INFLUENCE OF AFRICAN INDEPENDENT TELEVISION AS A

WATCHDOG AGAINST CHILD ABUSE AND LABOUR WITH A

PARTICULAR FOCUS TO CHILD TRAFFICHING

(A STUDY OF GARIKI RESIDENTS OF ABUJA METROPOLIS)

BY

EKURI, ELNATHAN A.

MC/2009/388

DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION

FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

CARITAS UNIVERSITY, AMORJI-NIKE EMENE

ENUGU, STATE

AUGUST, 2013

i
 TITLE PAGE

INFLENCE OF AFRICAN INDEPENDENT TELEVISION AS A

WATCHDOG AGAINST CHILD ABUSE AND LABOUR WITH A
PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CHILD TRAFFICKING A STUDY OF
GARIKI RESIDENTS OF ABUJA METROPOLIS.

BY

EKURI, ELNATHAN A

MC/2009/388

A RESEARCH PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

MASS COMMUNICATION, FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT AND
SOCIAL SCIENCES, CARITAS UNIVERSITY, AMORJI-NIKE, ENUGU

IMPARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc.) DEGREE IN
MASS COMMUNICATION

AUSGUST, 2013

i
 DECLARATION

I, Ekuri Elnathan A. hereby declare that this research work was written by me and has not been
summited or received anywhere for the purpose of acquiring a degree in Mass Communication.

_________________ _______________

Ekuri Elnathan A. Date

ii
 CERTIFICATION PAGE

I certify that this study was carried out by Ekuri Elnathan A. It was approved by the department
of Mass Communication, Caritas University, Amorji-Nike, Eungu as meeting the requirements
the award of Bachelor of Science, B.Sc. (Hons) Mass Communication.

_______________________ __________________
Dr. (Mrs.) Regina Acholonu Date
(Project supervisor)

_______________________ __________________
Dr. (Mrs.) Regina Acholonu Date
(H.O.D)

____________________ __________________

External supervisor Date

iii
 DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to Almighty GOD and all my family members.

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My profound gratitude goes the Almighty God the one who made this work possible and whom I
could describe as the Omnipotent, Omniscience, and Omnipresent. Above all, I thank him for his
grace and enablement and unconditional love for me, and for making it possible for me to
accomplish this work.

I also want to acknowledge my honorable H.O.D and supervisor, Dr. Mrs. Regina Acholonu
for her time, patience, love and effort to make this work successful. And also to all my lecturers,
Mrs Tina Obi, Mrs. Benson-Eluwa Mr. D. U. Agoeze, Mr. Ferdinand Obasi, Mr. Jude Edeh, Mr.
Okoye, Mr. Nwonu Clifford, Mr. Fleix Ugwuanyi, a very big thanks to you all.

My immeasurable thanks goes to my lovely, caring, and wonderful brother Mr. MAX-Ogar for
all his care and financial support and prayers throughout my stay in caritas University. And to his
wife and kids Mrs. Catherine, Praise, Juby, Excellence, as well as grand-ma, Mrs. Helen, thank
you all for the love shown to me.

My special thanks also goes to my lovely siblings, Martha, Ruth, Faith, victor, Eunice, and
Njong, who supported me in one way or the other and with their words of encouragement. Very
big thanks to you all.

Thanks to all my wonderful friends; Lois, Doose, Mila, Martins, Ritia, Paskaline, Jimbo,
Louis, Suzy, Morris, Bobby, Alice, Dr. Ben who provided materials for me to make measure
that this work is successful, am grateful and may the Lord richly reward you. And to my
beautiful cousin and friend, Naomi Bessong and family, thanks to you all for been there for me
when I was in need and for your words of encouragement am really grateful. To all my
roommates, Jessica, Maureen, Nmesoma, Nmachi, Bessie, Funke, Juliet, and Sandra. I pray that
may God see all of your endeavors in Jesus Amen.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page i

Dedication ii

Certification iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v

Table of Content vi

List of Tables ix

Abstract ix

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study 1

1.2 Statement of the problem 3

1.3 Objectives of the study 3

1.4 Research questions 3

1.5 Scope of the study 4

1.6 Significance of the study 4

1.7 Operational definition of terms 4

CHAPTER TWO: LITERAURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 6

2.2 Review of concepts 6

2.2.1 The concept of child abuse 6

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2.2.2 The concept of child labour 9

2.2.3 The concept of child trafficking 13

2.2.4 The concept of mass media 15

2.2.5 Review of related studies 16

2.4 Theoretical framework 18

2.5 Summary 18

CHAPTER THREE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 Introduction 19

3.2 Research Design 19

3.3 Population of the Study 19

3.4 Sampling Technique/ Sampling 19

3.5 Description of the Research Instrument 20

3.6 Validity of data Gathering Instrument 20

3.7 Method of Data Collection 20

3.8 Method of Data Analysis 20

CHAPTER FOUR; DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction 21

4.2 Data Presentation and Analysis 21

4.3 Discussion of Findings 33

CHAPER FIVE; SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction 37

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5.2 Summary of Findings 37

5.3 Conclusion 37

5.4 Recommendations 38

5.5 Suggestion for Further Studies 38

References 39

Appendix i 41

Appendix ii 42

viii
 LIST OF TABLES

Demographic Data Tables

Table 1; Demographic Data on Sex 18

Table 2; what is your age bracket 19

Table 3; what is your occupation 19

Table 4; what is your Marital Status 20

Table 5; do you own a television set 20

Table 6; do you have access to television 21

Table 7; do you know How to operate it 21

Table 8; which channels do you prefer 21

Table 9; How often you watch AIT 22

Table 10; the kind of programmes aired on AIT 22

Table 11; which do you prefer 23

Table 12; when such programmes are aired 24

Table 13; what time are the programmes shown 24

Table 14; why do you prefer such programmes 25

Table 15; how familiar are you to these programmes 25

Table 16; would you say that television has been able to sentize the

Public on child abuse and labour 26

Table 17; what are your reactions to such programmes 26

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Table 18; has it discouraged child abuse and labour 27

Table 19; Do you agree that AIT television has been able to educate the 28

Public to avoid physical, emotional and psychological maltreatment of children

Table 20; would you say that AIT television has been able to mount pressure on the government
to make child welfare policies? 30

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 Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze the Influence of African Independent Television as a
Watchdog against Child Abuse and labour with a particular focus to Child Trafficking. The study
made use of survey research method. Subjects were drawn from Gariki using the purposive
sampling technique. The study answered four research questions. From the research findings, it
was observed that the programmes aired on AIT helped in discouraging the practice of Child
Abuse and Labour. The study recommended that the government should embark on public
enlightenment programmes to educate the public on the social dangers of child abuse and labour,
as well as child trafficking.

xi
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Child abuse and labour represents one of the most dehumanizing forms of human rights abuse.
Top on the hat of the slavery-like practices against children is child trafficking. Combating child
trafficking has gathered considerable momentum over the years with increased political
awareness regarding the phenomenon, as illustrated by the localized adoption and ratification of
international standards and important commitments undertaken in international conference by
different states.

