

Each organism in this world, whether it is aplant, an animal or amicroorganism (viruses, bacteria,
unicellular eukaryotes), is unique in itself. Currently, there are about 1.7-1.8 million organisms, all of
which are different from one another.

Taxonomy is a biological science Let'sDo It LS

which deals with the identification,
nomenclature and classification of Find out the names of the following animals and plants in as
organisms. One of the functions many languages as you can:
1.Rat 5.Lion 9.Ant 13.Potato
of ataxonomist or
systematist 1s
to provide a scientific name for
2.Cat 6.Dog 10.Housefly 14.Neenm
7.Wolf 11.Honey bee
eVery living creature. The need for
3.Bat 15.Mango
4.Tiger 8.Peacock 12.Lotus
auniform
international system
of naming is obvious. Note that these names are not related with the names you
Common normally use to identify them.
Vernacular names for the same plant
Or animal vary from Skills: Research, Identification,Interpretation
region to region.
Forotherexamplcountries-house
e
e, the birdthatsparrowwe know as Gauraiya in Hindiin India and Pakistan is known by different nanes in
in England, Pardal in Spain, Muschin Holland, Suzunein Japan, and so on. It
is, therefore, Important to have asingle scientific name to be followed all over the world.
 ADVANTAGES OF CLASSIFICATION In biology, every organism is given two proper
names. First is the name of the genus to which
The method ofarranging organisms into groups This genus name be
an organism belongs. closely related
or sets on the basis of similarities and differences is shared among a number of other
is similar to a person's
called classification. organisms. A genus name this name with
shares
Classification of living organisms has the surname. The organism
just as we share our
following advantages: other members ofits genus, ofour family
members
surname with other
1. Classification makes the study of awide second name is the name of the
Anorganism's
variety of organisms easy. This name is specific
of all species to which it belongs.
2. Classification projects before us a picture question and the name is not
to the organism in that
life forms at a glance. organism in
shared with any other
to understand the
3. Classification is essential particular genus.
interrelationships among different groups of The scientificnames are
unique, understood and
not changed
organisms. followed all over the world. They are
of rules in the
easily. They are guided by a set Nomenclature.
base for the
4. Classification forms a
development of other Biological Sciences. International Code of Biological
the
For example, Biogeography which is As per the convention, the genus
name (generic
study of geographical distribution of plants name) is always written first with
its first letter
and animals is totally dependent on the is
capitalised. Species name (specific name)letter is
information supplied by classification. written after the genus name and its
first
individual
always in small case. Both names of an
written, both the
are printed in italics. When hand
Kingdom
names are underlined, e.g.,
similarit
Decreasi
Phylum/Division Rana tigrina = Frog
(Genus) (species)
Class Both names are usually Latin names or have
Latin endings. One may question that why is it
necessary to use a dead" language to refer to a
Order
organism? Why not use every day English, Hindi,
French, Spanish or Russian? for one thing, Latin
Ihcreasing
similarity Family is a hold over from the times when scholars
communicated in this tongue. (hold over means
Genus
to remain beyond the expected time). In order
to distinguish each kind of organism in language
that is precise, uniform and understandable to
Species investigators throughout the world, a formal
system of Latin nomenclature is used.
Fig. 2.1 Biological classification system

