Object Oriented Analysis and Design

OO Design (SOLID) Principles

Lecture 03

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Agenda

1 Introduction

2 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

3 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

4 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

5 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

6 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)

Dependency Inversion
Dependency Injection (DI)
Inversion of Control (IoC)

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 Introduction

Agenda

1 Introduction

2 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

3 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

4 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

5 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

6 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)

Dependency Inversion
Dependency Injection (DI)
Inversion of Control (IoC)

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 Introduction

SOLID Principles

SOLID is a “mnemonic acronym” for five design principles intended

to make software designs more understandable, flexible, and
maintainable
SOLID principles are the foundation on which we can build clean code

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 Introduction

Without SOLID Principles

Code Fragility
Fragility is the tendency of the software to break in many places every
time it is changed
For example, In EMS, a change in “Payment and checkouts” module
introduces the bugs in the other sub-system “Event booking”

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 Introduction

Without SOLID Principles

Code Fragility
Fragility is the tendency of the software to break in many places every
time it is changed
For example, In EMS, a change in “Payment and checkouts” module
introduces the bugs in the other sub-system “Event booking”

Figure: Modules of Event Management System

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 Introduction

Without SOLID Principles

Code Rigidity
Rigidity is the tendency for software to be difficult to change, even in
simple ways. Every change causes a cascade of subsequent changes in
dependent modules.
For example, In EMS, a change in “Event booking” module also
initiates a modification in the other sub-system “Event Monitoring”

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 Introduction

Without SOLID Principles

Code Rigidity
Rigidity is the tendency for software to be difficult to change, even in
simple ways. Every change causes a cascade of subsequent changes in
dependent modules.
For example, In EMS, a change in “Event booking” module also
initiates a modification in the other sub-system “Event Monitoring”

Figure: Modules of Event Management System

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 Introduction

Without SOLID Principles

Technical debt
The cost of prioritizing fast delivery over code quality for long periods
of time
Fragility and Rigidity are indicators for high technical debt

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 Introduction

Without SOLID Principles

Technical debt
No matter how good the team is, technical debt will accumulate over
time
Left uncontrolled, it will kill your project
The key is to keep it under control (using PDD - Pain Driven
Development)

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 Introduction

Without SOLID Principles

Pain Driven Development

Avoid premature optimization
Write code and then redesign using principles

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 Introduction

What is SOLID?

The “SOLID” principles are:

Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)
Open-Closed Principle (OCP)
Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)
Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)
Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)

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 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

Agenda

1 Introduction

2 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

3 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

4 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

5 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

6 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)

Dependency Inversion
Dependency Injection (DI)
Inversion of Control (IoC)

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 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

Each software module should have one and only one reason to change

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 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

Identify the reasons to change that components have and reduce

them to single units

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 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

Example of Responsibilities

Business logic
User Interface
Logging
Persistence

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 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

Why SRP?

It makes code easier to understand, fix, and maintain

Classes are less coupled and more resilient to change
More testable design

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 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

Why SRP?

Separation of Concerns
Programs should be separated into distinct sections, each addressing
a separate concern, or set of information that affects the program

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 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

Examples of Reasons to change

If statements

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 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

Examples of Reasons to change

Switch statement

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 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

Examples of Reasons to change

Monster Method

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 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

Examples of Reasons to change

God Class

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 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

Example of SRP

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 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

Example of SRP

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 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

Example of SRP

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 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

Symptoms of not using SRP

Code is difficult to read

High coupling
Side effects
Testing is difficult

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 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

Summing up!

We want to design components that are self-contained, independent,

and with a single, well-defined purpose

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 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

Agenda

1 Introduction

2 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

3 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

4 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

5 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

6 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)

Dependency Inversion
Dependency Injection (DI)
Inversion of Control (IoC)

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 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

Open Closed Principle (OCP)

Software entities (Classes, functions, and modules) should be closed

for modification, but open for extension
It should be possible to change the behavior of a software entity
without modifying it

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 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

Open Closed Principle (OCP)

Closed for modification

Each new feature should not modify the existing code
Open for extension
A module should be extendable to behave in a new manner

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 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

Open Closed Principle (OCP)

Closed for modification

Each new feature should not modify the existing code
Open for extension
A module should be extendable to behave in a new manner

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 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

Why OCP?

