IEEE PES GTD LATIN AMERICA 2022 1

Grid Code, Part 2: Global Parameterization and

Comparison in the Electricity Sector1
Luis Ivan Ruiz Flores1, Hannia Jazmin Montes Loaeza2
1
ETAP® Latin America, CD Mex. Mexico
2
Instituto Tecnológico de Acapulco, Facultad de Ingeniería Electromecánica, Mexico
1
[email protected], 2 [email protected]

Abstract — This paper presents the requirements, correlations, II. INTRODUCTION

trends and global comparisons of the topic of Grid Code in energy
systems. The Grid Codes or the guidelines of the electrical systems,
began to appear in a generalized way more than 20 years ago I n part one of this series of articles, the conceptualizations
and highlights that are taken into account in the topic of
Grid Code were described. There are rule books that are
around the world, among the Grid Codes of different countries
there are certain common specifications, where they formulate the implemented globally, presenting a series of parameters to be
technical and operational characteristics of the different parties met to prevent disturbances in the interconnected network, such
involved; that is; from the generation, transmission and as overloading or saturating the electrical system, by some
distribution of electrical energy to ensure the level of quality of the
"Voltage Drop"1 or a "Short circuit"2 for example.
energy supply to be delivered to end-users. There are many rules
and policies in each Grid Code that deal with the process involved Today, all the new Grid Codes stipulate that renewable
in the electrical system, establishing a series of requirements to energies must be integrated into the electricity system with
facilitate operational flexibility and stability, security and quality regulatory control (both frequency and voltage as a minimum)
of the electricity supply. The concept of Grid Code is conceptually in a similar way to a conventional power plant emphasizing the
described as a technical document containing the rules governing requirements for interconnection between Transmission
the operation, maintenance and development of the electrical
System Operators (TSO's) and Independent Power Producers
system. This paper shows the requirements of typical based on the
parameters considered in different regions of the world to have a (IPP or PIE's In Spanish) so as not to affect the stability of the
reliable electrical system in each country under the argument that National Electric System (NES) of the respective country
the systems must comply with the Rule Books. The intention of this As the proportion of renewable energy has increased in
work is to show trends in some countries where Rulebooks are countries and regions around the world, so has the need to create
applied for Grid Code and compliance with parameters used local Grid Codes that allow regulating important parameters
globally.
mentioned in Table 1 according to [1].
Keywords —Electrical Systems, Energy, Frequency, Grid Code, Table 1. Parameters considered in some regions of the world**[1].
Harmonics, Parameters, Requirements, Rule Book, Power Systems, Parameters Results obtained before the Point of Connection (POC)
Voltage. according to: to the Electricity Network (NES)
• Power factor regulation
I. NOMENCLATURE • Optimal energy flow
Steady-state
• Flicker: Electric voltage flicker
HT High tension studies
• Adaptive protection of the Electricity Grid
LV Low Voltage • Volt-Var Optimization (VVO)
AC Alternating current • Harmonics
DC Direct Current • Active Power Output and Reduction due to over
DG Distributed Generation frequency
HVDC High Voltage Direct Current • Electrical Voltage Range
Icc1F Single-phase short circuit current • Frequency
Dynamic-
Icc3F Three-phase short circuit current • Low voltage pass through
State Studies
MV Medium Voltage • Engine start (>1000 HP)
NFPA National Fire Protection Association • Repeat sequence of failures
IPP Independent Power Producer • Maximum power change rate
NEC National Electrical Code • Maximum Rate of change of electrical voltage
• Active power reduction
TSO Transmission System Operator
Note: ** Descriptive but non-limiting parameters noteworthy in some regions

* 1: Luis Ivan Ruiz Flores ands Director of Power and Energy in ETAP 1
Voltage Drop: Decrease in electrical voltage in electrical systems.
Latin America. 2: Hannia Jazmin Montes Loaeza represents the Technological 2
Short Circuit: Short circuit in power systems defined as the maximum limit
Institute of Acapulco®, as a student of Electromechanical Engineering.
to be respected to avoid the destruction of electrical equipment.
IEEE PES GTD LATIN AMERICA 2022 2

