Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Solar PV and BIPV system: Barrier, challenges and policy recommendation

in India
⁎
Akash Kumar Shuklaa, K. Sudhakara,b, , Prashant Baredara, Rizalman Mamatb
a
Energy Centre, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal, India
b
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pahang, Malaysia

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: India receives sun's energy over 300 days a year most of the time. About 5000 trillion kWh per year sun's energy
Solar energy is incident over India's land area. Theoretically, a small fraction of total incident solar energy can meet the entire
PV country's power requirements. There are many government schemes to promote solar power generation. The
BIPV government of India initiated solar PV/BIPV policies to encourage industries and individuals to use solar energy
Power
powered systems for electricity generations. This article provides an overview of the solar energy status and
Energy policy
application of BIPV system in India. It includes an assessment of the region's solar energy potential and solar PV/
BIPV installed capacity. This paper gives a brief description barriers and challenges facing solar BIPV devel-
opment in India. This study also provides the solar PV/BIPV policies and recommendations with reference to the
Indian context.

1. Introduction been presenting a regular economic expansion over the past decade.
The power sector is along with the highest growing industries [7]. To
One of the greatest renewable energy sources of energy is solar meet up its current and upcoming energy requirements, India will have
energy, abundant, environmentally friendly and can be harnessed for to raise its installed solar PV capability [8] substantially. A vital way for
domestic uses. A photovoltaic device converts solar energy into electric this cooperation is India's Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
potential [1]. The application of photovoltaic technologies resolves the (JNNSM). At the similar time, higher ambitions are around the corner.
problems like green house gas emissions and climate change. Also, solar This includes a recently future PV/BIPV solar energy goal of 100 GW in
energy is secure, clean and suitable. Problems of energy shortage and 2022 [9]. The government of India has recognized the solar PV energy
environmental pollution have become more prominent, leading to division as an industry with planned significance, and it will contribute
worldwide attention on solar PV energy [2]. India has a second largest a vital role in the future energy security of India. BIPV system is
population in the world with estimated figure of 1.26 billion people [3]. growing every year [10]. Several BIPV companies, such as Schott solar,
An additional population of 600 million people is expected by the year Sanyo, Sharp and Sun-tech are operating on novel BIPV products for
2050. There are roughly 300 million citizens, first and foremost in rural facades, skylights, and windows [11]. Execution of Feed-in Tariff and
areas of India, with no access to electricity grid [4]. Consequently, other government schemes for solar energy have gained recognition all
access to electricity grid as well as 24/7 accessibility of electricity is the over the globe. Western Europe has the major sale of BIPV products,
main focus of the Indian Government. In India, the rise in income, in- and in recent times there is a vital growth in Eastern Europe [12].
novation of infrastructure and services and changing life styles are an Within subsequent five years, there may be broader recognition of BIPV
aid to increase the per capita electrical energy demand [4]. Primary product technologies in further part of the world including Europe, Asia
energy utilization in the nation has more than doubled between the Pacific, Latin America, and South Africa. Presently, there is a challenge
years 1990 and 2013, attaining an expected gross generation of about for solar production worldwide [13]. Solar photovoltaic installations
931 billion kWh per year [5]. This makes India the fourth leading en- can be mounted on the building skin resulting the chances to unite
ergy user in the world after China, the USA, and Russia. India's yearly electricity production with additional functions of the building re-
per capita electricity utilization by 2014 is about nearly 900 kWh, sources. Following the merits of building integration, various countries
which is one-third of the worldwide average [6]. This evidently in- set targets for solar PV in building sector since PV integration in
dicates the potentially higher energy requirement shortly. India has building facades shows a considerable growth in urban solar PV