34 Kingdom Classificationl
 the binomial nomenclature Individuals of the same species resemble each
lions full name is Panthena leo: other closely both structurally and functionally.
is the genus name andlois its species
the genus Panthena also inchudeS Genus: It is a group of species which are related
and have less characters in common as compared
Halanimals:such as tiger and leoparnd. The
tievópvuyvrname is Panthera tigris, leopards to species. Members of a genus have identical
and snow leopards Panthena reproductive organs. For eg, banyan and fig trees
differ fronm each other in vegetative characters
scientitic name of human species is such as shape, size and surface of leaf, but
where Homois ageneric name and resemble in their reproductive organs such as
inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed. Thus, they
Sia this sstem of naming involves giving belong to the same genus Ficus.
two nanmes,,it is known as the binomial Family: It is represented by a group of related
nendature. It wasdeveloped and tirst of all genera that are more similar to each other than
usad in nanming plants and animals by Linnaeus in with the genera of other families. For eg, a cat
his hok entitled Species Plantarum, which was (Felis domestica) and a lion (Panthera leo) belong
plishad in 1753. Linnaeus has been considered
to the cat" family Felidae. They both possess
as the Father of Taxononmy", since he developed similar structure and have retractive claws.
the binomial system ot nomenclature and a system
of dasitication. Order: It is an assemblage of families resembling
one another in a few characters. For eg, a tiger
Boch in animal and plant kingdoms, the lowest (Panthera tigris) and a wolf (Cannis lupus) share
category is aspecies and hghest is akingdom; rest the common characteristics such as jaws with
of the categories lie within this framework. The
powerful incisors and large, sharp canines,
categories in the hierarchy are placed in ascending adapted for flesh-eating. Hence, both are placed in
order (Fig 21). As we go upwards from the species the same order Carnivora.
towards the kingdom, the number of similar
characters decreases. Class: It represents organisms of related orders.
For eg, chordates such as rats, dogs, bats, dolphins,
LS camel, rhinoceros, kangaroo and monkeys
Let's Do It
belong to the class Mammalia as they have a
Find out the scientific names of any five
characteristic hairy exoskeleton, mammary (milk)
common animals and plants. Do these names glands, external ear, etc.
have anything in common with the names you
normally use to identify them. For example, Phylum: It includes all organisms belonging to
margosa tree in Hindi is called neem, in different classes having a few common characters.
Marathi limba and in Tamil Vembu. For eg, all animals which have a notochord
present in the embryo belong to the phylum
Species: It is abasic unit for understanding Chordata.
taxonomy as well as evolution. Species is a Kingdom: It includes all organisms who share a
group of individuals with similar morphological set of distinguishing common characters. For eg,
Characters, which are able to breed among themselves Plant kingdom, Animal kingdom, etc.
and Iproduce fertile ofsprings of their own kind.

Kingdom Classification I 35
 eukaryotic
CHARACTERISTICS OF FIVE 2. Kingdom Protista (Unicellular algae).
organisms--protozoans, fungiand
KINGDOMS higher fune
(Multinucleate
Whittaker (1959) has classified the living 3. Kingdom Fungi
(Multicellular green plants
organisms into following five kingdoms (= broad 4. Kingdom Plantae
and advanced algae).
categories): (Multicellular animals)
Kingdom Animalia
1. Kingdom Monera (Prokaryotic bacteria and 5.
blue-green algae).
lack a
Unicellular primitive organisms;
and other cell
well-defined nucleus
KINGDOM autotrophs
MONERA
components; have cell wall;
or heterotrophs

Unicellular organisms; have a

KINGDOM well-defined nucleus; autotrophs
PROTISTA or heterotrophs

FIVE-KINGDOM Unicellular or multicellular organisms;

have a well-defined cell wall; heterotrophs;
KINGDOM
SYSTEM OF FUNGI
CLASSIFICATION occur in damp and moist places

KINGDOM multicellular organisms; have a well-defined

PLANTAE
cell wall; mostly autotrophs

KINGDOM multicellular organisms; do not have a

ANIMALIA cell wall; heterotrophs

Test Your Understanding

Fill in the blanks.
is a biological science which deals with the identification, nomenclature and
1
classification of organisms.
is
2. The method of arranging organisms into groups or sets on the basis of similarities and differences
called
3. name (specific name) is written after the genus name and its first letter is always
in small case.
4 classified the living organisms into five kingdom.

36 Kingdom Classification I
KINGDOM MONERA Structure
Monera has originated from the Greek 1. Bacteria are unicellular (single-celled).
ThetermM
Monens.It means single.
word 2. They are prokaryotic as they lack true well
Bacteria is the only member of kingdom defined nucleus.
1.
Monera. 3. Bacteria also lack other membrane-bound
2. They are the most abundant microorganisms organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplast.
onearth.
4. They are microscopicorganisms. They are the
3. Theyare visible only through the microscope. smallest and most plentiful on earth.
4. Theyarefound almost everywhere on earth,
5. Most of them have a rigid cell wall.
even in extreme conditions such as bot
springs, deserts, snow, deep oceans and the
6. The whip-like structure called flagella help
the bacteria in locomotion.
places where very few life forms can survive.
7. They are known as decomposers in the
Depending on their shapes, bacteria are of four biosphere.
types - Coccus, Bacillus, Vibrium and Spirillum.
Shapes of Bacteria