In 2002, the African union reaffirmed its commitment to combat child trafficking. It identified
the elimination of human trafficking as an operational priority. Economic Community of West
African States (ECOWAS), in 2001 developed strategies to fight child trafficking for
exploitative labour purposes in West and Central Africa. In Africa, the first commitment to
combat trafficking is exemplified in Africa charter on the right or welfare of the child (1990).

In the United Nations (UN) protocol to prevent, suppress or punish trafficking in person
especially women and children. The United Nations convention against transitional organized
crime called Palermo protocols, defines human trafficking to mean the recruitment,
transportation, transfer, harboring as receipt of persons by means of threat, or use of force or
other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, abuse of power or of a position of
benefit, vulnerability, of the giving or receiving of payment to receive the consent of a person
having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation. (Arinze, 2006).

In order to mobilize effective efforts, political will and policy responses to prevent or combat
child trafficking, the international community reached a common consensus on a common
normative definition or trafficking in human beings which include various form of sexual
exploitation or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or removal of organs.
The focus of the provision stresses that trafficking for exploitative purposes should be considered
a crime and must be prosecuted. It‟s also stressed that national laws should be reviewed to ensure
compliance through legislative process the protocol as a model.

1
 Prior to the time, the scale of child trafficking had been hard to determine as a result of
complete unavailability of databases on child trafficking or traffickers and above all the shameful
delay in the adoption and enactment of the child‟s rights law by state in the country.

According to Arinze(206):

The activities of some non-governmental organizations like women or child labour eradication.
Women trafficking and child labour eradication foundation (WOTCLEF) and India Renaissance
brought the issue of human trafficking especially child labour to the national discourse-and made
the wife of the former vice president Mrs. Titi Abubaeke to initiate or bill to the national
assembly in person. This action was followed by the establishment of National Agency for the
prohibition trafficking in persons and other related matters. The agency is to enforce the laws
against trafficking in persons, investigate or prosecute persons suspected to engage in trafficking
in persons or take change or coordinate the rehabilitation of victims of human trafficking.

Child trafficking takes place in most parts of the world. In Nigeria, the United Nations
International Children‟s Emergency fund (UNICEF) has identified 13 human trafficking endemic
states which include Edo, Ondo, Ebonyi, Imo, Rivers, Enugu, Ogun, Kano, Cross River, Akwa-
Ibom or Delta States. Research has shown that child trafficking has become an intra cross
boarder and trans-national crime. Testimonies of victims of trafficking have shown that various
techniques are used by traffickers to trick children and their parents. Research has also shown
that there is a very powerful and highly organized network that is reaping substantial profits from
exploiting the convenience of international communication weakness of penal system and
vulnerability of parents and children.

African Independent Television, also known by its acronym AIT was pioneered by high chief,
Dr. Raymond Dokpesi, is a Nigerian satellite television station, a subsidiary of Da‟ar
communication plc, it was founded December 1996. AIT is the second largest commercial
television network in Africa, broadcasting the most talked about television and marking a major
contribution to African‟s culture, economy, and communities. Its programming mix includes the
more on top entertainment, soaps, drama, lifestyles, news and sport shows.

2
 AIT channel 21 and AIT international share the same vision and a similar mission. AIT has a
unique mission that of sharing the African experience with the wider global community. AIT‟s
main task is to project Africa from a holistic African prospective.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Today in west and central Africa, it is acknowledged that agricultural fields, gold and
diamond mines, stone quarries and domestic work are areas where the working conditions of
children are often exploitative. Furthermore, changes in old cultural practices such as fostering,
handing over a child to a third party have been corrupted and abused. In recognition of the
challenges, child abuse pose to the atonement of human rights, security and sustainable
development and achievement of millemium development goals, the question this study seeks to
answer is; how has African Independent Television (AIT) Influenced the discouragement of
child abuse and labour with particular focus on child trafficking in Gariki of Abuja metropolis.

1.3 Objectives of the study

The study has the following objectives, they are:

1. To find out the kind of programmes relating to child abuse and labour aired on African
independent television.
2. To find out how popular these programmes are with the residents Gariki of Abuja metropolis.
3. To find out the reactions of the Gariki residents of Abuja metropolis to these programmes.
4. To find out how the programmes have helped in discouraging the practice of child abuse and
labour among the residents of Abuja metropolis.

1.4 Research Questions

The study answered the following research questions

1. What kind of programmes relating to child abuse and labour are aired on Africa Independent
television against child and labour?
2. How popular are these programmes to the residents of Abuja metropolis?

3. What are the reactions of the residents Gariki of Abuja metropolis to these programmes?

3
4 In what way have these programmes helped in discouraging the practice of child abuse
and labour among the residents of Abuja metropolis?

1.5 Scope of the study

The purpose of this study is to look at the influence of Africa independent television as a
watchdog against child abuse and labour with particular reference to child human trafficking.
This study is limited to the residents Gariki of Abuja metropolis.

1.6 Significance of the study

This study would serve as a reference material for both the students and researchers who may
have their study in line with the study‟s area of research.

The study will also be a useful guide for mass media organizations like the print and other
broadcast institutions in planning to educate the public on the consequences of child abuse and
labour.

1.7 Operational definitions of terms

Child Abuse: It is an act which constitutes all forms of physical and emotional ill-treatment,
sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or other health, survival,
development or dignity in the context of a relationship or responsibility, trust or power.

Child Labour: It is the employment of children in any work that deprives them or that may
interfere with their education or endanger their health.

Child trafficking: trafficking is a modern form of slavery that involves displacing a child for the
purpose of exploitation. It is also the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring and or
receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation

Mass Media: The mass media are communication channels through which news, entertainment,
education, data, or promotional messages are disseminated. Example, television, radio,
newspapers, and magazines.

4
Child Trafficking: Child trafficking is a modern form of slavery that involves displacing a child
for the purpose of exploitation. It is also the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring and
or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation.

5
 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 INTRODUCTIION:

This chapter is a review of the related studies to the topic: Influence of Africa Independent
Television as a Watchdog against Child Abuse and labour with a particular focus to Child
Trafficking”. The chapter is organized according to the following headings.

2.2 Review of concepts

2.3 Review of related studies

2.4 Theoretical frame work

2.5 Summary

2.2 Review of concepts.

The following concepts were reviewed.

A. Child abuse
B. Child lab our
C. Child trafficking
D. Mass media

2.2.1 The Concept of Child Abuse

A child means every human being below the age of 18 years. The “word” child is also
defined differently in different cultures, and the definition may not be based on the age (World
Health Organization). The Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary (New 7th Edition) defines
child abuse as the crime of harming a child in a physical, sexual, or emotional way. The Centers
for Disease Control (CDC) and the Department for Children and Families (DCF) defined child
abuse as the physical, sexual, or emotional maltreatment or neglect of a child. The organization
also listed four major categories of child abuse which include; physical abuse, sexual abuse,
neglect or child neglect and emotional abuse.

6
 Physical Abuse
Physical abuse is any non accidental injury to a child Such as hitting, kicking, slapping, shaking,
burning, biting, throwing, and paddling. Physical abuse comes in numerous degrees and forms.
Uzoeze (2005) asserts that one of the most extreme forms of physical abuse is the murder of
infants. This is committed in most parts of the World Calvert (1993) opines that physical abuse is
characterized by physical injury. For example, bruises and features resulting from punching,
heating, kicking biting, burning and so on.

