1. What is mobile communication?

The use of technology that allows us to communicate with others in different locations without the
use of any physical connection

2.What is telecommunication?
The exchange of information over significant distances by electronic means and refers to all types of
voice, data and video transmission

3.What are the elements of communication?

a. Sender
b. Source ( Transmission medium/ Transmitter)
c. Receiver (Destination)

5. What is a signal?
An electronic voltage or current which varies with time. It is used to transfer data from one end to
another

a) Digital signals
 Allow high transmission speeds
 Allows high quality in transmission of data
 Only type of signal that the computer understands
 Operates under binary values 0’s and 1’s
 Faster and efficient
 Lower error rates

b) Analog signals
 Are in continuous wave form in nature and represented by continuous electromagnetic
waves

6. What are the parts of signals?

1. Amplitude – the maximum height of the wave (measured in meters)
2. Frequency – The number of complete waves that pass a point (Hz)
3. Wave length – the distance between adjacent crests
4.Phase – Phase is a position of a point in time on a waveform cycle

7. What is propagation speed in media?

 The speed at which waves propagate through a given medium. The propagation speed also
varies from medium to medium depending on the properties of the medium

8. What are the transmission modes in a computer network?

 The transmission mode direct the direction of flow of information.
a. Simplex mode
Data can be sent only in one direction
b. Half duplex mode
Data can be sent to both direction but it cannot be done simultaneously
c. Full duplex mode
Can send and receive data in both directions simultaneously
 9. What are the 3 types of data transmission according to the direction of data flow?
a) Unicast transmission
 communication where a piece of information is sent from one point to another point. In this
case, there is just one sender and one receiver. (One to one/point to point)
Ex. One telephone to another telephone, server and client

b) Multicast transmission
 Communication where a piece of information is sent from one or more points to a set of
other points. In this case there may be one or more senders and receivers
 The communication technique in which data transmission is done between a particular
group of devices those are present in the network is known as Multicast.
Ex. Videoconference , Teleconference

c) Broadcast transmission
 Communication where a piece of information is sent from one point to all other points. In
this case there is only one sender but many receivers.
Ex. Television, Radio

10. Properties of signals?

1. Latency – Network latency is an expression of how much time it takes for a unit of data to travel
from one point to another. Latency is measured in milliseconds
2. Bandwidth – Bandwidth is the difference between lower and the upper frequencies of the signal
generated
3. Noise – Unwanted modifications that a signal may suffer during capture, storage, transmission,
processing, or conversion
4. Attenuation – Reduction of the signal energy as it travels through the given medium
5. Distortion – distortion refers to any kind of deformation of an output signal compared to the initial
signal input

Network Topologies

Topology Features / Advantages Disadvantages

1. Bus topology Features  Can only be used to build small
 Bus topology is a network type in which networks
every computer and network device is  Non-robust topology because if the
connected to a single cable backbone fails, the entire topology
 It transmits the data from one end to crashes
another in a single direction  Security is very low
 No bi-directional feature is available  If the network traffic is high, then the
 It is a multi-point connection collisions in the network increases
 Coaxial cables are used as the backbone  When network traffic increases
cable  Waste valuable transmission time
Advantages  Waste of radiated power
 Easy to connect devices  Energy efficiency of the system
 Require less cable length decreases
 The cost of the cable is less as compared to  Having negative effects on the
other topologies throughput
 Delay of the system
2. Star topology Features  If the central hub fails, the whole
 All devices are connected to a single hub system fails
through a cable  More cable length is required
 The hub is the central node, all the other  Installation cost and maintenance
nodes are connected to the central node cost is high
Advantages  Performance is dependent on the
 Easy to setup efficiency of the central node

 No disruptions to the network when adding

or removing computers
 If any node cable fails, only one computer is
down, all the other computers still work
 This is a saleable topology (able to change
the size)
3. Ring topology Features  Troubleshooting is difficult
 This is a type of topology where each node  If one node of the system fails the
is exactly connected to 2 other neighboring whole system fails
nodes  Addition of new stations or removing
 Transmission is unidirectional old once disturb the whole system
 Data is sent around the ring until it reaches  Less secure
its desired destination  Non robust
 Few number of repeaters are used in this
topology
Advantages
 The possibility of collision is minimum
 Cheap to install and expand (Cost efficient)
 Equal access to resources
 No need of a server to control connectivity
among the nodes
4. Tree topology Features  If the central hub fails the whole
 A variation of star topology system fails
 Has a hierarchical flow of data  Cost is high because of cabling
 High security
 Contains of a central hub connection to  Maintenance is complex
many secondary hubs  Scalability is limited
 Allows devices to be attached to a single
central hub
 Easy in error detection
 Easy expansion
Advantages
 Decreases the distance the signals are
traveled
 Allows the network to get isolated and
prioritize from the different computers
 Robust