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A.K. Shukla), [email protected] (K. Sudhakar).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.013
Received 8 January 2017; Received in revised form 15 August 2017; Accepted 26 October 2017
1364-0321/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: Shukla, A.K., Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.013
A.K. Shukla et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

applications. The solar PV systems not only limit conventional energy

applications but also offset the maximum electricity production from
coal and oil and the exhaust emission from diesel generators. Energy
economy concern is a prime motivating factor for using PV in buildings
[14]. It is usually estimated that in the next century PV will sub-
stantially contribute to the mainstream power generation, although PV
now is up to one and half times more costly than conventional grid
power. Solar PV technology is one of the attractive techniques available
for the proper use of solar power [15]. In future possibility for solar
photovoltaic uses, there are four key factors must be considered viz.
efficiency improvement, BIPV applications, decrease in cost and storage
method. BIPV module transforms building from energy end user to
energy producer [16]. The BIPV modules turn into accurate construc-
tion component serving as building exteriors, such as roof, façade or
skylight [17]. The BIPV system also gives protection for weather,
thermal insulation, sound protection, etc. BIPV installation provides
Fig. 1. Overview installed photovoltaic (PV) capacity in India [22].
some of the light for daylight hours lighting. Rooftop photovoltaic
(Source: Bridge to India.2014b.India Solar Compass October 2014; MNRE. Renewable
systems are gaining publicity because of less floor space requirement Energy at a Glance; NREL).
and large accessibility of unused roof space. BIPV system causes elec-
trical energy out of sunlight without pollution [18].
This article aims to be considered not only as a review of the current
status and multifunction of solar PV/BIPV development in India but
also as a benchmark study for policy makers, project developers and
industrial partners interested in seizing the opportunity of developing
solar photovoltaic in India. The objective of this study is to pay atten-
tion to India's solar PV/BIPV power policies, challenges and re-
commendation and as an effort to fill a research gap on BIPV technol-
ogies in India.

2. Solar PV technology in India

2.1. Status of solar PV system

India is enormous with a high band of average solar irradiation.

With an equivalent energy potential of about 6 billion GWh per year, a
country which is an ideal place for the deployment of solar photovoltaic Fig. 2. JNNSM targets and new targets [22].
technologies. The average solar irradiation in India is 5.1 kWh per m2 (Source: Bridge to India.2014b.India Solar Compass October 2014; MNRE. Renewable
per day, but regional differences are large [26]. India shows a clear Energy at a Glance; NREL).

upward trend regarding installed solar photovoltaic capacity from

about 54 MW of installed PV capacity in 2010 to an estimated The JNNSM conceptualize a total installed solar PV capacity by the
2632 MW in 2014 [27]. The Ministry of Power mainly drives the power year 2022 of 22,000 MW. KPMG India which is a major consulting firm
sector in India. This impressive growth has been directed by favorable working on finances and technology projected a total installed capacity
government policies such as the JNNSM and by the fact that India is of 67,000 MW for 2020 [28]. Figs. 1 and 2 provide an overview of the
facing large energy deficits. India is world's 6th largest energy con- annual solar PV capacity additions and indicate the envisioned targets
sumer, accounting for 3.4% of global energy consumption, with Ma- for the year 2017 and 2022 based upon the JNNSM targets and recent
harashtra as the leading electricity generator among Indian states. With announcements by the government of India. The Indian government
the economic rise of India, the energy demand has increased by an recently announced even more intense targets of 100,000 MW. Mega
average of 3.6% per annum over the past 30 years. At the end of 2014, utility scale plants in the form of solar photovoltaic of 1 GW each are
the installed power generation capacity of India stood at 250 GW, while being envisioned. The Indian government aggregates land for such
the per capita energy consumption stood at 917 KW h (2014) as given parks and then calls for project bids inside these parks in order to ac-
in Table 1. celerate the deployment of solar PV technologies [28].
The JNNSM targets the solar photovoltaic installation. As India is a
Table 1 coalition, each state has set up its own solar PV state targets and tariff
Indian power sector [22]. regulations. In most cases, these targets reflect the Indian Government
(Source: Bridge to India.2014b. India Solar Compass October 2014; MNRE. Renewable
Energy at a Glance; NREL).
road map. Two Indian states which are Gujarat and Rajasthan stand out
regarding commissioned solar PV capacity by November 2014: [22].
Characteristics Value These two Northwestern states of India are the leading solar photo-
voltaic states in India, sharing a combined installed solar PV capacity of
Installed capacity (2014) 250 GW
1657 MW (Gujarat 919 MW & Rajasthan 738 MW). The total cumula-
Gross generation (2014) 931 billion kWh per year
Consumption per Capita (2014) 917 kWh per year tive commissioned capacity by November 2014 for India stood at
Energy shortage (2014) 3.9% 2908 MW [23]. Fig. 3 indicates the total grid-tied solar PV capacity
Peaking shortage (2014) 4.5% commissioned by the state, whereas Fig. 4 lists the total grid-tied ca-
Electrification rate: national (2011) 75%
pacity by the source of commissioning.
Electrification rate: urban areas (2011) 94%
Electrification rate: rural areas (2011) 67%