Coccus Bacillus Vibriumet isd

Spirillum
pl: cocci pl: baccilli pl: vibrio pl: spirilla

Spherical Rod Shaped or cylindrical Comma shaped Spiral

Cocci Bacillus Vibrio Spirillum

Fig. 2.2 Different shapes of bacteria

Capsule Cell wall
Plasma membrane
(sticky coating) (provides rigidity)

Flagella
Pili DNA
Fig. 2.3 Bacterial cell

Kingdom Classification I 37
KINGDOM MONERA Structure
Monera has originated from the Greek 1. Bacteria are unicellular (single-celled).
Theterm
Moneres.It means single.
word 2. They are prokaryotic as they lack true well
Bacteriais theonly member of kingdom defined nucleus.
1.
Monera. 3. Bacteria also lack other membrane-bound
2. Theyarethe most abundant microorganisms organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplast.
oncarth.
4. They are microscopic organisms. They are the
3. They arevisible only through the microscope. smallest and most plentiful on earth.
4. They are found almost everywhere on earth, 5. Most of them havea rigid cell wall.
even in extreme conditions such as hot 6. The whip-like structure called flagella help
springs, deserts, snow, deep oceans and the the bacteria in locomotion.
places where very few life forms can survive.
7. They are known as decomposers in the
Depending on their shapes, bacteria are of four biosphere.
types - Coccus, Bacillus, Vibrium and Spirillum.
Shapes of Bacteria

Coccus Bacillus Vibrium Spirillumoso

pl: cocci pl: baccili pl: vibrio pl: spirilla

Spherical Rod Shaped or cylindrical Comma shaped Spiral

Cocci Bacillus Vibrio Spirillum

Fig. 2.2 Different shapes of bacteria

Cell wall
Capsule Plasma membrane
(sticky coating) (provides rigidity)

Flagella
Pili DNA
Fig. 2.3 Bacterial cell
Kingdom Classification | 37
 38
Nutrition 1.
Table dailiyfe.useful
Bacteria 2.
ification
Kingdom I 6. No. S. Bacteria
Harmful again. under
cellswithstand by
Under
Bacteria
5 4. Reproduction
3 2 1. spore but i.e., A They own Some
organicchemoautotrophs.
2. large
l based depend they
Mycobacterium
leprae Common can play favourableunfavourable could food are
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Helicobacter botulinum
pyloriClostridium
Clostridium
tetanianthracis
Bacillus formation.reproduce
extreme majority
on be an
and matter
do autotrophic, from
the
categorised onnot be
important
conditions photoautotrophs
diseases applications Useful conditions mainly forother
prepare of inorganic
The
conditions, food. them
Bacteria
Name asrole bacterial organisms i.e.
caused and by their
harmful in and binary are substances. they
related Bacteria become they
by our germinatespores heterotrophs,
own synthesise
lives. or or
various to or reproduce fission. onfood
active can dead
bacteria their

for
genetic
Paenibacillus,
fixationfermentation, bacteria
Useful
The typhoid.causestoxins. cause They
Leprosy
Tuberculosis Gastritis Botulism TetanuS Anthrax conveniently
condition. by hands.
moistincreasing bacterialDrying example, There
Harmful
bacteria
blowing useful live are
In Know? and
YouDoengineering, For
tuberculosis, diseases
hands in
and the count
out contrast, Escherichia etc.
Cyanobacteriapickling, bacteria example, the many
peptic bacteria
the with by
by bodies
45
They producing bacteria
Disease bacteria using paper Salmonella
ulcers to production include Mycobacterium
by a 60 colipreparation play of
up
hand towel thewhichare
that percent aidshelps Lactobacillus,
important
to waste host
are 255 dryer reduces in in of typhi
living
percent on digestion.
nitrogen
biofuels, of products
organismsharmful
(Continue) aids your
the antibiotics, roles causes
tuberculsis
in in Bacillus
a etc. in forus.
called and
 Slime nucleus) Table
and PROTISTA
KINGDOM
eukaryotic Inis No.S.
9 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1 2.2 10. 9. 8. 7
unicellular
molds). group
such Uses
includes
organisms Streptomyces Rhízobia Lactobacillus Escherichia
Lactic Lactobacillus
acidophilus Bacillus
and
coli Paenbacillus
Bifidobacterium Streptococcus
pneumonige cholera
Treponema
pallidium
Some fungi as Cyanobacteria of VibSal
rio moneltlyaphi
unicellular various
acid
of
(Oomycota
these (with many and
acetic
Bacteria
name useful
algae, kinds
organismswell-defined
of acid
bacteria
and
protozoans unicellular bacteria
use