New features can be added easily and with minimal cost

Minimizes the risk of regression bugs
Enforces decoupling by isolating changes in specific components,
works along with the SRP

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 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

Why OCP?

New features can be added easily and with minimal cost

Minimizes the risk of regression bugs
Enforces decoupling by isolating changes in specific components,
works along with the SRP

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 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

OCP Example

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 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

OCP Example

First approach – Use Inheritance

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 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

OCP Example

Second approach – Use Strategy Pattern

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 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

OCP Example

Second approach – Use Strategy Pattern

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 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

OCP Example
Second approach – Use Strategy Pattern

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 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

OCP Example

Second approach – Use Strategy Pattern

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 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

Progressively Applying OCP

Make changes inline

Use Inheritance
Use Interfaces and Design Patterns

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 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

Summing up!

OCP is all about changes

Following this principle will lead to elegant designs that are easy and
painless to extend

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Agenda

1 Introduction

2 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

3 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

4 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

5 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

6 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)

Dependency Inversion
Dependency Injection (DI)
Inversion of Control (IoC)

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

If S is a subtype of T, then objects of type T in a program may be

replaced with objects of type S without modifying the functionality of
the program
Any object of a type must be substitutable by objects of a derived
typed without altering the correctness of that program

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

If S is a subtype of T, then objects of type T in a program may be

replaced with objects of type S without modifying the functionality of
the program
Any object of a type must be substitutable by objects of a derived
typed without altering the correctness of that program

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Relationships

“Is a”
Square is a kind of rectangle
An ostrich is a bird
“Is substitutable by?”
Is the class rectangle fully substitutable by the class square?

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Relationships

“Is a”
Square is a kind of rectangle
An ostrich is a bird
“Is substitutable by?”
Is the class rectangle fully substitutable by the class square?

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Relationships

“Is a”
Square is a kind of rectangle
An ostrich is a bird
“Is substitutable by?”
Is the class rectangle fully substitutable by the class square?
Incorrect relationships between types cause unexpected bugs or side
effects.

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Violations of the Liskov Substitution Principle

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Violations of the Liskov Substitution Principle

Empty Methods

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Violations of the Liskov Substitution Principle

Harden Preconditions

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Violations of the Liskov Substitution Principle

Harden Preconditions

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Violations of the Liskov Substitution Principle

Harden Preconditions

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Violations of the Liskov Substitution Principle

Partially Implemented Interfaces

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Violations of the Liskov Substitution Principle

Partially Implemented Interfaces

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Violations of the Liskov Substitution Principle

Type Checking

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Fixing code to follow LSP

Eliminate incorrect relationship between objects

Use “Tell, don’t ask!” to eliminate type checking and casting

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Fixing code to follow LSP

Empty Methods

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Fixing code to follow LSP

Empty Methods – Fix

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Fixing code to follow LSP

Partially implemented interfaces

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Fixing code to follow LSP

Partially implemented interfaces – Fix

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Fixing code to follow LSP

Type checking

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Fixing code to follow LSP

Type checking – Fix (Tell, don’t ask!)

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Applying LSP

Make sure that a derived type can substitute its base type completely
Keep base classes small and focused
Keep interfaces lean

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Summing up!

Real life categories do not always map to OOP relationships

If it looks like a duck, quacks like a duck, but needs batteries you
probably have the wrong abstraction

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 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Summing up!

Real life categories do not always map to OOP relationships

If it looks like a duck, quacks like a duck, but needs batteries you
probably have the wrong abstraction

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Agenda

1 Introduction

2 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

3 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

4 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

5 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

6 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)

Dependency Inversion
Dependency Injection (DI)
Inversion of Control (IoC)

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Clients should not be forced to depend on methods that they do not

use
The interface word here doesn’t mean a programming language
interface

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Clients should not be forced to depend on methods that they do not

use
The interface word here doesn’t mean a programming language
interface

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

ISP enforces other principles

LSP - By keeping interfaces small, the classes that implement them
have a higher chance to fully substitute the interface
SRP - Classes that implement small interfaces are more focused and
tend to have a single purpose

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

ISP enforces other principles

LSP - By keeping interfaces small, the classes that implement them
have a higher chance to fully substitute the interface
SRP - Classes that implement small interfaces are more focused and
tend to have a single purpose

