SSC GK
SSC GK BATCH 2.0
Chemistry
Is Matter Around Us
Pure
Lecture :- 1
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C
SS
IS MATTER AROUND US
R
A
RM
PA
What is matter?
- -
Anything that has a fixed volume/mass occupies some space
Eg: phone, laptop, water, air
-
Panch Tatva by Indian Philosophers
-
1. Air
2. Earth
C
3. Fire
4. Sky
5. Water
SS
Properties of Matter
-
1. Particles of matter have space b/w them
2. Particles of matter are continuously moving
3. Particles of matter attract each other
States of matter
R -
due to movement
A
-
Space Kinetic Energy Movement
-
Force of attraction
-
-- -
Low Low Low High
Solid
RM
Medium -
Medium
an Medium Medium
↑
Liquid
High Low
aHigh High Low
I
Gas
PA
Shape change -It may break
Solid
-
-
Has definite shape, distinct boundaries, negligible compressibility
Effect of Change of Temperature
Temperature↑- Force of attraction↓-Movement of particles↑ - Space↑
Heat Heat
Solid -> Liquid - Gas
Eg: Ice -> Water -> Vapour
Effect of Chsnge
-
Ba of Pressure
Solid CO2
-
Solid -
Pressure
Gas
Gas ->
I
Pressure
Solid
Liquification of gas: Temperature ↓
X
C
-
Pressure ↑
SS
Change in Matter
-
R
A
Temp↑
Gas -> Plasma (gas ionisation)
RM
A ↓
4th state of matter
Predicted
↓
I
S. N Bose and Einstein, 1924 -> Visualised
Cooling at
I Gas -> Bose-Einstein Condensate (5th state of matter)
OK ↓
PA
v (Bosons particle)
Absolute zero
W
#
Eric Cornell -> By using Rubidium 87 atoms ->Crude
Boson Boson
↓ ↓
(Scientist)
(1995) ↓
-In lab 1st time in 2001
+
Bosons particles ↓
Awarded Nobel Prize in Physics
created
Favourable Condition for Evaporation
-
Liquid -> Gas
1. Increase in Temperature
2. Increase in Surface Area
3. Increase in Wind Speed
T
-->
Rate of evaporation↑
4. Increase in Humidity -> Rate of Evaporation↓
C
Classification of Matter
SS
-
R
A
RM
What is Pure Substance?
-
Substances that is made up of only one type of particle
I
It has uniform composition and properties
-> eg: Sugar crystal, iron piece, salt, distilled water
PA
lemonade
. . .
-> impure
. . .
- - ↑
---
.....
~
.
↓
-
Impure
I
-
↓ ↓
H2O Fat Protein
H2O salt sugar
Element-Iron rod, H2
-
Basic form of matter can’t be broken into simple substances
Compound - H O (water)
-
2
Can be broken into simple substances
Mixture
C
-
↑
Two or more different type of substance particles
-
Don’t have fixed composition
SS
Types
-
- Homogenous Alloy -can be seen with naked
I Heterogenous -> Eg: Sand eyes
Homogenous Mixture
-
I
Has a uniform mixture throughout
Also known as “Solutions”
R
Cannot be separated by physical process
Solid-Liquid
-
A
↳ Liquid-Liquid
: Solid-Solid - Eg: Alloy
Gas-Gas Pure Air
RM
·
->
·
Small particle size - A<1
> nm diameter
Heterogenous Mixture
--
Has a non-uniform composition
PA
Constituents can be separated through physical properties
-
Also called “suspension”
-
Particle size >10 nm diameter
C
SS
- - --
Sand, sand solution -
Lemonade, alloy
Tyndall Effect - Scattering of light
particle size A><1 nm
Homogenous -> Will not scatter light ->
-
Heterogenous - Will scatter
- -
not scatter
dete
u
R
light light
↳ particle size >10 nm (large)
homogenous heterogenous
M ↑
A
RM
.
Concentration of Solution
-
Solute
Two components
I
Scattering of light
Solvent
PA
Eg: Tincture of Iodine (Antiseptic) -> Solution of Iodine in Alcohol ↓
Tyndall effect
I I
Solute Solvent
↑
Saturated solution -> Not much solute can be dissolved
I
Concentrated Solution -> Solute > Solvent
I
Dilute Solution -Solvent > Solute
~ Concentration of Solution = Amount of Solute
-
Amount of Solution
-
Mass by % = Mass of Solute x 100
-
Mass of Solution
40 g ->
Salt - Solvent
-
Ques. Solution
I 160 g - Water->Solvent
--
Mass by %?
C
Sol
- -
n
40 X 100
40 + 160
SS
-
40 x 100
-
200
= 20%
Colloidal Solution
-
1. Disperse Phase
R
A
2. Disperse Medium
·
Particle size ->1 nm ->10 nm
-
It appears to be homogenous but actually is heterogenous
RM
Eg: milk, starch solution ->Colloidal
-
Shows Tyndall Effect
Separation of Components of a Mixture
-
· Dye from ink - Evaporation
W Different colours from dye -> Chromatography ->Drug from blood
PA
Colour
↓ -> Pigment from natural colour
- Cream from milk -> Centrifugation - sublime
I
Mixture of salt and ammonium chloride/naphthalene/anthracene -> Sublimation (solid to gas)
I Two immiscible liquid -> Separating funnel
↓
oil in water
↑ Two miscible liquid ->Distillation
↓
(Acetone and water) ↳Boiling point is significant different
& If Boiling Point different less than 25 K -> Fractional Distillation
Eg: Air
Physical and Chemical Changes
-
Physical Changes: matter changes form but not chemical identity
-
·
It is reversible
C
Eg: melting, shredding, boiling, chopping
Chemical Changes: A chemical reaction forms new product
SS
Iron oxide layer deposition
-
/
It is irreversible -
Eg: combustion, rotting, rusting, digestion
Burning of candle Both physical and chemical changes
-
-
W
Cutting of fruits Physical
Milk turning into curd
R
Chemical
A
-> Thread: chemical change
bi
Wax: physical change
RM
/
Behaviour uniformity: Gas
10% of glucose in water means: 10 g of glucose dissolved in I
100 g of
90 g of water
water
PA
/
Water can be separated by Chemical methods
~
Brass is a homogenous mixture
/ In sugar solution: sugar is solute, water is solvent
I
Brass is solution of molten copper in solid zinc
I Blood and Sea are heterogenous mixture
-
Cooking of food and digestion of food: both are chemical changes
C
SS
R
A
RM
PA