The Grid Code is the main instrument in terms of reliability Standards & Application in Power Systems " which is climate
issued by the different driving agencies of the different change and the challenge of Decarbonization.
countries. These are the different studies and analysis of
B. Correlation of alternating current systems (HVAC) versus
parameters that are applied to an electrical system to verify that
direct current systems (HVDC).
the results are within the operating standards and in this way,
have the certainty that the electrical system can operate in stable The correlation of what we call HVAC & HVDC, is to
conditions to supply electrical energy to users and supply their distinguish that the parameterization will depend on the energy
electricity consumption needs without infringing or violating consumption either by Alternating Current (AC) versus
the magnitudes declared in said local Rule Books or called Grid Direct Current (DC) by customers and consequently on the
Codes. technologies to be implemented in the countries that have
preferences for such technologies that use both electric
A. Requirements in magnitudes of electrical parameters
currents. So, the use of HVDC or HVAC will be briefly
In the world it is preferable to regulate the requirements of described in the interconnection of electrical systems.
magnitudes of electrical parameters considering at least the
following: B.1. HVDC: High Voltage Direct Current, or known as
Direct Current Transmission Systems, uses direct current (DC)
Frequency: it is one of the most important parameters in all for the transmission of electrical energy. These electrical
electrical systems, it is defined as the number of times that systems are shown as a solution to many problems presented
electricity changes between positive and negative in 1 second, by the transmission in Alternating Current (AC)," this being the
in units of the International System (IS) it is measured in Hertz most common transmission system; the HVDC enables power
(Hz). Worldwide, frequencies of 50 Hz or 60 Hz are used transmission between AC transmission systems that are not
depending on the case of the electrical system. synchronized. It is an alternative commonly used in Europe and
Power Factor: It is an indicator of the correct use of Asia by having networks interconnected using technologies that
electrical energy, indicating that all the energy consumed by the depend on the energy source over long distances.
devices has been transformed with a relationship between the
apparent power and the active power, in the Grid Codes it is According to [2], an interconnection between systems of
considered an indispensable parameter and it is sought that it is different frequencies is only allowed by an HVDC system, this
close to unit 1.0 (the ideal) being one of the many applications that HVDC has, some cases
to be considered are:
THD - Total Harmonic Distortion: Total Harmonic
Distortion, allows to evaluate the relationship between the • When it is not possible or desirable to coordinate the control
harmonic content of the signal and the first harmonica or better of the frequency elements of 2 (two) electrical systems
known as fundamental, being the best known distortion • When it might be difficult to obtain stable operation using
measurement parameter, it is recommended to measure the an HVAC interconnect
distortion in individual parameters (Current and Electric • When the distance to be transmitted exceeds the distance
Voltage) where the HVDC is more economical than HVAC (> 600
Electric Voltage Regulation: It is a measure of the change km)
in electrical voltage, difference in magnitude between an env • When interconnection is done with submarine cables over
ion point and a final reception point to an electrical component. long distances
Flicker Electrical Voltage: The Flicker, in general terms is • When airlines are not accepted, and it is necessary to use
a visible and repetitive variation in the intensity of light this underground cables
caused by fluctuations of electrical voltage in the electrical
According to their characteristics, they allow HVDC
networks.
systems to be adapted to solve different problems, such as
Adaptive Protection & Selectivity: Protections are devices improvements in control, transmission capacity, harmonic
whose function is to protect users and electrical equipment, the reduction, among others, according to [3].
coordination of protections is essential in energy systems, in
order to avoid unexpected disconnections. Another benefit is the few losses in the DC line, since it uses
Optimal Flow de Energy: Optimizes the conditions of the the entire area of the conductor allowing to transmit more power
required operation of the system and adjusts the parameters of compared to an HVAC system.
the control variables, ensuring that the restrictions of the B.2. HVAC: High Voltage Currente Altern: This is the most
System are not broken according to the stipulated Grid Code. used type of electric current, periodically reverses the direction
The books of Rules or Grid Codes bring with them great and changes its magnitude continuously over time in contrast to
challenges; improve the quality of electrical energy of the direct current (DC)
electrical system of the different countries, so it should focus on
taking care of the electrical parameters of greater impact Table 2 shows a comparison of both types of electrical
protecting the integrity of the electrical systems in transmission (AC & DC) only as an indication of the descriptive
thecompanies and providing a higher energy quality all for the concepts and their characteristics in both electric currents.
benefit of what is indicated in Part 1 of this series of papers:
"Grid Code, Part 1: Fundamentals and Highlights for New
IEEE PES GTD LATIN AMERICA 2022 3
Table 2. Comparison between Direct and Alternating Current Transmission values in Colombian standards is very narrow, therefore, the
Systems (AC and DC). probability of disconnection is greater compared to other Grid
Alternating Current or
Concept
HVAC
Direct Current or HVDC Codes.
Amount of Can be moved over long It turns out to be a favorable So, the Rulebooks are focused on establishing the necessary
energy distances from distant alternative, even reaching a guidelines for the safety and integrity of electrical systems
