EXP.

NO : DATE:

CHARACTERISTICS OF MIC COMPONENTS USING NETWORK

ANALYSER

AIM:

To analyze the magnitude and phase response of the following microwave circuits and
obtain their relevant parameters using Vector Network Analyzer.

i. Low Pass Filter

ii. Band Pass Filter

EQUIPMENTS, DEVICES AND COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

1. Vector Network Analyzer-ANRITSU MS203

2. Microwave Filters
3. Connectors

SPECIFICATIONS:

i. Frequency range: 30kHz to 15GHz or better.

ii. Frequency accuracy: <= 2ppm.
iii. Directivity and load match: >=27 for 30kHz to 15GHz.
iv. Measurement speed: 500us/point.
v. Transmission dynamic range: >=100dB @ 3GHz.

THEORY:

NETWORK ANALYSER:

Vector Network Analyzers are used to test component specifications and verify
design simulations to make sure systems and their components work properly together.
Today, the term “network analyzer”, is used to describe tools for a variety of “networks”. For
instance, most people today have a cellular or mobile phone that runs on a 3G or 4G network.
In addition, most of our homes, offices and commercial venues all have Wi-Fi, or wireless
LAN “networks”. Furthermore, many computers and servers are setup in “networks” that are
all linked together to the cloud. For each of these “networks”, there exists a certain network
analyzer tool used to verify performance, map coverage zones and identify problem areas.
INTERNAL BLOCK OF THE VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZER:
 From mobile phone networks, to Wi-Fi networks, to computer networks and the to the
cloud, all of the most common technological networks of today were made possible using the
Vector Network Analyzer that was first invented over 60 years ago. R&D engineers and
manufacturing test engineers commonly use VNAs at various stages of product development.
Component designers need to verify the performance of their components such as amplifiers,
filters, antennas, cables, mixers, etc. The system designer needs to verify their component
specs to ensure that the system performance they're counting on meets their subsystem and
system specifications. Manufacturing lines use Vector Network Analyzers to make sure that
all products meet specifications before they're shipped out for use by their customers. In
some cases, Vector Network Analyzers are even used in field operations to verify and
troubleshoot deployed RF and microwave systems.

How does a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) work?

A Vector Network Analyzer contains both a source, used to generate a known

stimulus signal, and a set of receivers, used to determine changes to this stimulus caused by
the device-under-test or DUT. The stimulus signal is injected into the DUT and the Vector
Network Analyzer measures both the signal that's reflected from the input side, as well as the
signal that passes through to the output side of the DUT. The Vector Network Analyzer
receivers measure the resulting signals and compare them to the known stimulus signal. The
measured results are then processed by either an internal or external PC and sent to a display.

What is a Vector Network Analyzer used for?

Vector Network Analyzer’s perform two types of measurements – transmission and

reflection. Transmission measurements pass the Vector Network Analyzer stimulus signal
through the device under test, which is then measured by the Vector Network Analyzer
receivers on the other side. The most common transmission S-parameter measurements are
S21 and S12 (Sxy for greater than 2-ports). Swept power measurements are a form of
transmission measurement. Some other examples of transmission measurements include gain,
insertion loss/ phase, electrical length/delay and group delay. Comparatively, reflection
measurements measure the part of the VNA stimulus signal that is incident upon the DUT,
but does not pass through it. Instead, the reflection measurement measures the signal that
travels back towards the source due to reflections. The most common reflection S-parameter
measurements are S11 and S22 (Sxx for greater than 2-ports).
TABULATION:

LPF BPF

FREQUNCY |S21| Phase S21 FREQUNCY |S21| Phase S21

(GHz) (GHz)
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the DUT with the VNA using the appropriate connectors.
2. In the measure menu,
i. Select the S-parameter as S21.
ii. Choose number of traces as two to visualize both magnitude and phase
simultaneously and set graph types appropriately.
3. Using the frequency menu, select the centre frequency and span frequency or the start
and stop frequencies.
4. In the scale menu, adjust the scale between vertical divisions of the graph using
Resolution per Div.
5. Using the markers, note down the values to plot the frequency response.