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A.K. Shukla et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

buildings such as windows, facades, and other building integrated ap-

plications by fitting transparent, semi transparent solar PV modules
[30]. The commissioning of BIPV systems in India is encouraging
government buildings to increase the use of solar energy in aesthetic
approach. It can be seen as part of ‘sustainable building’ society.
Though BIPV modules are 25–30% more expensive than glass based PV
modules, the cost can be improved over the year. These glass based PV
modules can be used to replace proposed glazing areas without af-
fecting the contemporary aesthetics of steel & glass and fixed on South
façade of the building. Recently Moser Baer installed 1.8 kWp BIPV in
the façade of the Jubilee Hills shopping complex building in Hyderabad
India. Tata BP Solar has also implemented BIPV system at the Samudra
Institute of Maritime Studies in Pune [31]. This will take care of the
institute building electric supplies, mitigating the irregular and poor
quality of power supply. Photovoltaic applications are no longer stan-
dalone PV system but could be a combination of solar and building
structures that lead to opportunities to convert façade, windows, and
other integrated applications into PV modules in a commercially viable
Fig. 3. Total grid-tie solar PV capacity commissioned by State till 2014 [22]. manner.
(Source: Bridge to India.2014b.India Solar Compass October 2014; MNRE. Renewable A unique BIPV system of 19.52 kW was commissioned in an in-
Energy at a Glance; NREL). dustrial facility of FESTO, December 2011 [31]. Tata Power Solar un-
dertook this work in view of powering the office with a renewable
energy source as well as decreasing the energy usage for cooling,
especially during summers. Here solar panels of 80Wp rating are placed
in specially made stainless steel structures fitted to the wall as shown in
Fig. 6. This will avoid the direct sun light from hitting the building,
thereby reducing the room temperature. The structures are tilted to
maximize the energy output. This BIPV system is capable of producing
17,106 units of electricity, reducing carbon emission of 13.6 t (Table 2)
[31]. Since a battery based system was employed, separate UPS was not
required for computer and other applications.

3. Application of BIPV system

3.1. BIPV as an energy supply technology for building

The basic arrangement of the BIPV solar system as an energy supply

technology consists of a BIPV module with power conditioning system
(which includes inverter, charge controller and grid charger) connected
to the building's electricity supply system [19]. In this arrangement, the
BIPV system operates as an electrical energy supply system, supple-
menting the power obtained from the control grid. Eq. (1) is used to
estimate the net energy value of the BIPV system. A discount factor is
Fig. 4. : Total grid-tie solar PV capacity commissioned by Source till 2014 [22]. applied in all economic terms to account for the time value of cost and
(Source: Bridge to India.2014b.India Solar Compass October 2014; MNRE. Renewable benefits to the building owner [30].
Energy at a Glance; NREL).
EPV = (BPV , out × QE ) − COPPV (1)

2.2. Status of BIPV system Where, EPV=Energy value of photovoltaic system, BPV,out=Building
photovoltaic output (kWh), QE=Utility energy charge ($/kWh),
There is a huge market potential for the BIPV yield throughout the COPPV=Capital and operating costs of the PV energy supply system.
world. Already there is developed the market in the bigger part of the
nations in Europe i.e. France, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, and Spain 3.2. BIPV as an energy demand management technology
[32]. The worldwide market of BIPV was valued at 1201 MW in 2010
and is expected to increase at a 56% compound annual growth rate to In this configuration, BIPV system is applied as a demand man-
reach a capacity of 11,392 MW in 2015. The current BIPV product agement device. For allowing the system to operate as a dispatchable
market is shown in Fig. 5. About 20% of BIPV installation are façade peak shaving technology, it needs the addition of a moderate amount of
mounted and remaining 80% are rooftops mounted [32]. energy storage to the BIPV system [20].
BIPV technology is new to Indian development and companies such The energy value of the demand can be estimated from Eq. (2) [30]:
as Tata BP Solar, and Moser Baer Solar Ltd are pioneers in im- Edemand = [EUd (BPV , out + Bb, out ) + EPV ] − COPPV (2)
plementing this technology. Since solar PV modules used in BIPV sys-
tems forms a part of the building, sufficient amount of building material Where, Edemand=Energy demand management value of a PV peak-
can be saved. Since limited structures are not necessary for BIPV sys- shaving system, Bb,out=Battery bank output (net of round trip losses) at
tems; manufacturer cost of such system is less compared to solar PV time of building peak demand (kW), EU,d=Utility demand
systems. BIPV technology involves deployment of straight up space in The Bb, out term represents the output of the battery bank at the time
the building is subjected to its peak demand. It is a function of battery