transported cities breakeven distance. based on the frequency limits allowed either in continuous
The frequency of operation or in a 30-minute condition for this frequency
Direct current frequency is
Frequency alternating current is 50 or
zero parameter.
60 Hz
Reverses its direction Direct current frequency is B. Power factor
Direction
while flowing on a circuit zero
Current of magnitude that Flows in one direction on It´s the proportion of apparent power that we use to produce
Current
varies over time the circuit a job, so we can say that it is the way to measure the
Electron Electrons change direction
Constant magnitude current productivity of a certain electrical installation. To improve this,
flow constantly it is vital to reduce electrical voltage variations, reduce energy
Passive
Parameters
Impedance Resistance only losses due to heating in electrical networks and free up capacity
to transformers due to the improper use of shunt changers (tap).
Each one or of the requirements mentioned to regulate the
magnitudes of electrical parameters can be different conditions C. Electrical Voltage
depending on the country or region, since, although in Latin In a power system is one of the indicators in the electrical
American countries the concept of HVDC is not commonly system, there are variations in electrical voltage, these have
known, the mistake of foreseeing and executing their origin in the complex integration and operation of the
electromagnetic studies can be made. necessary to ensure the electrical system, they are due to many factors among them:
condition at the time of starting the start of a substation that will failures in the transmission lines, operation of hydroelectric and
transmit a large amount of electrical energy. thermoelectric generation plants, outputs for maintenance of
transmission lines, failures in industrial systems, or also
For this reason, studies in a dynamic state are very
influence the intermittencies of solar and wind plant operations.
important in conditions where renewable energies will
In the Tables 4 and 5 the permissible ranges of the power
indisputably be incorporated into the SEN or sin, including
factor are shown, as well as the variations in the different
electromagnetic analysis and studies, such as: i) transformer
transmission lines, of the different countries.
start-up to analyze the inrush (transient excitation current),ii)
Table 3. Comparison of the allowed frequency range according to [6], [7], [8],
connection and disconnection of capacitor banks in the [9], [10] and [11].
network, iii ) electromagnetic study in installation of large
Frequency Range (Hz) (*)
cables and involving transit or installation under buildings such Country
Max. Min.
as hospitals, iv) study of motors larger than 1000 HP & v) etc. Bangladesh 51.0 49.0
III. TYPICAL REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO PARAMETERIZATION India 50.2 49.5
China 50.2 49.5
The requirements established in the Grid Code of the United Kingdom 50.5 49.5
different countries or regions are defined considering the Germany 50.5 49.5
activities and functions of each user of the Electricity System Sweden 50.1 49.5
and are aimed at promoting that each user mitigates the effects Denmark 50.1 49.5
it causes to the detriment of the continuity and quality of the Ireland 50.1 49.5
electricity supply. Tables 3, 4 and 5 show some of the Colombia 60.2 59.8
requirements applied in different countries. Mexico 61.0 59.0
The Grid Codes are designed to standardize the status of the Peru 60.6 59.4
operation in order to stabilize the structure of the Network and (*) Values may vary depending on the year and version of the Grid Code
ensure the operation. Grid Codes focus on fundamental Table 4. Comparison of the different power factor ranges, of the different
operating indicators that determine the status of the electrical countries [6], [7], [8], [10], [14], [13] and [15]
system. In general, a complete scope of the Network Code must Power Factor Range **
Country
cover the necessary requirements of the Electric System in each Max. Min.
country or each region whether it uses HVCA or HVDC. Bangladesh 0.95 0.85
India 0.95 0.90
A. Electrical Frequency United Kingdom 0.95 0.95
In a power system it is one of the indicators of the balance South Africa 0.95 0.95
Canada 0.95 0.90
between the load consumed by users and the generation of
Germany 0.95 0.95
power. Load unbalances can lead to further disconnection of
Australia 0.95 0.90
power plants or a total system collapse. Used 0.90 0.90
Transmission System Operators (TSO's) must ensure that Colombia 0.90 0.90
power plants participate in frequency regulation to mitigate Mexico 0.95 0.95
frequency deviations, according to [4]. Peru 0.90 0.90
The frequency deviation tolerance of the different countries (**) Values may vary depending on the year and version of the Grid Code
varies greatly, as shown in Table 3, the range of frequency
IEEE PES GTD LATIN AMERICA 2022 4
Table 5. Variation of Electrical Voltage in systems that use High Voltage or Table 7 and 8 present the reactive power requirements, as
Electrical Transmission Systems according to [6], [7], [8] and [10]. well as the electrical voltage requirements and the requirements
Permitted voltage for frequency control, respectively, making a comparison of the
Country Transmission (kV)
variation (%)
different R ed codes of the different countries. Tables 9 and 10
132 ±5%
Bangladesh present some requirements of the conditions of the Network and
230 ±5%
400 ±5%
the Quality of Energy according to the parameters established
220 ±10% in the Rule Books in some countries.
India 400 ±5% As the Rule Books were implemented globally by the
765 ±5% interconnection of the TSO's with the PIE's, Regulatory
110 ±10% Frameworks of Technical Requirements were created in the
Germany 220 ±10% regions and in the countries.
400 ±5% Although what is indicated in [1] describes that in Latin
132 ±10% America some countries were creating the Tropicalized Rule
Kingdom Unest 275 ±10% Books; In Mexico, for example, the requirements were
400 ±5%
established for the SEN to regulate various activities, such as
115 ±5%
the interconnection of power plants, connection of load centers,
Mexico 230 ±5%
400 ±5%
planning and operation of the National Distribution Network
(*) Values may vary depending on the year and version of the Grid Code (RND) and the General Distribution Networks (RGD).