RESULT:
Thus the magnitude and phase response of the following microwave circuits were plotted
and their frequency parameters were obtained using Vector Network Analyzer.

i. Low pass filter, fc =

ii. Band pass filter, BW=
EXP.NO : DATE:

STUDY OF PROTOTYPE WSN

AIM:
a) To create a virtual instrument using NI LABVIEW for continuously monitoring
temperature acquired but the thermocouple measurement sensor node in the prototype
WSN.
b) To create a virtual instrument using NI LABVIEW for continuously monitoring voltage
acquired by analog measurement sensor node in the prototypeWSN.

EQUIPMENTS,COMPONENTSAND DEVICESREQUIRED:
1. PC running NI software.
2. NI WSN 3212 thermocouplenode.
3. NI WSN 3202 Analognode.
4. NI WSN 9791 Ethernetgateway.
5. Ethernet cable.

THEORY:
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK(WSN)
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an infrastructure-less wireless network that is
deployed in a large number of wireless sensors in an ad- hoc manner that is used to monitor the
system, physical or environmental conditions. Sensor nodes are used in WSN with the onboard
processor that manages and monitors the environment in a particular area.They are connected to
the Base Station which acts as a processing unit in the WSN System. Base Station in a WSN
System is connected through the Internet to share data. WSNs monitor physical or environmental
conditions, such as temperature, sound, and pressure. Modern networks are bi-directional, both
collecting data and enabling control of sensor activity. The development of these networks was
motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. Such networks are used in
industrial and consumer applications, such as industrial process monitoring and control and
machine health monitoring.
A WSN is built of "nodes" – from a few to hundreds or thousands, where each node is
connected to other sensors. Each such node typically has several parts: a radio transceiver with an
internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a microcontroller, an electronic circuit for
interfacing with the sensors and an energy source, usually a battery or an embedded form
of energy harvesting. A sensor node might vary in size from a shoebox to (theoretically) a grain
of dust, although microscopic dimensions have yet to be realized. Sensor node cost is similarly
variable, ranging from a few to hundreds of dollars, depending on node sophistication. Size and
cost constraints constrain resources such as energy, memory, computational speed and
communications bandwidth. The topology of a WSN can vary from a simple star network to an
advanced multi-hop wireless mesh network. Propagation can employ routing or flooding.
OUTPUT:
Components of WSN:

1) Sensors:
Sensors in WSN are used to capture the environmental variables and which is used for data
acquisition. Sensor signals are converted into electrical signals.
2) RadioNodes:
It is used to receive the data produced by the Sensors and sends it to the WLAN access
point. It consists of a microcontroller, transceiver, external memory, and power source.
3) WLAN Access Point:
It receives the data which is sent by the Radio nodes wirelessly, generally through the internet.
4) Evaluation Software:
The data received by the WLAN Access Point is processed by a software called as
Evaluation Software for presenting the report to the users for further processing of the data
which can be used for processing, analysis, storage, and mining of the data.

WSN can be used for processing, analysis, storage, and mining of the data.
Applications of WSN:

 Internet of Things (IOT)

 Surveillance and Monitoring for security, threat detection
 Environmental temperature, humidity, and air pressure
 Noise Level of the surrounding.
 Medical applications like patient monitoring
 Agriculture
 Landslide Detection
Challenges of WSN:

1) Quality of Service
2) Security Issue
3) Energy Efficiency
4) Network Throughput
5) Performance
6) Ability to cope with node failure
7) Cross layer optimisation
8) Scalability to large scale ofdeployment

PROCEDURE:

1) A Prototype WSN with a thermocouple node, a voltage control node and Ethernet
gateway is created. Power supply is provided for the nodes.
2) The gateway is connected to the PC installed with NI LABVIEW.
3) NI LABVIEW project is opened to include WSN gateway module. The inclusion of
all the WSN nodes is verified.
4) A Virtual instrument is created by drag and drop of the necessary indicators and
tools. WSN signal to be monitored and / or controlled is selected.
5) Virtual instrument is run and the temperature and analog voltage measurement
is done.
6) Threshold controls are created and its functioning is verified using
LED/graphical indicators.

RESULT:
The virtual instrument using NI LABVIEW for continuously monitoring
temperature acquired by thermocouple measurement and voltage acquired by analog
measurement sensor node in the prototype WSN is created and verified.
EXP.NO: DATE:

STUDY OF WIRELESS NETWORKS USING NETSIM

AIM :
To and analyse the performance of the following wireless networks using NETSIM

i) GSM Network
ii) CDMA Network
iii) Zigbee based PAN

SOFTWARE REQUIRED :
TetCos NetSim

THEORY:

GSM:
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. GSM is an open and
digital cellular technology used for mobile communication. It uses 4 different frequency bands
of 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz . It uses the combination of FDMA and
TDMA. This article includes all the concepts of GSM architecture and how it works.