heterotrophic
Examples. or be
Chlamydomonas; (e.g., (e.g.,
appendages,
autotrophic role Used and Fixesproblems Helps Supportsdigestion SyphilisPreurmonia Cholera Typhoid
Euglena).
Paramecium) relatedMaking in antibiotics
Preparing
Aids Nitrogen ControllingInhibits
in makes
soil inatmospheric in
Unicellular such making the
ecology it
probiotics the healthy fixation pH
(e.g.,Their available formation growth
protozoans).
diatoms (e.g., or as level
mode hair-like antibiotics; nitrogen,
unicellularwhip-like that digestive in
ssification
Kingdom I algae; aquatic in cf Use
and for help of the
pathogenic
of plants
Chlorella, nutrition cilia
protozoans. play including in
milk system
habitat itestine
algae,
flagellumk digestion from
an
important bacteria
diatoms) can ammonia
yoghurt
by
39
 40
phagocytosis.
1. the Nutrition
The Amoeba (false They
have cell Amoeba
projections hasAmoeba
ssification
Kingdom I Ingestion:
following process Mitochondria
membrane. a
feet) well-defined Flagellum Nucleolus
in Nucleus
nutrition,called is
steps The finger-like,
of cytoplasm-filled a Fig.
called
Amoeba obtainingfood single-celled
process pseudopodia. They 2.4
in nucleus.
pseudopodia. Amoeba: excretion Examples Paramecium
has do Euglena Macronucleus
temporary of not
eukaryotic
nutrition by have It
Amoeba and is of Micronucleus
They surrounded protista
When locomotion. a
definite
finger-like includes is help organism. Contractile
projections reticulumMembrane
vacuoleapparatus GolgiChloroplastEndoplasmic
a called
food shape. by
a It Cilia