To understand how parameterization evolved and the • Large-scale operation and stability
request for electrical requirements and establish them in the Type D • Balancing services
Rule Books, we must start with the key data in the Grid Code
in the European Union (EU), which established the Type C •• Stable and controllable dynamic response
Covers all network operating states
requirements for generators, with the aim of establish an EU-
• Automated dynamic response
widespread grid interconnection requirements, thus ensuring Type B • System Operator Control
system security with an increasing proportion of renewable
energy sources or also called RES, boosting the technology • Basic capabilities to support events
Type A • Limited automated control and response
generation market and increasing the competitiveness of the
electricity market .
So, the situation of the electricity system in Europe, the
Fig. 1. Types of electric generators implemented in UE according to [5]
inputs and interconnection of renewable energies have
increased, so there is a strong need to implement and establish Table 6. Requirements according to type of generator according to [5] in
Europe
rules throughout the EU so that there is close cooperation
between system operators (TSO), and users; as well as Guy Capacity in MW Voltage level
preserving or restoring the safety of the electrical system in the
shortest possible time. Type D > 75 MW ≥ 110 kV

Figure 1 shows the definition of generator types classified Type C > 50 MW < 110 kV
as "A", "B", "C" and "D", correlated with the requirements Type B > 1 MW < 110 kV
indicated in Table 6 respectively requested in some countries.
Type A > 0.8 MW < 110 kV

Table 7. Reactive Power and Electrical Voltage requested as requirements in some countries
New South
Reactive Power and Voltage USA UK Germany Denmark India Sweden Mexico
Zealand Africa

Connection conditions      
Active Power     
Reactive Power         
Reactive Capabilities     
Power Factor       
Electrical Voltage Control       
Automatic Voltage Regulation  
Voltage Stability   
IEEE PES GTD LATIN AMERICA 2022 5
Table 8. Comparison of frequency control methods in different Grid Codes according to [6], [12] and [13]
South
Frequency Bangladesh China USA UK Germany Denmark India Sweden Mexico
Africa