GSM is having 4 different sizes of cells are used in GSM :

 Macro : In this size of cell, Base Station antenna is installed.

 Micro : In this size of cell, antenna height is less than the average roof level.
 Pico : Small cells’ diameter of few meters.
 Umbrella : It covers the shadowed (Fill the gaps between cells) regions.

Features of GSM are :

 Supports international roaming

 Clear voice clarity
 Ability to support multiple handheld devices.
 Spectral / frequency efficiency
 Low powered handheld devices.
 Case of accessing network
 International ISDN compatibility.

GSM is nothing but a larger system which is divided into further 3 subsystems.

BSS : BSS stands for Base Station Subsystem. BSS handles traffic and signaling between a
mobile phone and the network switching subsystem. BSS having two components BTS and
BSC.
GSM:

CDMA:
NSS : NSS stands for Network and Switching Subsystem. NSS is to core network of GSM.
That carried out call and mobility management functions for mobile phone present in network.
NSS have different components like VLR, HLR and EIR.

OSS : OSS stands for Operating Subsystem. OSS is a functional entity which the network
operator monitor and control the system. OMC is the part of OSS.

CDMA:
CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. It is basically a channel access
method and is also an example of multiple access. Multiple access basically means that
information by several transmitters can be sent simultaneously onto a single communication
channel.

There are multiple users which are provided or assigned variant CDMA codes and thus
the users can access the entire band of frequencies or the whole bandwidth. This method does
not limit the frequency range of the user. Hence, with the help of CDMA, multiple users can
share a band of frequencies without any kind of undue interference between them. CDMA
makes the use of spectrum technology along with analog to digital conversion(ADC). It is thus
used by various radio communication technologies. Mainly, it is used for mobile
communication.

Characteristics of CDMA

 It allows more users to connect at a given time and thus provides improved data and
voice communication capacity.
 A full spectrum is used by all the channels in CDMA.
 CDMA systems make the use of power control to eliminate the interference and noise
and to thus improve the network quality.
 CDMA encodes the user transmissions into distinct and unique codes in order to secure
its signals.
 In CDMA systems all the cells can thus use the same frequency.
 CDMA systems have a soft capacity.Thus there is no particular limit to the number of
users in a CDMA system but with increase in the number of users the performance
degrades.

Advantages

 Increased user capacity is an advantage of the CDMA as it supports a lot more users in
comparison to TDMA or FDMA.
 CDMA is more secure as the information transmitted is below the noise floor making
the intrusion of the spectrum difficult.
 CDMA systems have comparatively fewer dropouts than GSM. Thus, it can also be
used in rural areas.
 The cost of the calls in CDMA is lower in comparison to the cost in GSM.
 CDMA provides a high quality of voice with almost no noise during the calls.
ZigBee PAN:
  Using CDMA problems like multipath and fading do not occur.
 CDMA has a very low power requirement.

Disadvantages:

 CDMA lacks the facility of international roaming which is provided by GSM.

 Since there is no limit to the number of users the system performance degrades with an
increase in the number of users.
 Self-jamming problem occurs in CDMA systems because of loss of orthogonality.
 The problem of channel pollution occurs in CDMA systems which thus degrades the
quality of audio.
 Since most of the mobile companies use GSM thus there is a lack of handsets for
CDMA technology.

ZigBee:
ZigBee is a Personal Area Network task group with low rate task group 4. It is a technology of
home networking. ZigBee is a technological standard created for controlling and sensor the
network. As we know that ZigBee is Personal Area network of task group 4 so it is based on
IEEE 802.14.4 and it is created by Zigbee Alliance.

Architecture of Zigbee:

Zigbee architecture is a combination of 6 layers.

 Application Layer
 Application Interface Layer
 Security Layer
 Network Layer
 Medium Access Control Layer
 Physical Layer

The Application layer is present at the user level.

The Application Interface Layer, Security Layer and Network Layer are the Zigbee Alliance
and they are used to sore data and they uses stack.

Medium Access control and the Physical layer are the IEEE 802.15.4 and they are hardware
which are silicon means they accept only 0 and 1.

