1.

import java.util.Scanner;

public class SquareCalculator {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter the side length of the square: ");

double sideLength = scanner.nextDouble();

// Calculate area (sideLength * sideLength)

double area = sideLength * sideLength;

// Calculate circumference (4 * sideLength)

double circumference = 4 * sideLength;

System.out.println("Area of the square: " + area);

System.out.println("Circumference of the square: " + circumference);

scanner.close();

2. import java.util.Scanner;
3.
4. public class CircleCalculator {
5. public static void main(String[] args) {
6. Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
7.
8. System.out.print("Enter the radius of the circle: ");
9. double radius = scanner.nextDouble();
10.
11. // Calculate area (π * radius^2)
12. double area = Math.PI * Math.pow(radius, 2);
13.
14. // Calculate circumference (2 * π * radius)
15. double circumference = 2 * Math.PI * radius;
 16.
17. // Display results with two decimal places
18. System.out.printf("Area of the circle: %.2f%n", area);
19. System.out.printf("Circumference of the circle: %.2f%n", circumference);
20.
21. scanner.close();
22. }
23. }

3.

a. Comma Operator (,)

 The comma operator evaluates multiple expressions and returns the value of the last
expression.

 It is often used in for loops or to combine expressions.

 Example:

Java

int x = 10, y = 20, z;

z = (x++, y++, x + y); // z will be 30 (x + y)

AI-generated code. Review and use carefully.

b. Increment/Decrement Operators (++ and --)

 These operators increase (++) or decrease (--) the value of a variable by 1.

 They can be used as prefix or postfix operators.

 Example:

Java

int count = 5;

int incremented = ++count; // incremented is 6

int decremented = count--; // decremented is 6 (count becomes 5 after this line)

AI-generated code. Review and use carefully.

c. Assignment Operator (=)

 The assignment operator assigns a value to a variable.

 Example:

Java

int age = 25;

AI-generated code. Review and use carefully.

d. Relational Operators (<, >, <=, >=, ==, !=)

  These operators compare two values and return a boolean result (true or false).

 Example:

Java

int a = 10, b = 20;

boolean isGreater = (a > b); // false

boolean isEqual = (a == b); // false

AI-generated code. Review and use carefully.

e. Logical Operators (&&, ||, !)

 Logical operators combine boolean expressions.

 && (AND) returns true if both expressions are true.

 || (OR) returns true if at least one expression is true.

 ! (NOT) negates the value of an expression.

 Example:

Java

boolean hasPermission = true;

boolean isLoggedIn = false;

boolean canAccess = hasPermission && isLoggedIn; // false

AI-generated code. Review and use carefully.

f. Conditional Operator (Ternary Operator) (? :)

 The conditional operator evaluates a condition and returns one of two values based on the
result.

 Syntax: condition ? value_if_true : value_if_false

 Example:

Java

int score = 75;

String result = (score >= 60) ? "Pass" : "Fail"; // "Pass"

4.

1. Local Variables:

o Local variables are declared within a specific block of code (such as a method, loop,
or conditional statement).

o They are only accessible within that block.

 o Example:

Java

public void calculateSum() {

int a = 10; // local variable

int b = 20;

int sum = a + b;

System.out.println("Sum: " + sum);

AI-generated code. Review and use carefully.

2. Method Parameters:

o Method parameters are also local variables.

o They are declared in the method signature and represent values passed to the
method.

o Example:

Java

public void greet(String name) {

System.out.println("Hello, " + name + "!");

AI-generated code. Review and use carefully. Instance Variables (Fields):

o Instance variables (also known as fields) are declared within a class but outside any
method.

o They hold values specific to an instance (object) of the class.

o Example:

Java

public class Student {

String name; // instance variable

int age;

AI-generated code. Review and use carefully

3. Class Variables (Static Variables):

o Class variables (static variables) are shared across all instances of a class.

o They are declared using the static keyword.

 o Example:

Java

public class MathUtils {

public static final double PI = 3.14; // class variable

AI-generated code. Review and use carefully.

4. Block Scope:

o Variables declared within a block (such as a loop or conditional statement) have

block scope.

o They are accessible only within that block.

o Example:

Java

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

System.out.println(i); // i has block scope

AI-generated code. Review and use carefully.

5. Nested Scopes:

o Scopes can be nested (one inside another).

o Inner scopes can access variables from outer scopes, but not vice versa.

o Example:

Java

int x = 10; // outer scope

if (x > 5) {

int y = 20; // inner scope

System.out.println(y);

AI-generated code. Review and use carefully.