5. Mesh Features  Cost of cabling is high

topology  Each node is directly connected to all other  Cost of maintenance is high
nodes available in the system  Installation and configuration is
 Fully connected system difficult
Advantages  Suitable only for small networks
  Easy diagnosis of fails in the system  Unauthorized access is not possible
 It is a robust system
 Data is reliable because data is transferred
among the devices through dedicated
channels or links (Less error or damage to
data)
 Provides more security and privacy

Bus Topology Star Topology Ring Topology Tree Topology Mesh Topology
Each node is connected All nodes are Each node is Hierarchical All nodes are connected to
to the backbone connected to the connected to its 2 arrangement of nodes all the nodes via a
central hub neighboring nodes and hubs dedicated link or channel
Very low security Secure Low security Very high security Very high security
Complexity is minimum Complexity is Complexity is Complexity is very high Complexity is high
minimum minimum
Also known as line Also known as star Also known as ring Also known as Also known as mesh
topology network network Hierarchical topology network
Used in LAN Used in LAN Used for LAN Used in WAN Used in LAN
Low cost Low cost High cost High cost
Unidirectional data Data is copied to the Unidirectional Data is copied to the Data transmits from one
flow central hub and sent data flow central or secondary node to the desired node
to the desired location hub and sent to the
desired location
Non robust Robust Non robust Robust Robust

15. Types of networks according to their geographical range?

A. Local area network (LAN)
B. Metropolitan area network (MAN)
C. Wide area network (WAN)

Network devices
 Modem Router
 A modem demodulates incoming analog signals to  A router is a device that examines the path of a
digital signals so that the computer can understand data packet and forwards or route that data from
them, one network to another network based on their IP
 And modulates outgoing digital signals to analog signals address
as it goes out on the internet
 Modem brings the requested information from the  Router distributes the data which is received to the
internet into a network modem from the internet to all the devices in the
network it self or through a switch or hub (Modern
routers comes with a build in switch)
 If you have only one device to connect to the internet  If you have several devices to connect to the
you do not need a router. You can directly connect the internet you need a router. The modem connects to
computer to the modem the router and the router distributes data to all the
other devices
 2 main types of modems - DSL modems  Router is essentially the Default Gateway of a
Cable modems network
 Cable modems use coaxial cables  Use RJ45 cables to connect to the devices
 DSL modems use RJ-11 (telephone line) connectors
 Modem connects the devices to the networking devices  Router connects all the devices of network to
to the ISP another network
 Implemented in Data link layer  Implemented with Network layer
 Data packet is not examined  Data packet is examined before forwarding to the
desired computer
 Modern routers come with a build in modem and switch

Hub Switch
 When a hub receives a data packet it is copied to all  When a data packet is received to the switch its only
the other devices connected to the hub directed to the intended destination
 Hub is operated on Physical layer of OSI model  operated on Data link layer of OSI Model
 Transmission type – Broadcast  Transmission type – Broadcast, Multicast, Unicast
 Hub is a half-duplex transmission mode  Switch is a full duplex transmission mode
 Packet filtering is not provided  Packet filtering is provided
 Hub is not an intelligent device  Switch is an intelligent device
 Creates security concerns  No security concerns created
 Created unnecessary network traffic  No unnecessary network traffic is created
 Waste bandwidth  Bandwidth is high compared to the hub
 Cannot identify the MAC address of the devices in the  Identifies the MAC addresses of the devices in the
network separately network separately and data is sent according to the
MAC address
 Used for Local Area Networks
 Hubs and switches do not read IP addresses therefore they can communicate only inside their own network
 Hubs and switches are used to create networks
 Bridge Repeater
Bridge is a repeater, with added functionality of filtering content Repeater amplifies or regenerates an incoming signal
by reading the MAC addresses of the of the source and over the same network before retransmitting it,
destination increasing the range of the network without weak or
corrupted signals
Operates at the data link layer Operates at the physical layer
Connects two networks in a well-organized manner Expands the limit of the signals in a network
Data packet can be examined by the bridge before forwarding Repeater is not able to identify the desired destination
to the desired destination.
Used to extend a LAN or to connect 2 different LAN’s Used to extend a LAN
Can perform packet filtering Cannot perform packet filtering
Can be used in Bus, Star, Ring and Star topologies

Gateway
 A device that serves as an entry point to another network
 Works with all the layers of the ISO Model
 Basically, works as the messenger agents that take data from one system, interpret it, and
transfer it to another system
 Also called as protocol converters