Regulated     

Frequency control      

Low frequency  
      
response

High frequency  
    
response

Control reserve     

Primary control       

Secondary control  

Table 9. Conditions of the Electricity Grid requested as requirements in some countries

New South
Network Condition USA UK Germany Denmark India Sweden Mexico
Zealand Africa

Isolation      

Backup Protection against

      
Network Failures

Emergency      

Extra High Voltage  

Neutral   

HVDC     

Table 10. Power Quality Conditions requested as requirements in some countries

New South
Energy USA UK Germany Denmark India Sweden Mexico
Zealand Africa

Electrical Voltage Quality    

Electrical Voltage Collapse     

Voltage Drop    

Flicker     

Harmonics    

Below, some recommendations will be briefly described to solar and wind, the use of energy storage or known as storage
implement the Requirements related to Electrical Parameters in that uses inputs such as Lithium is arriving.
Electricity Networks and may be applied in some Latin On the other hand, in other countries the use of hydrogen is
American countries that do not yet integrate, develop or write already integrated, forcing the Electrical Manufacturing Sector
the Rulebook for Grid Code. to create primary electrical equipment, including
IV. RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPLEMENT GRID CODES IN telecommunications that comply with national and international
LATIN AMERICA WITH AGILITY standards.
Therefore, manufacturers or manufacturing companies have
In Latin America there is an adaptation of the Rule Books;
a tendency to tropicalize the use of their equipment based on
however, it has been gradually integrated in some countries and
standards already applied in regions that have already
there is a tendency to apply Grid Codes in each country;
implemented the Rule Books and in counterweight the local
however, not at the speed of the changeof technologies or the
TSO's of each region or country must adapt or place strict
implementation of electric currents.
requirements that reflect optimized electrical systems with
This leads to the fact that while in some countries the Energy
projection to Decarbonization.
Sector moves with fossil fuels, water energy, renewables with
IEEE PES GTD LATIN AMERICA 2022 6

So, it is very likely that international standards will need to with detail without becoming too bulky and prescriptive.
be used as a local guide in some countries while Creating Grid On the other hand, the percentages of the areas, regions or
Codes in each country that are binding laws that to some extent countries that have a participation of integrating clean energies
are voluntary. with VRE must be specified, in Table 12, a sample of some
In Latin America, the countries that are most advanced in selected and adherent electrical systems between conventional
implementing Grid Codes and try to ensure that the energies and clean energies is presented.
requirements are met in order of binding application are Coordination between international equipment standards
Mexico, Colombia, Peru and Chile; however, there are a and Grid Codes remains an important point. When these
number of international standards that must be taken into conflicts, the applicable standard or Grid Code requirement that
account before the integration of the "VRE" for its acronym in must prevail and that must be decided on a case-by-case basis.
English Variable Renewable Energy or referred to as "Variable International interconnection standards such as IEEE 1547
Renewable Energy Sources"; that is, according to Figure 2, at and IEEE P.2800, on the other hand, present comprehensive
least these mentioned standards must be considered prior sets of Grid Code requirements and thus can serve as regional
implementation or elaboration of local Grid Codes. Grid Codes or be used directly as national Grid Codes.
An inexorable limitation is to classify by archetypes the The Mexican Grid Code combines all three approaches. It
electrical systems considering that the systems always expand separates generating power plants into classes according to the
or grow and have in the countries with predominant resources size (A to D) shown in Table 6, like the European approach.
of electricity generation. It should also be considered that in However, since each of the four systems has very different
many countries they have energy demand in geographically characteristics, there are also differences in the parameters for
Limited Frequency Sensitive Mode or known as "LFSM". The
separate areas. Table 11 shows a simple classification of
frequency ranges are wider for the two isolated systems. In
electrical system archetypes correlated to predominant structure
addition, the operating parameters of each system are different,
and resources in countries. such as the necessary reserves. Some sections are only
International cooperation and standardization involve applicable to certain power systems.
coordination between many different stakeholders from
different countries and energy systems. Table 11. Classification of archetypes for electrical systems where it is
This is clearly visible in Europe, where EU Grid Codes, required to implement Grid Codes according to [16]
representing the most advanced regional Grid Code effort to Interconnecti
date, were successfully implemented through European Union System on with Network Predominant resource
structures, which had been established 2 (two) decades earlier. archetype neighboring structure of existing generation
systems
In addition, international coordination and the exchange of
experiences are also of vital importance for the development of Pequeño No Isolated Diesel and heavy fuel
appropriate national and specific Grid Codes of the Electrical Hydropower and fossil
Long-distance
System. Medium Weak
transmission
fuels (coal/gas/heavy
fuel)
National Grid Codes, or at least nationally tailored
implementation of international or regional grid codes, will Big Weak
Short-distance
Coal and gas
transmission
always be necessary, as regulation applicable to larger areas
cannot capture the specifics of each energy market and system