in
flowmovement.
The Locomotion
byThe
any pseudopodia.
direction 4. 3. 2.
of locomotion Contractile
vacuole out
direction
cytoplasm. it. food.of food
vacuole Food ruptures
Egestion: fooddiffusion. Assimilation: molecules.
is solubledown enter foparticle
od
of In absorbed Digestion:
Fig. the this vacuole
vacuole
of the the particle
for the This in 2.5 Amoeba. way, once The This comes
They food food
engulfingmovement Amoeba Structure the the celdisappears
l directly
to The
is the food The vacuole.
molecules and near
can amoeboid
called undigested
undigested
membrane food
enzymes forms
Membrane whole then into it,
prey.extend takes of
depends They amoeba
Amoeba
after spreads the in
Amoeba the into secreted food a
pseudopodia placeOWIZ food food of the cytoplasm further
Pseudopodia Nucleus the food small
on vacuole.engulfs
is absorption cell. from
collects by
the thrown Amoeba vacuole and break the
The the by the
in cell
 Parent
cell reproduction
divides Amoeba diffusion. the entdiesrssol
Oxyge
v ed
n gas cell In
D. 2. 1.State Reproduction membrane, Amocba,
Respiration Endoplasm
Amoeba Bacteria
Ihe Bacteriawhether into
carbon into
Understanding
process Your
Test reproduces
possess is two dioxide the respiration
reproduces the true
called Amoeba also
of daughter -Pseudopodium
Ectoplasm
obtaining only given called
well-defined false.or binary by in
by member
Daughter
nuclei the out bythe takes
the food nuclei. process
fission. diffusion.
surroundingplasma
leaves place
process nucleus. of
by Then Fig.
Amoeba kingdom Fig. The of the membrane.
Similarly, through
of the asexual cell 2.6
2.7 nucleus water
asexual by the Locomotion
isMonera. Binary
called The
reproduction Cytoplasm
divides
fission
phagocytosis. releases develops
favourable parts.nuclei.divides d Thus,
conditions. also ancytoplasm in
in -New
Amoeba pseudopodiurn
split
called Amoeba Each The again undergoes two
multiple around to
conditions,cytoplasmpart daughter
Here, produce around
binary and Surface
number encloses the
again hard a
multiple
fission. cel l. more cells the attachments
the is daughter
ification
ingdom I daughter
cells
Two divided
ofcyst one thus covering The fission new are
daughter nucleus. formingnucleus formed
breaks into cells. Waves
called in nuclei
cells. openUnderseveralseveralunfavourable
of Amoeba divides.that of
the cyst grow undulations
and cells
41
 Parent
cell divides Amoeba
reproduction einrsoxygen
tohe gas cell In
C. I. State Reproduction diffusion.carbonthe entdissolved Endoplasm
membrane,
RespiAmoeba,ration
Amoeba inBacteria
e Bacteria
whether
Understanding Your
Test intoreproduces
process dioxide
possess is two respiration
reproduces the
called Amoeba . also -Ectoplasm
of true daughter -Pseudopodium
obtaining only given called
well-defined or binary by in
false. Daughter
nuclei the Similarly,
diffusion. he takes
by member out bytplasma
nuclei. process
fission. surrounding
the food leaves place
process of
nucleus.
by Then
kingdom the membrane.
through Fig.
Amoeba Fig. The of
of the asexual cell 2.6
2.7 nucleus water
asexual by the Locomotion
is Monera. Binary
called The
reproduction Cytoplasm
divides
fission
phagocytosis. releases
favourableparts.nuclei.divides
develops Thus,
conditions. also andcytoplasm in -New
Amoeba pseudopodium
in
called Amoeba Each The undergoes split two
multiple again to
around daughter
binary part
conditions,cytoplasm Here, produce around
and Surface
fission.
number encloses again themultiple a
cell . hard more cells the attachments
sification
Kingdom I the is daughter
daughter
cells
Two one thus covering
ofcyst divided The fission new are
daughter nucleus. forming
nucleus formed
breaks cells.
into called in nuclei Waves
unfavourable that
cells. openUnderseveralseveral of Amoeba divides. of
the cyst grow undulations
and cells
41
 42 FungiFUNGI
mode makeKINGDOM
oforganisms.
nature.
observation see over downwards (sing:These
chapatti,surface as as Bread
BreadMould fungi
fungiDepending
on
cotton
Observation:
wil Procedure:
bread Materials Aim:
sification
Kingdom I mycelium. cottony are
the this the appear Let'sDo
It are mould
similar glass like in Study of hypha). (e.g. -nutrition. They their
thread-like
portion plate bread, the thread-likewhite mushrooms); on ownnon-green,
They
in slidegrowth on Required:
Take of as show
your
structure A rotten
Mostly, The is the
the white and the roots. or food lack
and and with a mass a
multicellular
notebook moist keep piece growth cheese.
These food hyphae fungishape, either and
observe add cotton-like A the filaments on multicellular
chlorophyl.
as the it of slice
given in of material.
hyphae are the and (e.g. there parasitic are
ahelpbread.
dark bread. ofbread hyphae Some
and under drop rotten sac bread heterotrophs
bread, called fungus. are
label the in of ofTakegrowth and Spray
a
hyphae collectively
grow fungi They
ewater
thtoothpick. are It bread. three or plant-like
it
diagram. small
a warm water, mould may mould); saprophytic
microscope.
using with some called grow onhyphae It (yeast).
cannot
to on he
betknown appears types
it. portion small place water plate, a a in
your Place Place piece club of
Draw
black for
textbook. You of twotoothpick,on a of
your coverslip a the this
wil portion spots it bread. Mucor. Some sporangiophores.
blackknown called
to to Sporangiophore Sporangium Sporangiophores rhizoids.
three make
slide, common dots as
Experimentation,
Observation
Skills: days. it spore
on Some
moist.
coverslip, the
Rhizopus
Fi2.g8. bread
Fig. Place surface sacs. bear hyphae
2.9 moulds The a
the and
Bread of
spore sac
grow
moist
microscope rotten of
are upwards
mould piece Rhizoids sacsspores
Rhizopus food
of
appear at
Spores material their and
Stolon and are
as
EL tips
 2. 1. disorder
Mental ears)
Ringworm respiratory
system,
oreyes | Table ofThbete ween air.where The takeMoulds the
hyphae.absorbs
PLANTAE
KINGDOM Aspergillosis
(infection of
cell.
the
organelles.
elulose has They eXceptPlantae gaseshyphae Moulds growth in Respiration
2.3
digestimive crfolothswsact opitcspreademnacayintegdreipaeln,Rhds icpus
a Disease takes the
there oxygen have the s
Nutritsiison
nucleus are for through on
includes Some grows draw is of digested
eukaryotes, some no aerobic
enzymes along tubes.
containing Diseases
humans in
place soil moulds and the saprnutrioephytnts ic,
and diseases particles. oxygen heir
tin
primitive byinto sunlight release food The
membranemulticellular is mode
food the wallThese btaionebd
means the s. hyphae
This T
cell that caused food tubes
medium
soil
from (or seencarbon
Cryptococcus
neoformans niger
Trichophyton Aspergillus of material secrete
fungiThe
wall is,
relatives Name of in
their by
and the little respiration. frommeans
occurs bound organisms
diffusion air humiddioxide. material. contain the of
by
of fungi the sunlight) back
each of the trapped fungus dead that
means
exchange places It
into cytoplasm
around cellular algae. fungus through They also and it
cell of
inand