Another form of physical abuse is corporal punishment on the excuse of discipline. This occurs
in many forms such as smoking or beating children with belt or stick, pulling or grabbing a
child‟s ears and sometimes giving knocks on the head Giovanni (1971) refers to child physical
abuse as “social murder”. This according to him includes exploitation of the child‟s time and
energy through street hawking and excessive house work.

Sexual Abuse

Sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent abuses a child for
sexual stimulation. It is the participation of a child in a sexual act aimed toward the physical
gratification or the financial profit of the person committing the act. Platt (2002) observes that
thousands of children are sexually abused daily. Globally, sexual abuse is seen as the worst kind
of gender based violence, “directed at children at the global level. Hopper (2004) observes that
the rate of sexual abuse in USA as reported, range from 4.87% at the lowest to over 29%. A
report equally shows that many children who experience sexual intercourse are forcefully
abused.

Child Neglect

Child neglect is generally defined as an act of omission of children, specially the failure of a
parents or person legally responsible for a child‟s welfare to provide for his\her basic needs and
proper level of care with medical attention or supervision. According to Uzoeze (2005) child
neglect could jeopardize the child‟s physical intellectual or emotional development.
Opera,(2001). Confirms that in Nigeria hundreds of children is seen selling variety of things
ranging from groundnuts to vegetable oil when they should have been at school learning.
Children provide services in various industrial set ups .Children in urban areas are quickly

7
caught up in daily struggle for survival and material gain. In a study in the sun newspaper, it was
found that children abandonment, sexual abuse, child neglect, vagrant, kidnapping and hawking
were the most reported forms of child abuse and neglect.

Nzewi (1988) found that hawking by boys and girls are widespread parents clearly
recognizes that the practice holds dangers for children. According to him, a systematic survey of
cases of sexual abuse of children in three major towns in Nigeria indicated that 60% involved
girls below the age of 12. Scanlon etal (2002) reports that in Bolivia, the poorest country in Latin
America over 44% of the children work in the mines. These children for long hours a day and
under very high temperatures. Most times, they carry minerals loads that are above their physical
capacities. Besides, they usually come into contact with toxic substances such as nitrates and
poisonous gases. In Guatemala, more than 155% of children are engaged in force labor. Some of
them work in dangerous occupations like street vending; refuse recycling with little salaries.

Opera, (1986). Is of the view that child labor is an exploitative systematic process in which
children are used for jobs that are monotonous strenuous harmful or unduly prolonged. It is the
systematic exploitative of the child in jobs that are either self employed or wage earning, be it in
the chiefs immediate family, extended family or completely outside the child‟s own relationships
in many instances. These categories of children who do not stay with their parents are carefree to
do whatever they want to do with their lives.Opera outline the following reasons why children
work.

1. Poverty

2. Family tradition

3. Parental wish

4. Home condition and

Migration of children from rural to urban areas in search of work as a result of poverty and other
related conditions is exploitative, hazardous and prejudicial to their welfare and development. It
is also injurious to their physical, cognitive and moral development of the child. Example, street
vending, load selling, and scavenging and so on. This activities occupy‟s the child through the

8
day, which in most cases interferes with his opportunity for the necessary intellectual and moral
development.

Moses and Aliyu (2005) assert that child labor still remains a serious problem in many parts of
the World, even when the Rights of the Child states clearly that “government should recognize
economic exploitation and from performing work that is likely to be hazardous or harmful to the
child‟s development, or to interfere with the child‟s education(UNCRC). Child neglect includes,
inadequate feeding, shelter, lack of supervision, inadequate general body care, inadequate dental
care, inadequate provision of educational materials, denial of medical attention and resorting to
self medication subjecting the child to all forms of fetish and spiritual healing are all termed as
neglect.

In the view of Onyeanu (2005) supports the fact that lack of provision of materials for
class work for the child is a form of child neglect. Many parents deny their children the right to
own materials for class work, therefore causing them to perform poorly in terms of academics.
Isangedigi (2005) identified forms of abuse in the phenomenon of street children. A street child
syndrome arises because of family poverty. This has lead increasing number of boys and girls to
abandon their homes to seek for independent living on the streets of towns and cities
Evans(2004)observed that in Nigeria, the streets boys are called area boys. These boys are
exposed to poverty, hawking, lacking in family control and social support. These street children
are easily susceptible to crime and prostitution with their attendant problems. Ugoii (2004)
categorized child neglect into the following;

1. Physical
2. Emotional and
3. Psychological neglect. Physical neglect includes not providing adequate food, clothing,
and medical care. Supervision and child abandonment.

2.2.2 The Concept of Child Labour

Child labour is defined as any behavior directed towards a child by the parents, guardians and
other family members or another adult that endangers a child‟s physical or emotional

9
development. Child labor generally refers to any economic activity performed by a person under
the age of 15, (International Labor Organization, 1999).

Owasanoye (2005) views child labor as” work, paid or unpaid carried out by children, which
is dangerous to their development”. This is to be contrasted with the work that is necessary for
the proper socialization of a child to have a balanced development, either in the home or in
training for a future career. Child labor was utilized to varying extents through history but
entered public dispute with the beginning of Universal schooling, with changes in working
conditions during industrialization, and with the emergency of the concepts Workers and
Children‟s Rights. Child labor can be factory work, mining, and prostitution, quarrying, heeling
parents in business, domestic work or doing odd jobs. Child labour therefore relates to the
following:

1. Prostitution
2. Domestic work

3. Agricultural labor.

Wikipedia (2009) defines prostitution as the act or pre engaging in sex acts for hire.
Prostitution of children refers to children having cites for sexual intercourse for money .Under
many laws; a child is defined as anyone under the age of 18 years. The Optimal Protocol on the
Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Pornography to the Convention of the Rights of the
Child, states that the prostitution of children is the practice whereby a child is used by others for
sexual activities in return for remuneration or any other form of consideration.

Child labor Convention of the International Labor Organization (ILO) provides that the use
of offering a child for prostitution is one of the worst forms of child abuse. This convention
adopted in 1999, provides that countries that had ratified it must eliminate the practice urgently.
It enjoyed the fastest pace of ratification in the International labor organization history since
1919. The prostitution of children is seen as forming part of the commercial sexual exploitation
of children (CSEC) it is sometimes connected to the trafficking of children for sexual purpose,
and to child pornography.

10
 Burra (1998) notes that children are often pushed by social structures and individual agents
into situations in which adults take advantage of the vulnerability and sexual exploit and abuse
them. Children also engage in prostitution in return not only for basic needs such as
accommodation, food, clothing, or safety, but also for extra pocket money for desired consumer
goods otherwise out of reach.

NAPTIP (2006) asserts that the demand side of trafficking in persons Is brought about
through economic growth and its disparities among regions which encourage migration flow and
the demand for children, especially girls for domestic work and commercial sex. According to
Asia Human Rights commission (200),
Child labour has become a vital system that is particularly abusive of girls. Sexual exploitative
has become a major social ill in many Asia societies. Many girls are forced into prostitution in
countries like Cambodia, Bangladesh, Nepal, India, and Pakistan. About one million children are
lured or forced into sex every year.