Types of ZigBee Devices:

 Zigbee Coordinator Device – It communicate with routers. This device is used for
connecting the devices.
 Zigbee Router – It used for passing the data between devices.
 Zigbee End Device – It is the device which is going to be controlled
OUTPUT OF CDMA:
PROCEDURE:

GSM:
1) Create Scenario: “Help_NetSim Help_Running Simulation via GUI_Cellular
Networks_Create Scenario”.
2) To view the output by using Netsim sample experiments need to be added onto the
Analytics interface. Give below is the navigation for analytics – “Simulation_Analytics”.
3) Select the experiments by selecting Cellular Networks.
4) Select the experiments(Note: Click one experiment after another to compare experiments
in the analytics interface)
5) Select the metric: Call Blocking Probability.

CDMA:
1) Create Scenario: “Help_NetSim Help_Running Simulation via GUI_Cellular
Networks_Create Scenario”.
2) To view the output by using Netsim sample experiments need to be added onto the
Analytics interface. Give below is the navigation for analytics – “Simulation_Analytics”.
3) Select the experiments by selecting Cellular Networks.
4) Select the experiments(Note: Click one experiment after another to compare experiments
in the analytics interface)
5) Select the metric: Call Blocking Probability & Number of channels.

ZigBee:
1) Create Scenario: “Help_NetSim Help_Running Simulation via GUI_Cellular
Networks_Create Scenario”.
2) Node properties, PAN coordinator properties and Environment properties are given as per
manual.
3) Throughput and mean delay readings are noted.
OUTPUT OF GSM :
INFERENCE:
GSM:

If the number of mobile station increases, the call blocking probability also increases.

CDMA:

Number of channels is inversely proportional to the voice activity factor.

ZigBee Based PAN:

If the packet inter arrival time increases then the throughput decreases.

RESULT:
The performance of wireless networks such as GSM, CDMA, ZigBee Based PAN
networks are studied and analysed using NETSIM.
EXP. NO: DATE:

STUDY OF GMSK MODULATION

AIM:
To design and construct a GMSK modulator and observe its waveform and spectrum.

EQUIMENTS,DEVICES AND COMPONENT REQUIRED:

SL DEVICES AND SPECIFIACTION QUANTITY

EQUIPMENTS

1 Operational amplifier IC 741 2

2 IC XR2206 1

3 Resistors 10kΩ,5.6kΩ,4.7kΩ,1.5kΩ,5.1kΩ, Each 2

200Ω,5kΩ,1kΩ

4 Spectrum analyzer MS2034B 1

5 Capacitors 1nf,10nf,1µf 6,2,1

6 Potentiometer 50kΩ 1

7 Power supply 0-30V 1

8 Signal generator 100Hz-3MHz 1

9 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 1

FORMULAE:

1. fmark=1/R2C
2. fspace=1/R1C
3. fcut-off=1/2πRC
4. fc=Bit rate*BTb
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
SPECIFICATIONS:

XR2206:
Voltage supply:9-18 VDC input

Waveforms:Sine,square, triangular

Impedance:600Ω+10%

Frequency:0.5-1MHz

Sine Wave Distortion:Less than 1%(1kHz)

Sweep range:2000:1

Low supply sensitivity:0.001% typical

Temperature Stability:20ppm/ oC

SPECTRUM ANALYZER VNA MASTER MS2034B:

Frequency Range: 100 KHz-4 GHz

Output power level range: -2 to -66 dBm
Aging range: 1.0 ppm/year
Minimum Resolution bandwidth: 10 Hz
Temperature Range:
Operating : -10°C to 55°C
Storage: -40°C to 75°C

THEORY:
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying, or to give it its full title Gaussian filtered Minimum
Shift Keying, GMSK, is a form of frequency modulation that is used in radio communications
systems. GMSK is probably most widely associated wit the 2G GSM mobile communications
system where it proved to be an effective form of modulation. It was one of the reasons that
GSM cellphones had a long battery life in view of the high efficiency that could be obtained
from the RF power amplifiers. GMSK modulation is based on MSK, which is itself a form of
continuous-phase frequencyshift keying, CPFSK. One of the problems with standard forms of
PSK is that sidebands extend out from the carrier. To overcome this, MSK and its derivative
GMSK can be used. MSK and also GMSK modulation are what is known as a continuous
phase scheme. Here there are no phase discontinuities because the frequency changes occur at
the carrier zero crossing points. This arises as a result of the unique factor of MSK that the
frequency difference between the logical one and logical zero states is always equal to half the
data rate. This can be expressed in terms of the modulation index, and it is always equal to 0.5.
TABULATION:
Vin =