6. 4. Loose Early Bitter in

5. niger, toxinsbreadHarmful
earlyfungi poisoning.
aspergillosis, delicacies
mushrooms breweries
make recycling used natural
remainsUseful Pungi an inthe
InReserve large
covered (oil/fat).
(membrane). A smut blight rot
humans hyphal
plant mature Disease
blight cause and soft
commercially, can open
of Trichophyton, which, fungi:
of
central of of apple moist fungi:
and across fluffy for scavengers.
the
cell cells food barleypotato of
diseases Several are plants atmosphere. be walls,
plant ringworm, if
Diseases
plantsinpotato
nutrients Pungiharmful
ofvacuole the
source
ingested, foodplants.Some manufacturing and
organellesthere
fungi in and Moulds
plants commonly such etc. world. They
in substances. fungi spongy
of different backanimals. decompose or
ication
ingdom I are bound Alternaria
Ustilago
nuda solani plants. etccause
. Moulds
is
Colletrotrichum
gloeosporioides as such can food. make useful. can
double
called starch Name bitter in cause produce to
possesses diseases as grow They
bread. and the
industries also
by humans. in
theThus, the
of rotAspergillus They soil. soil
plastids.
membrane andtonoplast the food Some
bakeries
of ondiseases are theydead, exchange
lipids a fungus apple such release stale Yeastfertile
single
Various enjoyedspecies such act
Some as to isdecaying
byas gases
and as
43 as of
 44
5. 4. 3. 2. 7.
1.
ification
Kingdom I Locomotion Most forms.
lower size ANIMALIA
KINGDOM plastids
Animals
maturity. wall.
reachingGrowthAnimals Animals help
eyNutrition
th(chlorophylls).
animals and
are of
Frog symmetry. chlorophyll
generally of are
have Aquatic
plants able possess
is animals in
required are heterotrophic to plants
mobile
eukaryotic They
possess perform photosynthetic
Exceptions is
limited present is are
for
(locomotary). autotrophic
obtaining a in cells photosynthesis. called
Fig. definite and
nutrition. in
occur which chloroplasts,
2.11 stops chloroplasts.
Fig. pigments
as
food shape,
in lack
Different some after 2.10 with
cell plants the
Shark Different Desert
types
7. 6.
of Animals types 9. 8.
organs
contraction.which
different acorals),
Sponges and
animals Movements
muscular presence Body
branches.of
presenceGrowth
other of
and also plants form
have parts however, and
organ provides systenm.occur necessities of in
organisation of cnidarians of duetplants
growing
the the
system in are is
Information
stimulus body animals plants
immobile. (e.g., Mountain plants generally
Sponges points.
level. (e.g., is
of by dwelling,
cellular, nervousto with Hydra, irregular
muscles is indefinite
conveyed the
tissue, system help Obelia,mate). due
for to
to of
 Summary Phagocytosis: Classification:
Species:
themselves Taxonomy:
differencesorganisms 1735.inused
nomenclature, a
Keywords his Carl
membrane. Paenibacillus,
pseudopodia. to
the BothClassification
etc. development
Amoeba Bacteria til systeSwedi
m Scientist
sh Your
AnimalsPlantaeFungiRhizopusMostly, understand Linnaeus Know
categories A date.
in botanist
of
decompose andgroup A
includes
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45
 46

A.
ssification
Kingdom I
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1.
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as
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forms and as organelles
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assification
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and
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it. highest

47
 48
1. E.
Draw
ssification
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Define12. 11. 10. 8
()vegetableReema
(ii)vegetables. 1.
5. 4. 3. 2.Answer 9.

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49