Domestic Labour and Child Trafficking

Domestic labor refers to a situation where people perform domestic tasks in the home of a
third party or employer. Such jobs are more often than not taken by people from economically
backgrounds where child domestic labor is exploitative and includes trafficking, slavery, or
practices similar to slavery or work, which by its nature or the circumstances in which it is
carried out. It‟s hazardous and likely to harm the health, safety or morals of the child. It
constitutes the worst form of child labor as defined in the International Labor Organization
{ILO}, Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention (NO.182), 1999.

Owasanoye (2003) states that “hidden from the public eyes are thousands of children who
serve as house helps from very tender ages”. Children engaged in this informal sector are not
monitored and indeed cannot be monitored under what he terms, the existing regime that is over
centralized, underfunded and understaffed without accurate data to work. Also, house helping
has become heavily commercialized. thereby eliminating the training and proper up bringing
hitherto associated with it. Child victims of trafficking from Nigeria to Gabon shows that 97%

11
are girls and 3% are boys. This indicates the predominant use of children for domestic work and
prostitution.

The United Nation International Children Education Fund (UNICEF) reports that there
exists seasonal migration of young and rural inhabitants in West Africa. For example, Malian
girls head for the two largest cities in Burkina Faso to seek for employment as domestic workers
in the informal sector, to earn money for marriage trousseau. In a later report, UNICEF (2007),
points out that labour exploitation through domestic work is both a means and an end in
trafficking for exploitation. In the Africa context, it is intimately linked with the traditional
practice needed to complement the process of normal development of children.

Oluchi (2003) asserts that “under aged girls are recruited from rural areas with promises of
good salaries or with a promise to their parents that their wards will be sent to school”. Hence,
young girls are brought to big cities by middlemen and are given out into domestic servitude in
homes and local restaurants, wages of such girls may be deducted if customers eat and not pay.
Umana (2004) reports that police in Cross River State rescued 62 children from human
traffickers in July, 2004. According to one trafficker, the children were to be hired out as
domestic servants for 22,000 naira per annum, while he would be paid a commission of 3,000
naira on each child supplied.

Agricultural Labour and Child Neglect

Agricultural labor refers to physical work in farms. The employment of children at regular and
sustained labor in farms is a common phenomenon in the African continent. Child labor is
employed in subsistence and plantation agriculture, and in the urban informal sector. Such labor
could be for full term or part term basis depending on the negotiation. The United Nation
International Children education Fund (UNICEF) reports that seasonal migrations in West
Africa make‟s boys from Burkina Faso seek employment in the plantations in Mali, during the
harvest and the planting seasons. Akioye (2002) reveals that there exists a link between
agriculture and child labor, and by extensions child trafficking. He quotes the study by Centre for
Tobacco Control Research and Education (CTCRE) at the University of California, USA that a
minimum of 78,000 children are working on full or part term basis in the Tobacco fields.
According to the survey, 45% of the child workers are between 10 and 14 years of age, and
555% are between seven and nine years old.

12
 Owasanoye (2005) views agricultural activities as potentially destabilizing to the children
engaged in it as it causes them to be taken out of school during the planting or harvesting
seasons. Herding of cattle forces them to move from one place to another, unable to settle down
in a formal school environment in spite of the nomadic education system.
According to UNICEF in Babar (2003), estimated 2000, 00 children are trafficked in West and
Central Africa each year to work on cocoa plantations, and in other types of harsh agricultural
work where children from those countries would not be used. Isangedidhi (2005) asserts that
child labor is the worst form of hawking. This evident globally represents the largest single
aspect of child abuse. Maduewesi (1990) asserts that children require special care and attention,
and this can only come from the home. Efforts should be made to avoid the tendency of hawking
as a result of engaging children to work.

2.2.3 The Concept of Child Trafficking

The National Agency for the Prohibition of Traffic in Persons and Other Related Mather (
NAPTIP) in 2003 defines trafficking “as including all acts and attempted acts involved in the
recruitment, transportation within or across Nigeria borders, purchases, sale, transfer, receipt as
harboring of a person involving the use of deception, coercion or debt bondage for the purpose of
placing or holding the person whether for or not involuntary servitude (domestic, sexual or
reproductive) in forced or bonded labour or in slave-like condition.

In 1994, the General Assembly of the United Nations Organization defined trafficking as “illicit
and clandestine movement of persons across national and international boarders largely from
developing countries and some countries in transition with the goal of forcing women and girl
children into sexual or economically oppressive and exploitative situations for the profit of
recruiters, traffickers, crime syndicates as well as other illegal activities related to trafficking
such as forced domestic labour. Article three (a) of the International Labor Organization (ILO)
recognizes child trafficking as one of the worst forms of child labor. Child trafficking is defined
as all forms of slavery, such as the sale and trafficking of children, debt bondage and serfdom of
children for use in armed conflicts (UNICEF 2002).

Children who live with parents and attend school till completion are seen as having good
prospects in educational accomplishment and a head start in life than those who are taken to

13
towns, cities for servitude. Observations over the years in Cross River State shows an alarming
trend increasing number of children being trafficked continuously within and outside the borders
of the state for work. A study of the situation in Cross River State from 1996 to 2007 shows that
a high proportion of young adults and children were trafficked to various parts of Nigeria
especially the south West. For example, a study conducted by Girls Power Initiative, a
nongovernmental organization (NGO) in 2002 revealed that Ondo, Akure, Ashawele, Okitipupa,
Shagamu, Ile-efe are places where most of those trafficked on are taken to work. The federal
government‟s concern and the obvious effect of child labor and child trafficking is well known
and is translated into the passing of the Children Rights Acts, 2003 and trafficking in persons
(prohibition ) law Enforcement and Administrative Act 2003 {otherwise called the NAPTIP.

Causes of Child Trafficking

Owasanoye (2005) observes that poverty appears to be the most compelling factor that pushes
children into being trafficked leading to exploitative labor. This demoralizing condition may
compel a child or family to accept any condition in order to satisfy basic needs. Bhabha (2003)
attributes child trafficking to under development and of opportunity of rural areas. United
Nations International Children Education Fund (200) sees child trafficking as being caused by
corruption. Asuelimen (2000) views child trafficking as an issue caused by tradition and cultural
values.

Agbu (2003) views child trafficking as caused by lack of legal frame work or inability
to enforce existing legal framework to implement anti trafficking activities. In response to child
trafficking, government of the local, state and federal levels have developed some intervention
strategies. Among such efforts include the establishment of the National Agency for the
prohibition of Traffic in Persons {NAPTIP}, development of more officers of the immigration
service and police in strategic areas and border areas, enlightenment campaigns in schools by
government and nongovernmental organizations to educate citizens on the existence of this
scourge and the danger it poses. Besides, provision have been made to receive children trafficked
to states or countries of destination and rehabilitate them.

Burra (1998) sees child trafficking as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring,
or receipt of children for the purpose of exploitation includes forcing children into prostitution or

14
other forms of sexual exploitation, force labor or services, slavery, servitude, or the removal of
organs. For children, exploitation may also include illicit international adopted trafficking for
early marriage, and recruitment as child soldiers, for begging or as athletes (such as child camel,
jockeys or football players) or for recruitment for cults.