FREQUENCY(Hz) Vout (V) Gain = 20 log (Vout/Vin)

Generating GMSK modulation
There are two main ways in which GMSK modulation can be generated. The most
obvious way is to filter the modulating signal using a Gaussian filter and then apply this to a
frequency modulator where the modulation index is set to 0.5. This method is very simple and
straightforward but it has the drawback that the modulation index must exactly equal 0.5. A
second method is more widely used. Here what is known as a quadrature modulator is used.
The term quadrature means that the phase of a signal is in quadrature or 90 degrees to another
one. The quadrature modulator uses one signal that is said to be in-phase and another that is in
quadrature to this. In view of the in-phase and quadrature elements this type of modulator is
often said to be an I-Q modulator. Using this type of modulator the modulation index can be
maintained at exactly 0.5 without the need for any settings or adjustments. This makes it much
easier to use, and capable of providing the required level of performance without the need for
adjustments. For demodulation the technique can be used in reverse.

Advantages of GMSK:

 GMSK spectrum is less affected by noise and hence leads to good SNR. This helps in
achieving very stable and long distance communication. Due to this fact, the GMSK
modulation technique is being employed in GSM technology.
 Spectral efficiency is better and higher while demodulator is less complex.
 GMSK provides constant envelope over the entire bandwidth. Hence it offers excellent
power efficiency.
 It provides good BER performance.
 GMSK offers self synchronizing capabilities.
 GMSK is good choice for voice modulation.
Application of GMSK:

 Used in GSM
 Used in remote controlled devices.
 Used in GPRS and EDGE system

PROCEDURE:
1. The MSK modulator circuit is constructed as per the circuit diagram.
2. The supply is switched ON and the carrier is observed. The amplitude and frequency are
noted.
3. Square wave modulating input of amplitude 0 to 5V is applied and the MSK waveform
observed and noted.
4. The fourth order low pass filter is constructed with appropriate center frequency.
5. Frequency response of the filter is verified.
6. The square wave input is applied to the filter and the filtered output is applied as modulating
signal to the MSK modulator.
7. GMSK output waveform and spectrum are observed and traced.
TABULATION:

SIGNAL AMPLITUDE TIME PERIOD FREQUENCY

RESULT:
Thus the GMSK modulator is designed and constructed .The waveform and spectral
density is observed.
EXP.NO : DATE :

STUDY OF WIRELESS LAN USING NETSIM

AIM:

To study the error performance of a Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11b) network as the
function of distance between the Access Point and the wireless nodes.

THEORY:

A wireless local area network (WLAN) is a wireless distribution method for two or
more devices that use high-frequency radio waves and often include an access point to the
Internet. A WLAN allows users to move around the coverage area, often a home or small
office, while maintaining a network connection.
In most of the WLAN products on the market based on the IEEE 802.11b technology
the transmitter is designed as a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Phase Shift Keying (DSSS
PSK) modulator, which is capable of handling data rates f up to 11 Mbps. The system
implements various modulation modes for every transmission rate, which are Different Binary
Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) for 1 Mbps, Different Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (DQPSK)
for 2 Mbps and Complementary Code Keying (CCK) for 5.5 Mbps and 11Mbps.

Large Scale Fading represents Receiver Signal Strength or path loss over a large area as
a function of distance. The statistics of large scale fading provides a way of computing
estimated signal power or path loss as a function of distance and modulation modes vary
depends on the Receiver Signal Strength.