IEEE IEEE IEC IEC IEC IEC

421 112 60044 IEC 929
62053 62052 61730

IEC IEC IEC and IEEE

IEC IEC TS IEC IEC
Specification
60308 60045 60076 61836 61400 61215
Standards

IEEE IEC IEC IEC IEC IEC IEC

115 60034 61869 60143 60358 62934 62548

Figure 2. IEC and IEEE international standards relevant to the possible integration of power systems with VRE
IEEE PES GTD LATIN AMERICA 2022 7

Table 12. Sample participation of VRE in electrical systems of some regions according to [16]

Approximate VRE's annual electricity Maximum VRE share of hourly

Electrical System maximum load share demand Sample Year
(GW) (%) (%)

California (CAISO)* 50 22.6 62.6 2018

Costa Rica 1.7 13.3 35 2020

Denmark 6 51 157 2018

Germany 81 32.8 93 2020

Great Britain 55 21 67 2018

Ireland and Northern Ireland 6.5 30.8 85 2018/2019

South Australia 3 50 142 2018/2019

Texas (ERCOT)** 74.8 23 66.5 2020/2021

Western Australia *** 4 20 65.6 2021

Mexico **** 39.79 26 16 2019

* CAISO = California Independent System Operator *** Isolated system without interconnectivity
** Isolated system with limited interconnectivity. **** According to CFE in its 2019 Annual Report [17]