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A.K. Shukla et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

Fig. 5. BIPV product market [32].

Initial cost of the BIPV for the determination of the payback period.
Eq. (3) is used to estimate the energy value of a BIPV system con-
figured as emergency power and demand management source of a
building [30]:
ES = [(BE , power − CE , power ) + Edemand] − ∆CPV (3)

Where, ES=Energy services value of a PV peak shaving and emergency

power system, BE , power =Customer designated benefits of emergency
power, CE , power =Emergency power system cost, Edemand =Demand
management value of a PV peak shaving and emergency power system,
as defined in above equation, ∆CPV =Additional PV cost
The addition of an emergency power function to the BIPV increases
the economic value of the system.
Fig. 6. BIPV system at Noida, India [31].

3.4. BIPV as an architectural element

Table 2
Site location and technical specification [31].
A BIPV product serves as an aesthetic and energy efficient compo-
Location: Noida, India Solar inverter: Hybrid PCU nent of the building design. The BIPV system can be designed either for
the façade or roof use, but the material cost savings are typically greater
System Size: 19.52 kW BIPV module: 1280 M Tata Power
in the case of façades. The economic advantage of replacement of
Solar-80WP
Estimated Annual Production:17,106 units Installed: December 2011 conventional building materials with BIPV module can be indicated by
CO2 Avoided annually: 13.6Tonnes Industry: Industrial Automation the avoided cost of the material replaced by the area of the BIPV
module [24]. Two most commonly used façade materials are polished
glass and aluminum which are highly costly. The actual investment cost
bank size and the number of peak shaving hours needed to maximize of the BIPV system equals to the cost of PV modules minus the value of
the reduction in the peak load of the building for a given size of a BIPV the displaced material. A BIPV product serves as an architectural
module [21]. component of light weight and functional value. Such features would
consistently be most desirable for the building development [25].
3.3. BIPV as a building services technology Table 3 shows that applications of BIPV products.

The economic benefit of providing backup power from the BIPV 3.5. Selection criteria for BIPV
system can be expressed as the excluded cost associated with the pur-
chase and operation of conventional emergency power systems (which Appropriate selection criteria are first set before an actual selection
includes the system components such as inverters, a control circuit, and of BIPV system (Fig. 7). The BIPV project developers normally adopt
battery storage) [22]. In this case, the proprietor or user has already standard selection criteria before the Implementation of the project.
identified the necessities of utilizing the emergency backup power Further, this also assists the developer in determining the effectiveness
source for the building. Thus, the only additional investment cost owing of the particular choice. The practical feasibility of BIPV application in
to the BIPV module, module structure, and installation cost are con- the construction projects depends on several factors such as location
sidered. The costs of an emergency backup source are excluded from and advancements of BIPV Technology in the nearby areas. The ar-
the building economic performance criterion [23]. The payback cri- chitecture design of the building is another essential criterion. This
terion of BIPV service system mainly depends on the capital costs of the criterion is foremost in deciding the outline of the project based on 3D
PV module rather than the array costs plus the balance of systems costs drawing. The project cost will determine the actual economic feasibility
consistent with the above assumption. Similarly, this approach also of the whole project and its appropriateness in the present economic
excludes the tax savings, energy savings and cost savings from the scenario of the country. The cost of BIPV technologies will influence the

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A.K. Shukla et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

Table 3
Applications of BIPV products.