PROCEDURE:

1) Create Scenario: "Help NetSim Help Running Simulation via GUI_Internetworks Create
Scenario".
2) Select the appropriate properties and set the distance between each node accordingly.
3) To view the output by using NetSim, sample experiments need to be added onto the
Analytics interface, "Simulation Analytics".
4) Select the Experiments (Note: Click one experiment after another to compare the
experiments in the Analytics interface).
5) Select the Metric: Packets Errored and export the result to MS-Excel.
6) Plot the Packets errored Vs Distance graph.
SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT:

OUTPUT:
Access Point Properties AP 1

Protocol IEEE802.11b
Buffer Size(MB) 5
RTS Threshold 2347
Retry Limit 7
Transmission Type DSSS
Standard Channel 1_2412
Transmitter Power (Milli Watts) 100
SIFS 10
Slot Time 20
CW Minimum 31

Wireless Node Properties Node 1

Transmission Point to Point

Destination Node2
Traffic type Custom
Application Data size Distribution Constant
Data Size (Bytes) 1375
Inter Arrival Time Distribution Constant
Packet Inter Arrival
Time (Micro sec) 1000
ARP Retry Interval 10

ARP Retry Limit 3

Protocol IEEE802.11b

RTS Threshold 2347

 Retry Limit 7

Standard Channel 1_2412

Transmitter Power (Milli Watts) 100
SIFS 10
Slot Time 20
CW Minimum 31

Link Properties Link 1

Medium Type WIRELESS
Uplink Speed (Mbps) 11
Downlink Speed (Mbps) 11
Frequency 2412
Path Loss Exponent 3.5
Fading Figure 1.0
Standard Deviation Delay (Micro sec) 0

RESULT:
The error performance of a wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11b) network as the function of
distance between the Access Point and the wireless nodes are simulated and studied using
NETSIM.
EXP.NO: DATE:

DESIGN AND TESTING OF YAGI UDA ANTENNA USING

VECTOR NETWORK ANALYSER

AIM:

To design a Yagi Uda antenna for the given centre frequency and test its impedance and
VSWR characteristics using VNA.

EQUIPMENT, DEVICES AND COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

1) Vector Network Analyser - Anritsu MS208-48

2) Design wires
3) Yagi Uda Antennas

FORMULA:

1) Length of reflector = 0.5 λ

2) Length of folded dipole = 0.48162 λ

3) Length of director I = 0.457 λ

4) Length of director II = 0.429 λ

5) Length of director III = 0.407 λ

6) Centre frequency fc= (fs+fc)/2

SPACING BETWEEN

1) Reflector and dipole = 0.24 λ

2) Dipole and director I = 0.15 λ

3) Director I and director II = 0.13 λ

4) Director II and director III = 0.10 λ

THEORY:

VECTOR NETWORK ANALYSER:

FEATURES:

1. Upto 83dB dynamic range.

2. 50GHz in coaxial, 110GHz in wave guide.
3. Buffered plotter/printer output.
4. Built in limit testing for quick pass/fail decisions.
5. External circuit and internal register save/recall of test setups.
6. Optimal internal power meter calibrations and precision detector provide and power meter
accuracy.

DESCRIPTION:

The vector network analyzer allows you to measure insertion loss gain, return loss,
SWR and power quickly, accurately. With high performance detectors and directional bridges
and a companion source and printer, this analyzer become basics of a complete measurement
system with basic performance.

Set up time is reduced by external time disc measurement data can be sent directly into
a printer while you proceed to the next measurement you can configure your system using PSG
signal generator with the sample sweep capability. The dynamic range can be extended from
27db to 83db using PSG power option.

Accurate measurement of transmission and reflection characteristics is a key

requirement in year selection of a scalar network analyser to keep you achieve these goods.
Anristu technologies offers you the choice of microwave scalar measurement selection which
provide an excellent balance of cost system ability and measurement precision.

ANRITSU MS203-48 overview features are

1) Four display channels.

2) Three detectors inputs.
3) An optional fourth detector input.
4) An optical internal power calibration.
5) Accurate power measurement with ANRITSU MS203-48 series precision detectors.
6) High resolution colour display .
7) Internal plotter/printer buffer.
8) -16 to -60 dBm dynamic range.
TABULATION:

FOLED DIPOLE

FREQUENCY RETURN LOSS VSWR IMPEDANCE

(MHz) (dB)
(Ω)
YAGI-UDA ANTENNA:

Yagi-uda is a parasitic linear array of parallel dipoles, one of which is energized

by a feed transmission line while the other are parasitic radiators where currents are induced by
mutual coupling.

The basic antenna is composed of one reflector (in the rear) one driven element
and one or more directors. Yagi-uda antenna has received analytical and experimental
investigation in the open literature and elsewhere.