2.2.4 The Concept of Mass Media

Mass media are channels of communication that involve transmitting of information

in some way shape or form to large numbers of people. They include broadcast media and print
media. According to Rebort (1995) the mass media can be used to present one section of
community to another in other to correct misinformation malediction .It can be used to reduce an
ignorance of another way of life. It will be discovered that the image that every group have about
another group are mostly mistaken images and misconceptions that do not represent reality of
another group. In the view of Merfix (1990) “the mass media can contribute to people‟s
awareness of potentialities, dissatisfaction and collective power among people.”

Mass media encourage and ginger people to achieve their goals or the goals of the
society, by promoting such goals in the media and stimulating the aspirations and activities of the
people towards achieving such goals (Okun, 1999 p.177). Thousands of children stay glued to
the television set for hours every day and television itself is powerful and can ruin public
reputation, Hurlock (1998) classified to include books, newspapers, magazines, movies,
recording, internet and the explosion of digital communication technology in the 20th and 21th
century. In his own opinion McQuail classified the popular mass media as

1. Print, pamphlet, newspaper(established in the 15th c)

2. Recording-records, magnetic tapes, CD, DVD, gramophone(19th C)
3. Cinema-it started from about 1900
4. Radio-started from about 1910
5. Television started in 1950
6. Internet-it started in 1990

15
 Functions of Mass Media

The following are functions of Mass Media. They include;

1. Inform: Mass Media tend to inform us on what is happening within and across the globe.
2. Educate: they serve as a means of educating us.
3. Entertain: They serve as a means of entertainment to us.
4. Surveillance: they serve as a watchdog to our society.

2.3 Review of Related Studies

The following studies were reviewed

2.3.1 Ojugo W. (2002). Article three (a) of the International Organization (ILO)

The article recognizes child trafficking as one of the worst forms of child labor. It defines child
trafficking as one of the worst forms of slavery, or practices similar to slavery such as the sale
and trafficking of children, debt bondage and serfdom and forced or compulsory recruitment of
children for use in armed conflicts. According to the study, the International Labor Organization
(ILO) convention NO 182 protects children from abuse and exploitation. This, notwithstanding,
some million children aged 5-17 years are believed to be engaged in the worst forms of child
labor in the ratio of one child in every Worldwide. The study posits that children who live with
their parents and attend school till completion are seen as having good prospects in educational
accomplishment and make a head start in life than those who are taken to towns, cities for
servitude .Moreover, observations in the study, in Cross River State shows an alarming trend
increasing number of children being trafficked continuously within and outside the borders of the
state for work. The study also shows the federal government‟s concern about the obvious effect
of child labor and child trafficking which is well known and is translated into the passing of
children‟s Right Acts, 2003 and Trafficking in Person(prohibition) Law Enforcement and
Administrative Act,2003(otherwise called NAPTIP ACT).
In order to protect the rights of a child, the study points out that the United Nations General
Assembly on the 20th of November, 1999 in Resolution 1386(XIV) “proclaims the rights of the
child so that children may have a happy childhood and enjoy the benefits in their society. The
rights and freedoms herein, set forth and called upon parents, men and women as individuals and

16
upon voluntary organizations, local authorities and national governments to recognize those
rights and strive for their observance by legislative and other measures.

Unlike the present study the reviewed study failed to look at the major causes of child
trafficking in Nigeria and why children engage in hawking. The present study further proffered
possible solutions to the causes of child trafficking and how it could be avoided.

17
2.4 Theoretical framework

The study is based on one key theory that formed the foundation for the study.

Agenda setting theory was founded in 1972, by McCombs and Shaw The theory describes the
very powerful influence of the media, which is the media‟s ability to tell us what us what issues
are important, and what persons are important in the society. These issues and individuals who
the media choose to publicize become the issues and individuals we think and talk about.
According to McCombs and Shaw, media audience judge as important what the media judge as
important. By implication, media help people to determine what is important in the public
discourse.

The theory and the study both emphasized on the influence of the media on audience,
which is the media‟s ability to tell us what issues are important, such issue may be Child abuse
and Child Trafficking that affects the society most especially children and women. The media
therefore proffered solution to such issues by organizing programmes relating to child abuse and
labour in order to reduce the incidence of such acts.

2.5 Summary

This chapter reviews the concepts of child abuse, child labor, child trafficking, and mass media.
It also had a review of related studies. The agenda setting theory and social learning theory
formed the theoretical base for the study. The relevance of the theories to the study were clearly
stated.

18
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter described the method of research design, population of the study, sampling
techniques/sample size, description of research instrument, validity of data gathering instrument,
method of data collection, and method of data analysis.

3.2 Research Design

The research design adopted for this work was the survey, which involved, sampling of opinion
of different people using questionnaire in order to get information on what is being studied.
According to Berger (2000, p.187) survey is a research method which researchers use to get
information about certain groups of people who are representative of some larger group of
people of interest to them.

Population of the Study

A population is the aggregate of all the cases that conform with some designated set of
specifications. Nwosu (2006, p.49).views Population as the total number of elements within the
given environment which a researcher is set to survey. The population of this study is 2,245,000,
made up of the residents of Gariki Abuja metropolis.

3.4 Sampling Technique/Sample Size

Sampling technique refers to the method of sampling which specifies how elements will be
drawn from the population. Using the purposive sampling technique, the researcher purposively
selected a sample size of 150 respondents. Therefore, the sample size for this study is 100
respondents.

19
3.5 Description of Research Instrument

The instrument used for this study was the questionnaire, which is a set of questions designed to
obtain written responses from the respondents. It is a vital instrument for gathering information
from people about their opinion, attitude and perceptions on a given phenomenon. The
questionnaire was divided into two parts; Part A was on the demography of the respondents
while part B was made up of the items that answered the research question.

Item 1-4 answered questions on the demography of the respondents.

Item 5-9 answered research question one
Item 10-16 answered research question two
Item 17 answered research question three
Item 18-20 answered research question four

3.6 Validity of Data Gathering Instrument

The questionnaire for this study thoroughly scrutinized by the supervisor to ensure its clarity and
unambiguity as well as its relevance to the study.

3.7 Method of Data Collection

Data was collected using the questionnaire which the researcher administered face to the
respondents. Out of 150 copies of questionnaire distributed, 100 copies were retrieved. This gave
a response rate of return of 66.7%

3.8 Method of Data Analysis

Data collected were analyzed using frequency tables and percentages. These statistical tools were
used because they were suitable means of breaking down and analyzing the generated data.

20
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATIONAND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of Africa Independent Television as a
watchdog against child abuse and labour. The chapter is concerned with the presentation and
analysis of data collected through the use of questionnaire distributed to the respondents. One
hundred copies of questionnaire were distributed and 100 copies were retrieved. This represented
a response rate of 100%.

The study answered the following research questions.

1. What kind of programmes relating to child abuse and labour are aired on Africa
Independent television?

2. How popular are these programmes to the residents of Gariki in Abuja metropolis to
these?

3. What are the reactions of the residents of Gariki to these programmes?

4. In what ways have these programmes helped in discouraging the practice of child abuse
and labour among the residents of Gariki in Abuja metropolis?

4.2 Data Presentation and Analysis

Items 1-4 in the questionnaire answered questions on the respondent‟s demography.