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Interface Segregation Principle (ISP) – Benefits

Lean interfaces minimize dependencies on unused members and

reduce code coupling
Code becomes more cohesive and focused
It reinforces the use of the SRP and LSP

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Interface Segregation Principle (ISP) – Benefits

Lean interfaces minimize dependencies on unused members and

reduce code coupling
Code becomes more cohesive and focused
It reinforces the use of the SRP and LSP

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Identifying “Fat” Interfaces

Interfaces with many methods

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Identifying “Fat” Interfaces

Throwing exceptions

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Identifying “Fat” Interfaces

Interfaces with low cohesion

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Identifying “Fat” Interfaces

Increased coupling

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Identifying “Fat” Interfaces

Not just about interfaces

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Identifying “Fat” Interfaces

Empty methods

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Symptoms of Interface Pollution

Interfaces with lots of methods

Interfaces with low cohesion
Client provides empty implementation
Client throws exception instead of implementing method
Client forces implementation and becomes highly coupled

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Refactoring the code to follow ISP

Your own code

Breaking interfaces is pretty easy and safe due to the possibility to
implement as many interfaces as we want
External legacy code
You can’t control the interfaces in the external code, so you use design
patterns like “Adapter”

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Fixing “Fat” Interfaces

From a Fat Interface to lean interfaces

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Fixing “Fat” Interfaces

From a Fat Interface to three lean interfaces

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Fixing “Fat” Interfaces

Ensuring Cohesion

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Fixing “Fat” Interfaces

Increased reuse

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 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Summing up!

Fat interfaces lead to inadvertent couplings between clients that

ought otherwise to be isolated

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)

Agenda

1 Introduction

2 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

3 Open Closed Principle (OCP)

4 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

5 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

6 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)

Dependency Inversion
Dependency Injection (DI)
Inversion of Control (IoC)

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Inversion

Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)

High level modules should not depend on low level modules; both
should depend on abstractions
Abstractions should not depend on details. Details should depend
upon abstraction

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Inversion

Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)

High level modules should not depend on low level modules; both
should depend on abstractions
Abstractions should not depend on details. Details should depend
upon abstraction

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Inversion

High-Level Modules

Modules written to solve real problems and use cases

They are more abstract and map to the business domain
What the software should do

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Inversion

Low-Level Modules

Contain implementation details that are required to execute the

business policies
They are considered the “plumbing” or “internals” of an application
How the software should do various tasks

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Inversion

Examples of Low-Level Modules

Logging
Data-access
Network communication
IO

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Inversion

Relationship between High-Level and Low-Level Modules

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Inversion

Abstractions

Something that is not concrete

Something that you can not “new” up

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Inversion

Putting it together

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Inversion

Writing the code to follow DIP

Low-Level Class

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Inversion

Writing the code to follow DIP

High-Level Class

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Inversion

Writing the code to follow DIP

Abstraction

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Inversion

Writing the code to follow DIP

Low-Level Class depends on Abstraction

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Inversion

Writing the code to follow DIP

High-Level Class depends on Abstraction

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Inversion

Writing the code to follow DIP

Creating a Factory

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Inversion

Writing the code to follow DIP

Creating a Factory

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Inversion

Writing the code to follow DIP

After applying DIP

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Inversion

Dependency Injection

Still some coupling

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Injection (DI)

Dependency Injection

A technique that allows the creation of dependent objects outside of

a class and provides those objects to a class

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Injection (DI)

Dependency Injection

Declaring dependencies in constructor

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Dependency Injection (DI)

Dependency Injection

Passing dependencies

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Inversion of Control (IoC)

Inversion of Control (IoC)

Inversion of Control is a design principle in which the control of object

creation, configuration, and lifecycle is passed to a container or
framework

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Inversion of Control (IoC)

Inversion of Control (IoC)

Complex dependencies

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Inversion of Control (IoC)

Summing up!

Classes should depend on abstractions, not implementation details

DIP, DI and loC work hand in hand to eliminate coupling and make
applications less brittle
New is glue

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 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) Inversion of Control (IoC)

Summing up!

Classes should depend on abstractions, not implementation details

DIP, DI and loC work hand in hand to eliminate coupling and make
applications less brittle
New is glue

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