project duration and quality of constructing the building with BIPV. The ➣ Human Resource Barriers
next criteria for evaluation will be the building cost. The profit and the ● Lack of technical experts and marketing professionals in BIPV
net saving of the BIPV building project are based on the building cost. sectors.
The estimation of the building cost will provide a target for the pene- ● Limited in-house resource capacity for data gathering, analysis,
tration of building into the appropriate market segment. The project and project management.
developer will either tender the BIPV project by providing the specifi- ● Lack of proficiency in Planning, commissioning, operation, and
cation and scope of work or subcontracting the project to other agency. maintenance of solar PV/BIPV projects.
This again depends on the capability of the main project developer of
the BIPV project and the subcontractors. The life cycle benefits of the ➣ Information Barriers
BIPV project is attributed to the maintenance of the building. ● Lack of quality information about PV resource and technologies,
BIPV, equipment suppliers and potential financiers.
● Inadequate training and capacity building.
4. Barriers and policy challenges of BIPV development in India ● Insufficient information available on BIPV for policy making and
mobilizing civil society.
Despite the enormous potential and benefit of using solar energy,
there are several barriers to overcome both at the national and regional ➣ Technical Barriers
levels. One of the main challenges is less interest shown by the users for ● Lack of standardized technology
Installation of solar PV and BIPV owing to its huge initial investment ● Limited local manufacturing of specialized equipment.
costs and high payback period [23]. ● Limited capacity in technological advancements of solar Products
The following are the barriers and challenges in solar BIPV tech- to provide reliable power.
nologies [20,22]:

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A.K. Shukla et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

Fig. 7. BIPV Criteria selection flowchart [33].

➣ Economic Barriers security and by targeting a larger goal of attaining energy self-suffi-
● Small economies of scale, long payback period and high initial ciency [23]. The JNNSM is one of the several initiatives under the
capital costs. National Action Plan on Climate Change(NAPCC) which focuses on the
● High installation cost at the user end. gradual shift from conventional sources to a renewable source of en-
● Limited information on market potential. ergy. The JNNSM targets to harvest solar energy on a large scale, to
create a strong manufacturing base for solar energy, employment gen-
➣ Policy Barrier eration and the long term sustainability of the Indian solar power sector
● Low priority is given to BIPV in national planning and weak [24]. The National Manufacturing Policy identifies solar energy sector
implementation structure. as an industry with strategic significance along with defense, aerospace,
● Weak energy policy. and telecom and classifies it as a strategic industry under the special
● Lack of subsidies and benefits for BIPV. focus sectors. JNNSM has three phases, spanning 15 years that corre-
● The absence of feed in tariff arrangement. spond with India's five-year plans. The short-term objective targets to
● Lack of incentives for private sector participation and conflicting ensure an enabling framework for investment in solar energy [20]. Two
policies across states. recent announcements by the government of India were key in ensuring
that India attains its ambitious PV and BIPV targets [22]:
The regulatory framework and developer's requirement has to be
considered before implementation of the BIPV projects. Hence there is a • The rejection of the proposal to impose anti-import duties on the
need to look deeper into the various drivers, enablers and barriers imported solar PV and BIPV module.
which drive the selection criteria. All the three factors (drivers, enablers • The proposed ambitious new target of 100 GW installed capacity by
and barriers) are interconnected. The enablers are the factors which are 2022.
important, however it doesn’t significantly govern the BIPV im-
plementation. On one hand, the barriers are the factors that hamper the The current domestic capacity is attainable to meet the revived
progress of BIPV projects. On the other hand, the drivers are the factors JNNSM targets. Indian Government recently decided not to impose anti
that help to overcome the barriers to implement the BIPV project. Based clearance duties on the import of solar BIPV modules. However, the
on the developers perceptive, lack of promotion, lack of incentive, government did announce to support the Indian manufacturers in the
Limited expertise and implementation readiness are the various barriers form of domestic procurement from public sector companies [21].
(Fig. 8). Despite facing several barriers, the developers have identified Some of the major central government players related to solar BIPV
some drivers to overcome the barriers. Promotion and Incentives are listed is shown in Table 4
mutually advantageous and complement each other. Furthermore, Other key points the government mentioned would address are:
these incentives will encourage the developers and as a result, it will
speed up the growth of the BIPV projects. Not only it will assist in the o Increased focus on rooftop segments;
promotion of BIPV but also reduce the burden of the principal loan o Streamlining of policy implementation processes;
amount needed by the building buyers [34]. o Increase availability of a power evacuation infrastructure;
o Main focus on large scale projects (Solar farms and Solar park);
o Enforce Renewable Energy Purchase Obligations.
5. Future prospects of PV and BIPV in India