21
Question 1: What is your sex?

Table 1: Response to question 1

Response Frequency percentage

Male 63 63%

Female 37 37%

Total 100 100%

On the table above, 63 respondents (63%) were males, while 37 respondents (37%) were
females.

Question 2: What is your age bracket?

Table 2: Response to question 2

Response Frequency Percentage

8-12 9 9%

13-16 21 21%

17-20 25 25%

21-23 45 45%

Total 100 100%

On the above table, 9 respondents (9%) fall under the age bracket of 8-12, 21 respondents (21%)
fall under the age bracket of 13-16, 25 respondents (25%) falls under the age bracket of 17-20,
45 respondents (45%) falls under the age bracket of 21-23.

22
Question 3: What is your occupation?

Table 3: Response to question 3

Response Frequency Percentage

Student 66 66%

Civil servant 3 3%

Self employed 31 31%

Total 100 100%

On the table above on educational qualification, 66 respondents (66%) are students, 3

respondents (3%) are civil servants, 31 respondents (31%)were self employed.

Question 4: What is your marital status?

Table : Response to question 4

Response frequency percentage

Married 7 7%

Single 93 93%

Total 100 100%

On the table above, 7 respondents (7%) are married, 93 respondents (93%) are single.
Analysis of Data from survey field (Questionnaire)

Research question 1: Do you own a television set? Items 5-6 answered this research question.

23
Question 5: do you own a television set

Table 5: Response to question 5

Response Frequency Percentage

Yes 73 73%

No 27 27%

Total 100 100%

In response to the question on ownership to a television set, 73 respondents (73%) agreed that
they own television set, while 27 respondents (27%) disagreed

they do not own television set.

Question 6: Do you have access to television?

Table 6: Response to question 5

Response Frequency Percentage

Yes 82 82%

No 18 18%

Total 100 100%

In response to the question on access to television, 82 respondents (82%) agreed that they have
access to television; while 18 disagreed they did not have access to television.

24
Question 7: Do you know how to operate it?

Table 7: Response to question 7.

Response Frequency Percentage

Yes 87 87%

No 13 13%

Total 100 100%

Question 8: Which of the channels do you watch?

Table 8: Response to question 8

Response Frequency Percentage

AIT 35 35%

NTA 41 41%

MTV 20 20%

ITV 4 4%

Total 100 100%

From the table above, 35 respondents (35%) watched AIT, 41 respondents

(41%) watched AIT, and 20 respondents (20%) watched MTV, while 4 respondents (4%)
watched ITV.

25
Question 9: How often do you watch programmes on AIT?

Table 9: Response to question 9

Response Frequency Percentage

Very often 34 34%

Often 27 27%

Not very often 22 22%

Not often 17 17%

Total 100 100%

In response to the above question, 34 respondents (34%) said very often, 27 respondents (27%)
said often, and 22 respondents (22%) said not very often, while 17 respondents (17%) said not
often.

Question 10: What kind of programmes relating to child abuse and labour are aired on AIT?

Table 10: Response to question 10

Response Frequency Percentage

ITOHAN 14 14%

I am priceless 30 30%

I need to know 21 21%

IZOZO 39 39%

Total 100 100%

On the table above, 14 respondent (14%) chose ITOHAN, 30 Respondents (30%) chose‟‟ I am
priceless‟‟, 21 respondents (21%) chose” I need to know‟‟, while 39 respondents (39) chose
“Izozo”.

26
Question 11: How popular are these programmes?

Table 11: Response to question 11

Response frequency percentage

Very popular 52 52%

Popular 30 30%

Not popular 18 18%

Total 100 100%

the table above indicated that, 52 respondents (52%) agreed that the programmes were very
popular 30 respondents (30%) agreed that the programmes were popular, while 18 respondents
(18%) said not popular

Question 11? Which do you prefer?

Table 12: Response to question 12

Response Frequency Percentage

ITOHAN 17 17%

I am priceless 30 30%

I need to know 14 14%

Izozo 43 43%

Total 100 100%

From the table above, 17 respondents (17%) preferred ITOHAN, 30 respondents (30%) preferred
I am priceless, 14 respondents (14%) preferred I need to know, while 43 respondents (43%)
preferred Izozo.

27
Question 12: When are such programmes aired?

Table 12: Response to question 12

Response frequency Percentage

I am priceless Monday 15 15%

I need to know Tuesday 20 20%

Izozo Wednesday 19 19%

ITOHAN Thursday 31 31%

NO response Friday 15 15%

Total 100 100%

From the table above, 15 respondents (15%) chose I am priceless which is aired on Monday,
20 respondents (20%) chose I need to know aired on Tuesday, 19 respondents (19%) chose I
ITOHAN aired on Wednesday, 31 respondents (31%) chose Izozo aired on Thursday, while 15
respondents (15%) made no response.

Question 13: What time are the programmes shown?

Table 13: Response to question 13?

Response frequency Percentage

I am priceless 9-12pm 7 7%

I need to know 1-4pm 9 9%

Izozo 5-8pm 54 54%

ITOHAN 9-12am 30 30%

Total 100 100%

28
In response to the question 13 above, 7 respondents (7%) chose I am priceless aired from 9-
12am, 9 respondents (9%) chose I need to know aired from 1-4pm, 54 respondents (54%) chose
Izozo aired from 5-8pm, and 30 respondents (30%) chose ITOHAN aired from 12am.

Question 14: Why do you prefer such programmes?

Table 14: Response to question 14

Response Frequency Percentage

Because they fights against child abuse 47 47%

and labour

Because they are educating 35 35%

Because they are entertaining 16 16%

No response 2 2%

Total 100 100%

From the table above, 47 respondents (47%) preferred the programmes because they fights
against child abuse and labour, 35 respondents (35%) preferred the programmes because they

29
are educating, 16 respondents (16%) preferred the programmes because they are entertaining,
while2 respondents (2%) made no response.

Question 15: How familiar are you with these programmes?

Table 15: response to question 15

Response Frequency Percentage

Very familiar 62 62%

Familiar 29 29%

Not familiar 9 9%

Total 100 100%

In response to the question 15 above, 62 respondents (62%) were very familiar with the
programmes, 29 respondents (29%) were familiar with the programmes, while 9 respondents
(9%) were not familiar with the programmes.

Question 16: Do you agree that AIT television has been able to sensitize the public to the evils of
child labour and trafficking?

Table 16: Response to question 16

Response Frequency Percentage

Yes 97 97%

No 2 2%

No response 1 1%

Total 100 100%

From the table above 16, 97 respondents (97%) agreed that AIT television has been able to
sensitize the residents of Abuja metropolis on the evils of child abuse and labour, while 2
respondents (2%) did not agree, and 1 respondent (1%) made no response.

30
Question 17: What are your reactions to such programmes?

Table 17: Response to research question 17

Response Frequency Percentage

They helped in reducing the rate of 82 82%

Child abuse and labour

They now make people shun 16 16%

the practice of child abuse and labour

No response 2 2%

Total 100 100%

On the table above 17, 98 respondents (93%) said that their reactions to AIT television
programmes has helped in reducing the rate of child abuse and labour .16 respondents (16%)
said, they now make people shun the practice of child abuse and labour, while 2 respondents
(2%) made no response.

Question 18: has it discouraged child abuse and labour?