PROCEDURE:

1) The length of elements of the Yagi-Uda antenna is designed for given frequency.
2) Folded dipole antenna is connected to port-1 of the VNA and port-2 is terminated with
50Ω impedance.
3) The return loss, VSWR and impedance response were observed in the VNA, noted and
tabulated.
4) Steps 3 and 4 are repeated for Yagi-antenna with three elements and five elements.
5) The characteristics are plotted and compared.
TABULATION:

YAGI UDA (5 Element)

FREQUENCY RETURN LOSS VSWR IMPEDANCE

(MHz) (dB)
(Ω)
RESULT:

Thus, Yagi Uda Antenna with folded and 5 elements have been designed for the given
centre frequency, their impedance and VSWR characteristics have been observed using VNA
and plotted.
EXPT. NO: DATE:

ESTABLISHMENT OF MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION LINK

AIM:
To establish a microwave communication link using reflex klystron and determine the
frequency response of the link for sine and square wave inputs.

EQUIPMENT, DEVICES AND COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Microwave bench comprising of the following units (8-12 GHz):

1. Klystron Power Supply

2. Reflex Klystron source and modulator

3. Isolator

4. Attenuator

5. Frequency meter

6. Detector

7. VSWR meter

FORMULA:
1. Wavelength, λ =c/f.

2. Distance between the transmitting and receiving antennas, R>=2d1d2/ λ.

where, d1 and d2 are dimensions of antenna.

c= velocity of light.

f= frequency of microwave.

THEORY:
The transmission of data through microwave in telecommunication involves the sending and
receiving of microwave signals over a microwave link. This microwave link is made up of a
string of microwave radio antennas. They're located at the top of towers at various microwave
sites.A Microwave link is a communication system, that bridges radio signals, to transmit data
between two or more fixed locations. Multiple microwave links make up a microwave network.
Microwave links are used for point-to-point communications. The small length of their waves
allows for antennas to direct them in narrow beams. The beams can be pointed directly at the
microwave receiving antenna.
 This allows nearby microwave gear to use the same frequencies without interfering
with each other, as lower frequency radio waves do. Another benefit of microwave links is that
the higher frequency of microwaves gives the microwave band a very large information-
carrying capacity.

Microwave transmission is considered a 'Line of Sight' technology. This is because the

proper functioning of microwave transmission requires empty airspace. The airspace between
two point-to-point microwave towers must be clear of mountains, buildings, and other objects.
These obstructions can block microwave signals.This wireless technology uses high-frequency
beams of radio waves to provide high-speed connections that can send and receive voice, video,
and data information.

Microwave transmission - although long-distance - is limited by this need for a clear

line of sight. Radio transmission can also be interfered with by the atmosphere and rain fade.
For these reasons, microwave transmission is usually only used in areas without LAN or other
transport methods.To make sure that any new microwave site will work properly, you need to
prepare. Conduct a microwave line-of-site survey to verify whether open space is available
between your two locations.

Microwave gear can be used to transmit both analog and digital microwave signals.
Analog microwave transmission often saves money for microwave site staff. It doesn't require
the purchase of any new equipment.

You also don't have to train your staff on new transport systems. An extra benefit of
familiar analog microwave transmission is that your operators know its exact transport capacity.

Users of digital microwave transmission find it easier to obtain support and gear for
their systems. That's because digital transmission is the newer, more advanced form of
microwave communication. Increased microwave transmission speed will also allow for more
traffic - including remote monitoring data.

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the setup as shown in the block diagram.
2. Set the repeller voltage knob to maximum position and beam current to minimum
position and then switch on the power supply.
3. Adjust the beam voltage and set a beam current of 20mA.
4. Select AM modulation.
5. Adjust the repeller voltage for maximum possible output power. Note the
corresponding frequency and output power from the VSWR meter.
6. Select external modulation and provide a sine wave signal of frequency 1 kHz and 2Vpp
from the external signal generator.
7. Place the receiver at a distance of R. Vary the modulating frequency from 200 Hz to 20
kHz in steps and note down the corresponding received power in dB.
8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 with square wave signal input.
9. First reduce the beam voltage to minimum and then repeller voltage. Switch off the
power supply.
10. Plot the frequency response characteristics and determine the modulation bandwidth.
RESULT:
Thus a microwave communication link using reflex klystron is established and the
frequency response of the link for sine and square wave modulating signal inputs are
determined.

Bandwidth of the link for square wave modulating input: _________________.