Bridge to India, a renowned consulting firm in the renewable energy 6. Policy recommendation
sector, has estimated the deployment of solar PV installations in India
till the year 2024 [29]. Having classified the systems by scale (Re- BIPV system needs policies modified to the situations surrounding
sidential, Commercial & Industrial), the firm projects the deployment this particular technology rather than broader support aimed at solar
potential of rooftop solar BIPV system and ground mounted i.e. land energy system. As energy falls mainly under Indian government, these
based solar PV utility scale systems for the next ten years (Fig. 9). strategies options are mostly aimed at regional judgment makers [24].
India's energy policy has been designed by its need to ensure energy However, the central government has a facilitative role to play in

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A.K. Shukla et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

Fig. 8. BIPV system implementation [33].

motivating development plan of PV, supporting BIPV deployment and Table 4

advancing research and development [25]. In light of experiences Government of India agencies for the solar power sector [21].
Source: Centre for Strategy and International Relations (CSIS).2014. India's Solar Energy
somewhere else, a portfolio of strategic options to attain main are
Future.
suggested in the following section.
Agencies Solar power sector
• Remove barriers Ministry of Power (MoP) In charge of policy in the electric power
The first set of initiatives should plan at removing noneconomic
sector
issues to BIPV uses. Changes should have improvements in building Ministry of New and Renewable In charge of promotion of renewable
codes in order to house the integration of BIPV technology in Energy (MNRE) energy
building assembly processes. More efforts should be made to expand Indian Renewable Energy Financial supporting agency under
standards and policy specific to BIPV tools as well as to discuss with Development Agency Limited MNRE to provide loans for RE projects
(IREDA)
foremost construction builders and engineers around clearing issues
Electricity Regulatory Commissions Regulations, tariffs, and supervision of
to the growth of BIPV. Installation and training programs for (ERC) distribution licensees
builders, developers, and engineers, for instance, should be modified National Institute of Solar Energy National research and development
to reflect new modifications [26]. As, these hard work would help to (NISE) institution in the field solar energy
remove doubtfulness related to the application of BIPV in meeting
standards, performance basis as well as makes easy the use of BIPV
A subsequent set of rule initiatives should openly aim to utilize the
technology by expert manufacturers. Discover opportunities to
BIPV products in building construction projects [24]. It is significant
propose BIPV capacity building training programs for building ex-
to note that all support should promote BIPV stabilized within
perts i.e builder, engineers, and installers. This can be undertaken
buildings that are planned with energy efficiency in mind. These
with the support of central or state level government organizations
grants should be established for initial projects movers and ramped
such as NISE, SECI,NIWE,MNRE, IIT, NITs or the state nodal agen-
down accordingly [25,26].
cies [27].
• Incentivize deployment • Advance research and development

Fig. 9. Comparison of solar photovoltaic (PV) op-

tions and their deployment potential till 2024 [22] in
India.
(Source: Bridge to India.2014b.India Solar Compass
October 2014; MNRE. Renewable Energy at a
Glance; NREL).

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A.K. Shukla et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

BIPV technology remains at an early stage of development, and Acknowledgement

further research is needed to improve efficiency enhancement,
performance enhancements, and new designs. A third layer of sup- Authors of MANIT-Bhopal are greatly indebted to the Present
portive policies should thus strengthen R & D linked to both BIPV Director (Prof.N.S.Raghuwanshi and Ex-Director Prof.K.K.Appu
system and energy efficiency [28]. In particular, financial support kuttan), Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal, India
should focus on existing partnerships between government agencies, for their encouragement, support, and guidance during the course of
utilities and universities BIPV system [29]. this research work and MHRD, Government of India for providing fel-
lowship to Mr. Akash Kumar Shukla for carrying out this research work.
7. Concluding remarks
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