Table 18: Response to question 18

Response Frequency Percentage

Yes 64 64%

No 30 30%

No response 6 6%

Total 100 100%

From the table above 18, 64 respondents (64%) agreed that AIT television programmes on child
abuse and labour have been able to discourage child abuse and labour, while 30 respondents
(30%) disagreed, and 6 respondents (6%) made no response.

31
Question 19: Do you agree that television has been able to educate the public to avoid physical,
emotional and psychological maltreatment of children?
Table 19: Response to question 19

Response Frequency Percentage

Yes 97 97%

No 1 1%

Not sure 3 3%

Total 100 100%

From the table above 19, 97 respondents (97%) said yes, 1 respondent (1%) said no, while 3
respondents (3%) made no response.

Question 20: Would you say television has been able to mount pressure on the government to
make child welfare policies?
Table 20: Response to question 20

Response Frequency Percentage

Yes 96 96%

No 2 2%

No response 2 2%

Total 100 100%

On the above table, 96 respondents (96%) said that AIT television has been to mount pressure on
the government to make more children welfare policies,2 respondents (2%) said no, while 2
respondents (2%) made no response.

32
4.3 discussion of finding

In the section the data collection from a survey on the topic “Influence of African independent
television as a watchdog against child abuse and labour with particular reference to child
trafficking” would be discussed. The data contained in the topic “influence of Africa independent
television as a watchdog against child abuse and labour with particular reference to child
trafficking fully completed copies of questionnaire retrieved from the respondents would be
discussed. Responses to answered on research questions would be discussed.
Research question 1: What kind of programmes are aired on African Independent television
against child abuse and labour?

The aim of this research question was to find out the kind of programmes aired on African
independent television. The data on tables 5, 6,7,8,9, and 10 were used to answer this research
question.

The data on table 5 showed that, 100 respondents (100%) either have access to television.

Table 6 showed that, 82 respondents (82) had access to television, while 18 respondents 18
respondents (18%) disagreed that they had access to television.

Table 7 showed that, 87 respondents (87%) knew how to operate television; while13 respondents
(13%) said they do not know how to operate television.

The data on table 8 showed that, 35 respondents (35%) watched AIT, 41 respondents (NTA)
watched NTA, and 20 respondents (20%) watched MTV, while 4 respondents (4%) watched
ITV.

The data on table 9 indicated that, 34 respondents (34%) said very often, 27 respondents (27%)
said often, and 22 respondents (22%) said not very often, while 17 respondents (17%) said not
often.

Table 10 showed that, 14 respondents (14%) chose “ITOHAN”, 30 respondents (30%) chose “I
am priceless”, 21 respondents (21%) chose “I need to know”. While 39 respondents (39%) chose
“IZOZO”.

33
 The findings here clearly stated the kind of grogrammes related to child abuse and labour
which are aired on AIT. It also revealed that audience preferred IZOZO because of its
dramatized nature.

The findings also proved that 39 respondents (39%) chose “Izozo” to other programmes because
its fights against child abuse and labour are dramatized.

Research question 2: How popular are these programmes to the residents of Abuja
metropolis?

The aim of this research question is to find out how popular these programmes are to the
residents of Abuja metropolis. The data on tables 11-15 answered this research question.

Table 11 indicated that, 52 respondents (52%) agreed that the programmes are very popular, 30
respondents (30%) agreed that the programmes are popular, while 18 respondents (18%) said the
programmes are not popular.

Table 11 showed that, 17 respondents (17%) preferred ITOHAN, 30 respondents (30%)

preferred I am priceless, 14 respondents () preferred I need to know, while 43 respondents (43%)
preferred Izozo.

Table 12 showed that, 15 respondents (15%) chose I am priceless which is aired on Monday, 20
respondents (20%) chose I need to know aired on Tuesday, 19 respondents (19%) chose I am
priceless aired on Wednesday, 31 respondents (31%) chose Izozo aired on Thursday, while 15
respondents (15%) made no response.

Table 13 indicated that, 7 respondents (7%) chose I am priceless aired from 9-12am, 9
respondents (9%) chose I need to know aired from 1-4pm, 54 respondents (54%) chose Izozo
aired from 5-8pm, and 30 respondents (30%) chose ITOHAN aired from 12am.

Table 14 showed that, 47 respondents (47%) preferred the programmes because they fights
against child abuse and labour, 35 respondents (35%) preferred the programmes because they
are educating, 16 respondents (16%) preferred the programmes because they are entertaining,
while2 respondents (2%) made no response.

34
Table 15 showed that, 62 respondents (62%) were very familiar with the programmes, 29
respondents (29%) were familiar with the programmes, while 9 respondents (9%) were not
familiar with the programmes.
From the findings above, it was observed that these programmes are popular among majority
of the residents of Abuja metropolis as shown in table 11.

Research question 3: What are the reactions of the residents of Abuja metropolis to these
programmes?

The aim of this research question is to find out the reactions of the residents of Abuja metropolis
to these programmes. The data on the tables 16 and 17 answered this research question.

The data on the table 16 showed that, 97 respondents (97%) agreed that AIT television has been
able to sensitize the public on the evils of child abuse and labour, while 2 respondents (2%) did
not agree, and 1 respondent (1%) made no response.

The data on table 17 showed that,82 respondents (82%) said that the programmes have helped in
reducing the rate of child abuse and labour, 16 respondents (16%) agreed that the programmes
have made them shun the practice of child abuse and labour, while 2 respondents (2%) made no
response.

The findings here revealed that the programmes on AIT against child abuse and labour have
gained such publicity among the residents of Gariki of Abuja metropolis to the extent that they
have now seen child abuse and labour as one of the worst forms to slavery.

This finding clearly supports the study by Ojugo (2002) in which he stated that child
trafficking is one of the worst forms of slavery of practices similar to slavery such as the sale and
trafficking of children.

Research question 4: In what way have these prorammes helped in discouraging the practice of
child abuse and labour among the residents of Abuja metropolis?

The aim of this research question is to find out how these programmes have helped in
discouraging the practice of child abuse and labour among the residents of Abuja metropolis.
The data on the tables 18, 19, and 20 answered this research question.

35
The data on the table 18 showed that, 64 respondents (64%) out of 100 agreed that television
programmes have been able to discourage child abuse and labour, while 30 respondents (30%)
disagreed, and 6 respondents (6%) were not sure.
The data on table 19 showed that, 97 respondents (97%) out of 100, said positively, 1 respondent
(1%) said negatively, while 3 respondents (3%) were not sure.

The data on table 20 showed that, 96 respondents (96%) said that AIT television has been able to
mount pressure on the government to make children welfare policies,2 respondents (2%) said no,
while 2 respondents (2%) made no response.
From the findings above, it is obvious that these programmes aired on AIT have helped in
discouraging the practice of child abuse and labour among the Gariki residents of Abuja
metropolis. The finding also revealed that the federal government is concerned about the
negative impact of child abuse and neglect and this has prompted it in passing the Children‟s
Rights Acts of (2003) and the trafficking in Person(prohibition) Law Enforcement and
Administrative Act,2003(otherwise called NAPTIP ACT).

36
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction:

The main objective of this study was to determine the ‟‟Influence of Africa Independent
television as a watch dog against child abuse and labour: A Study of AIT/Abuja. Survey research
design was adopted using the questionnaire for the gathering of data. Following the analysis of
data and discussion of findings, this chapter presented the summary of findings, conclusion and
recommendation.