For example, the Baja California System in Mexico is • Safety recommendations of the electrical system when it is
interconnected with the California System in the United at risk from the results of the electrical studies in stable state
States and therefore there are additional requirements defined and in dynamic state and to establish a concession to reach
by WECC that power plants must comply with (Energy an agreement onthe possible changes to the system and the
Regulatory Commission, 2016) according to [18]. respective cost.
An optimal Grid Code aims to establish the reciprocal • Achieving high levels of compliance is essentially a
obligations of all the parts that make up the electricity system collaborative effort between equipment manufacturers,
of each country. project developers, and power system operators.
• Integration of predictive simulation related to real-time
V. CONCLUSIONS technology for each electrical system that tries to comply
All countries have different parameters for the quality with the Grid Code.
compliance of their electrical systems, all the Grid Codes of
the different countries have specifications related to their In the series of these articles will be touched in Part 3, the
topic of "Recommendations and Technical Challenges to
requirements, this is done in order to reduce the risk of
damaging their own electrical system. A Grid Code must not Implement the Rulebook"; that is to say that to finish this work
only contain the technical requirements but must also have we suggest the reading of Part 1 and the complete reading of
specifications if some type of contingency occurs, that is, in this series of the topic: Grid Code written by the authors.
case of unacceptable situations there must be procedures for
recovery. VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
It´s essential to mention that the Grid Codes contain the The authors thank the Dolphin Program 2022 through the
minimum requirements, which will change according to the Institutions involved for development and application during
needs and activities that each country carries out and / or needs this summer research of the year 2022.
according to its characteristics.
VII. REFERENCES
It’s highly recommended that compliance with the Grid
Code be achieved through: [1] Luis Ivan Ruiz F. y Hannia Jazmin Montes L, “Código de Red, Parte 1:
Conceptualización y Aspectos Destacados para aplicación en sistemas de
• Certification schemes that are a good way to increase the energía” XL CONCAPAN, Panamá, Versión 2022
level of confidence of the electrical system [2] Gómez Francisco, Guamán Telmon, Quizhpi Mateo, San Martín Cristhian,
"Transmission in Direct Current" Salesian Polytechnic University, 2016
• Perform studies according to IEC and IEEE standards to [3] SIEMENS, "Proven Technology for Power Exchange – High Voltage
validate the behavior ofthe electrical model Direct Current Transmission." Power Transmission and Distribution.
• Issuance of certificates of the installation showing that the [Online]. Available:
https://www.energy.siemens.com/cms/us/US_Products/Portfolio/pages/po
requirements of the electrical parameters are met either for
rtfolio.aspx
each second, 1 minute or 5 minutes depending on the [4] Arturo García, Luis M. Castro and R. Tapia-olvera, "Grid Code
country. Compliance for Primary Frequency Regulation with DFIG-based Wind
• Anticipate the future design of the electrical system Parks in the Mexican Power System" 2019 IEEE International Autumn
Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC 2019). Ixtapa,
including the needs in its current state Mexico
IEEE PES GTD LATIN AMERICA 2022 8
[5] Bründlinger, Roland, "Grid Codes in Europe - Overview on the current
requirements in European codes and national interconnection standards"
2019
[6] "Electricity Grid Code" in Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission,
Bangladesh: Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission, 2012
[7] Indian Electricity Grid Code Central Electricity Regulatory Commission.
[8] UK National grid, no. 5, 2017.
[9] [online] Available:
https://www.entsoe.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/_library/publications/nordic
/planning/070115_entsoe_nordic_NordicGridCode.pdf.
[10] Grid Code High and extra high voltage EON Netz German TSO
[11] A. Hasib Chowdhury and Md. Minarul Islam, "Vulnerable Operation of
Turbine-Generator Due to EAF Loads in Bangladesh Power System",
International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering,
December 2014.
[12] 2007, [online] Available: http://www.doc88.com/p-6911574628424.html.
[13] Ivan Machado and Itzel Arias, I.M.I. Grid Codes Comparison, 2006
[14] "The South African Grid Code" in National Energy Regulator of South
Africa
[15] Grid Code, North America Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)
[16] IRENA (2022), "Grid codes for renewable powered systems, International
Renewable Energy Agency", Abu Dhabi, ISBN: 978-92-9260-427-1
[17] Federal Electricity Commission "Annual Report" 2019
[18] RES/550/2021 of the Energy Regulatory Commission issuing the General
Administrative Provisions containing the criteria of efficiency, quality,
reliability, continuity, security and sustainability of the National Electric
System: Grid Code

VIII. BIOGRAPHIES

L. Ivan Ruiz Flores was born in Orizaba, Veracruz,

Mexico on March 28, 1977. Electrical Engineer from the
Technological Institute of Orizaba, Master in Engineering
from the Autonomous University of the State of Morelos
(UAEM). From August 1999 to July 2016 he collaborated
at the Institute of Electrical Research (IIE) as a research
developer in projects related to the analysis and design of
electrical power systems in industrial plants. He is the
author or co-author of more than 80 international
publications. He has been a speaker at more than 400 international congresses.
He has taught more than 4,500 engineers in more than 12 countries, assisted
with software analysis in PES. To date it has 13 copyrights in the categories of
software and literary work. He received the "Achievement Award 2011" from
the IEEE MGA for his contribution to promoting awareness in Latin American
countries and "Distinguished Engineer 2013 from IEEE Bolivia Section" for his
contribution to the promotion of research and technological development in this
country for five years. Today he is the Director of Energy and Energy of
ETAP® Latin America & IEEE Morelos Section Chairman.

Hannia Jazmin Montes Loaeza was born in Acapulco de

Juárez, Guerrero; she is a student of the seventh semester
of the Electromechanical Engineering Career at the
Technological Institute of Acapulco. He is currently
studying a summer of scientific research called "Dolphin
Program 2022" at the Educational and Specialty Institute
(IEE) under the theme of "Electrical Power Systems". His
area of interest is "Electrical Systems Implementation
Technologies".