Network Interface Card (NIC)

 The computer uses the NIC to become a part of the network
 NIC contains the electronic circuit required to communicate using a wired or wireless
connection
Firewall
 A firewall is a network security device, either hardware of software based which monitor all
incoming and outgoing traffic and based on a defined set of security rules it accepts or
rejects specific traffic

#utp stp fiber optic rj 45 48 11 bnc coaxial #

12. Types of unguided data transmission?

a. Radio waves
These waves travel over a longer distance.
Lower frequencies than microwaves
Longer wave length
Ex. Fm radio, satellite communication , radar navigation

b. Microwaves
Wave lengths are shorter than radio waves
Higher frequencies than radio waves

C. Infrared waves
Uses light waves to transfer signals
Ex. Mouse, TV remote

13. Types of guided data transmission?

A. Twisted pair cable ( Telephone networks)

B. Coaxial cable (Cable TV)
C. Fiber optics
Transfer data using pulses of light generated by small lasers.
Designed for long distance data transmission
Very high performance
17. What is modulation
 Modulation is the technique used to send information by modifying the basic characteristic
such as frequency, amplitude and phase of an electromagnetic signal by attaching it to a
higher frequency carrier signal.
 The process of varying amplitude, frequency or phase of a carrier signal in accordance with
the baseband signal (message signal/ modulating signal) is called as modulation

What are the uses of modulation?

 Reduction of the height or size of an antenna
 Avoid mixing of signals/ reduce interference
 Make multiplexing possible
 Increase the range of communication

18. What are the 2 main types of modulation?

1. Analog modulation
 In analog modulation, analog signals are used as a carrier signal that modulates the
message signals
Modulation Features
Amplitude Modulation  Amplitude of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the message signal(
Baseband signal) and other factors like phase and frequency remain
constant
 Requires more power and greater bandwidth
 Ex - modems, AM radio
Frequency Modulation  The frequency of the carries signal varies in accordance with the message
signal and other factors like amplitude and phase remain constant.
 Ex – FM Radio, Radar, ECG
Phase Modulation  In this type of modulation the phase of the carrier signal varies in
accordance with the message signal
Ex. Wi-Fi, satellite TV
2.Digital modulation
 In digital modulation, the message signal (Baseband signal) is converted from analog
to digital signal and then modulated along with the carrier signal which is still in
analog form
(in digital modulation the message signal is of digital 0’s and 1’s but carrier signal is
not converted into digital state, it remains in the analog form)

What are the advantages of digital modulation?

 Better quality of data transmission
 High data security
 Efficient communication

Modulation Feature
Amplitude shift keying  The amplitude of the carrier signal is changed in accordance with the digital
(ASK) input signal (message signal).
 This is the type of amplitude modulation that represents the binary data in
the form of variation in the amplitude of a signal
 Binary signal from amplitude shift keying is modulated
 It gives a 0 value for low input and carries output for high input
Frequency shift keying  If the frequency of the carrier signal is changed in accordance with the
(FSK) digital input signal
 Type frequency modulation that represents the binary data in the form of
variation in the frequency of a signal
 The output of a frequency shift keying modulated wave is high in frequency
for a binary high input and is low in frequency for a binary low input
Phase shift keying  The phase of the carrier signal is changed in accordance with the digital
(PSK) input signal
 This is the type of phase modulation that represents the binary data in the
form of variation in the phase of a signal
 19. What is synchronization?
Synchronization occurs between network nodes to ensure that data streams are received
and transmitted correctly and to prevent data collision.
It usually uses a clock signal transmitted in sequence with a data stream to maintain proper
signal timing.

20. What is signal encoding?

The process of using various patterns of voltage or current levels to represent 1s and 0s of
the digital signals on the transmission link

21. Different signal encoding methods?

Signal encoding method Features
Non return to zero Level  In this encoding system, voltage determines the value of the bit, typically
(NRZ -L) binary 1 maps to logic-level low, and binary 0 maps to logic-level high

Non return to zero  In this encoding scheme one represents the transition of the physical
inverted (NRZ – I) level while zero does not represent any transition

Manchester Encoding  In Manchester encoding, voltage changes from low to high for 1 and
high to low for 0 in the middle of the signal

22. What is an error?

If the received output of the data is not equal to the input that was given initially this
mismatched data is called an error. The errors occur due to
o Noise
o Interference
23. What are the methods used to control and detect error?
a) Parity check
Parity check is one simple error detection mechanism were an extra bit of data is
added and sent alone with the original data births to make number of