5.2 Summary of Findings

The findings showed that:

1 That (AIT) has relevant programmes aired on its broadcasting stations that discourage
child abuse and labour.
2 That the audience preferred IZOZO because it made more impact on them as adrama
programme.
3 That the programmes on Child Abuse and labour broadcast on AIT have helped to
reduce of Child Abuse and labour.
4 That the federal government has shown graet concern about the ill effect of Child Abuse
and labour, and this has made it pass the children‟s Rights Acts of (2003) and the
trafficking in person
5 (Prohibition) law enforcement and Administrative Act,2003(otherwise called NATIP
ACT).

5.3 Conclusion

This study has been able to demonstrate that the media, particularly television have helped a
great deal in creating awareness on the rights of the child and dangers of abuse in the society. It
has also been advanced that what remains is the translation of this sense of awareness into
favorable ways and manner of handling and treating children.

37
5.4 Recommendations

Base on the findings and conclusions of this study, the following recommendations were made:

1. Government should embark on public enlightenment campaigns to educate the public on

the social dangers of child abuse and labour.
2. All forms of child abuse should be taken as serious offences.
3. Government should promulgate laws against the abuse of children
4. Government and non governmental agencies should create awareness campaign exercises
to discouraged parents from leasing out their children.
5. The general society should help government to eradicate all forms of immoral activities
against innocent children.
6. The legislatures should pay much attention to the existing laws which concern the right‟s
of African child and make amendments where necessary to stop the gross exploitation of
the African child.
7. The Nigerian government should try as much as possible to implement all the poverty
alleviation programmes with adequate funding and make sure that they reach the grass
roots.
8. Government should make laws that would protect the rights of the child.

5.5 Suggestion for further Studies:

1. A similar study should be carried out again to cover the entire state.
2. A similar study should be carried out again on the areas not previously investigated.
3. Future researchers should be encouraged increase their sample sizes for easy
generalization of the results.

38
 References

Anukan, P. (1986). Types and Causes of Child Abuse in Nigeria. In R. O. Nnachi & P. S. E. E.

Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Printice - Hall.

Calvert, S. (1993). Violence Towards Youth: A new perspective. Journal of Social Issues.

Dyorough, D. (1984). The Major Routes towards the Abandonment and Abuse Of Children in
Africa. Keynote Address presented at the 1st International Workshop on Child Abuse in
Africa held at Enugu, Nigeria.

Dyorouhg, S. (1986).Child Abuse and the Right of the Nigerian Child.

Ebigbo, E. (1985). Children’s and Women’s rights in Nigeria: A Wake-up Call, Situation
Assessment and Analysis. National Planning and United Nation International Children
Emergency Fund.

Ebigbo, P. & Izuora, E. (1985). Adolescent Health in the Caribbean.

Ekwe, W. (1986). Parental Child Abduction is Child Abuse. A paper Presented to The United
Nation Convention on child rights. New York.

Esu, A. (2000). Parental Kidnapping: A New Form of Child Abuse. Washington DC: American
Psychiatric Association Press

Ojugo, W. (2003) “Child Abuse” In News on JULY Publishers Isangedighi, A. J. (2005) Child
Abuse.

Uzoezie, E. (1995). Subtle Images of Child Abuse: forms, causes, and Prevention strategies.

UNICEF Report 2003, on Children

Boyden, J. and W. Myers (1998) „‟ what works for working children‟‟. Stockholm Radda Barren
and UNICEF.

39
Okpara, O. G. (1986). The aggressive characteristics of abuse and neglected children. Journal of
Clinical psychology.

Uzoezie, C. E. (2005). Subtle Images of child abuse: forms, causes, and prevention strategies.
Webster’s Dictionary (2005). English Dictionary. Definition of Child.Retrived April-2-2013)

WWW.GOOGLE.COM. Types of Child Abuse.Retrived April-2-2013)

Wikipedia free Encyclopedi.History of Africa Independent Television.Retrived Jul- ,1-2013)

40
 APPENDIX i

Department of Mass Communication

Faculty of Social Sciences
Caritas University Amorji Nike
PMB 01784
Enugu State
April 23, 2013.

Dear Respondents,

I am a final year student of the above named institution conducting a research on

“Influence of Africa Independent Television as a watchdog against child abuse and labour with
focus to Child Trafficking”. (A Study of Gariki Residents of Abuja Metropolis).

I should be very grateful if you assist in filling the questionnaire. You can be sure that
your answers will be treated with confidentiality. The given information will be used strictly for
the purpose of this study. Thanks

Yours faithfully,

Elnathan Ekuri

Researcher

41
 APPENDIX ii

QUESTIONNAIRE

SECTION A-Demography

1. What is your sex?

A Male [ ]

B Female [ ]

2. What is your age bracket?

A 8-12 [ ]
B 13-16 [ ]
C 17-20 [ ]
D 21-23 [ ]

3. What is your occupation?

A student [ ]

B Civil servant [ ]
C Teacher [ ]
D Self employed [ ]

4. What is your marital status?

A married [ ]
B single [ ]

SECTION B

5 Do you own a television set?

A yes [ ]
B no [ ]

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4. Do you have access to television?
A yes [ ]
B no [ ]

6. Do you know how to operate it?

A yes [ ]
B no [ ]

7. Which of the channels do you watch?

A AIT [ ]
B NTA [ ]

C My T.V [ ]
D ITV [ ]
8. How often do you watch program’s on AIT?
A Very often [ ]
B often
C not very often [ ]
D not often [ ]

9. What kind of programmes are aired on AIT?

A ITOHAN [ ]

B I am priceless [ ]

C I need to know [ ]

D Izozo [ ]

10. Which do you prefer?

A ITOHAN [ ]

B I am priceless [ ]

C Ineed to know Africa [ ]

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 D Izozo [ ]

11. When are such programmes aired?

A Monday [ ]

B Tuesday [ ]

C Wednesday [ ]

D Thursday [ ]

12. What time are the programmes shown?

A 9-12AM [ ]

B 1-4PM [ ]

C 5-8PM [ ]

D 9-12PM [ ]

13. Why do you prefer such programmes?

A Because it fights against child abuse and labour

B Because it is educating [ ]

C It‟s entertaining [ ]

D not sure [ ]

14. How familiar are you to these programmes

A very familiar [ ]

B familiar [ ]
C not familiar [ ]

15. Would you say that television has been able to sensitize the public on child abuse and
labour?

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 A yes [ ]
B no [ ]
C not sure [ ]

16. Do you agree that television has been able to draw attention of the public to the evils of child
labour and trafficking?
A Yes [ ]
B No [ ]
C Not sure

17. What are your reactions to such programmes?

A positively [ ]

B Negatively [ ]

C not sure [ ]

18. Has it discouraged child abuse and labour?

A yes [ ]

B no [ ]

C not sure [ ]

19. Do you agree that television has been able to educate the public to avoid physical,
emotional and psychological maltreatment of children?
A yes [ ]

B No [ ]

C Not sure [ ]

20 Would you say television has been able to mount pressure on the government to make child
welfare policies?

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A Yes [ ]

B NO [ ]

C Not sure

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