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Internal Energy 1

Physics paper 1 questions gcse

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Zainoor Yasir

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

119 views

Internal Energy 1

Physics paper 1 questions gcse

Uploaded by

Zainoor Yasir

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 88

Q1.

The diagram below shows a cyclist riding along a flat road.

(a) Complete the sentence.

Choose answers from the box.

elastic gravitational
chemical kinetic
potential potential

As the cyclist accelerates, the _______________________ energy store in

the cyclist’s body decreases and the _______________________ energy of

the cyclist increases.

(2)

(b) The mass of the cyclist is 80 kg. The speed of the cyclist is 12 m/s.

Calculate the kinetic energy of the cyclist.

Use the equation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 × mass × (speed)2

___________________________________________________________________

Kinetic energy = ______________________ J

(2)

This causes the temperature of the brake pads to increase by 50 °C.

The mass of the brake pads is 0.040 kg.
The specific heat capacity of the material of the brake pads is 480 J/kg °C.

Calculate the change in thermal energy of the brake pads.

Use the equation:

Page 1 of 88
change in thermal energy = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change

___________________________________________________________________

Change in thermal energy = ______________________ J

(2)

(d) How is the internal energy of the particles in the brake pads affected by the increase
in temperature?

Tick one box.

Decreased

Increased

Not affected

(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q2.
The figure below shows a balloon filled with helium gas.

(a) Describe the movement of the particles of helium gas inside the balloon.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) What name is given to the total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the
particles of helium gas in the balloon?

Page 2 of 88
Tick one box.

External energy

Internal energy

Movement energy

(1)

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) The helium in the balloon has a mass of 0.00254 kg.

The balloon has a volume of 0.0141 m3.

Calculate the density of helium. Choose the correct unit from the box.

m3 / kg kg / m3 kg m3

___________________________________________________________________

Density = __________ Unit _

(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q3.
(a) The figure below shows a fridge with a freezer compartment.

The temperature of the air inside the freezer compartment is –5 °C.

Page 3 of 88
Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.

Each answer may be used once, more than once or not at all.

decreased unchanged increased

When the air near the freezer compartment is cooled, the energy of the

air particles is _______________________ .

The spaces between the air particles are _______________________ .

The density of the air is _______________________ .

(3)

(b) The table below shows some information about three fridges, A, B and C.

The efficiency of each fridge is the same.

Energy used in
Fridge Volume in litres
one year in kWh

A 232 292

B 382 409

C 622 524

(i) Which fridge, A, B or C, would cost the least to use for 1 year?

Give one reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) A householder looks at the data in the table above.

What should she conclude about the pattern linking the volume of the fridge
and the energy it uses in one year?

Page 4 of 88
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) The householder could not be certain that her conclusion is correct for all
fridges.

Suggest one reason why not.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q4.
A student used the apparatus in Figure 1 to compare the energy needed to heat blocks of
different materials.

Each block had the same mass.

Each block had holes for the thermometer and the immersion heater.

Each block had a starting temperature of 20 °C.

Figure 1

The student measured the time taken to increase the temperature of each material by
5 °C.

(a) (i) State two variables the student controlled.

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________
(2)

Figure 2 shows the student’s results.

Figure 2

Page 5 of 88
Material

(ii) Why was a bar chart drawn rather than a line graph?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Which material was supplied with the most energy?

______________________________________________________________

Give the reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iv) The iron block had a mass of 2 kg.

Calculate the energy transferred by the heater to increase the temperature of

the iron block by 5 °C.

The specific heat capacity of iron is 450 J / kg °C.

______________________________________________________________

Energy transferred = ______________________________ J

(2)

(b) The student used the same apparatus to heat a 1 kg block of aluminium.

Page 6 of 88
He recorded the temperature of the block as it was heated from room temperature.

The results are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3

Time the immersion heater is switched on for in minutes

(i) One of the student’s results is anomalous.

Draw a ring around the anomalous result.

(1)

(ii) Draw the line of best fit for the points plotted in Figure 3.
(1)

(iii) What was the temperature of the room?

Temperature = _______________ °C
(1)

(iv) What was the interval of the time values used by the student?

Interval = _______________ minutes

(1)
(Total 11 marks)

Q5.
Figure 1 shows one way that biscuit manufacturers cook large quantities of biscuits.

The uncooked biscuits are placed on a moving metal grid.

The biscuits pass between two hot electrical heating elements inside an oven.

The biscuits turn brown as they cook.

Figure 1

Page 7 of 88
The oven has two control knobs, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

(a) Which type of electromagnetic radiation makes the biscuits turn brown?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Suggest two ways of cooking the biscuits in this oven, to make them turn browner.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 8 of 88
Q6.
In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising
information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.

The information in the box is about the properties of solids and gases.

Solids:
• have a fixed shape
• are difficult to compress (to squash).
Gases:
• will spread and fill the entire container
• are easy to compress (to squash).

Use your knowledge of kinetic theory to explain the information given in the box.

You should consider:

• the spacing between the particles
• the movement of individual particles
• the forces between the particles.

_______________________________________________________________________

Extra space ____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Page 9 of 88
_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 6 marks)

Q7.
(a) The figure below shows a fridge with a freezer compartment.

The temperature of the air inside the freezer compartment is –5 °C.

The air inside the fridge forms a convection current when the fridge door is closed.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) The table below shows information about four fridges.

Page 10 of 88
Energy used in
Fridge Volume in litres
one year in kWh

A 250 300

B 375 480

C 500 630

D 750 750

A householder concludes that the energy used in one year is directly proportional to
the volume of the fridge.

Explain why her conclusion is not correct.

Use data from the table in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of replacing an old fridge with a new
fridge.

Ignore the cost of buying a new fridge.

Advantage __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Disadvantage _______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q8.
A student used the apparatus in Figure 1 to obtain the data needed to calculate the
specific heat capacity of copper.

Figure 1

Page 11 of 88
The initial temperature of the copper block was measured.

The power supply was switched on.

The energy transferred by the heater to the block was measured using the joulemeter.

The temperature of the block was recorded every minute.

The temperature increase was calculated.

Figure 2 shows the student’s results.

Figure 2

Energy transferred to copper block in joules

(a) Energy is transferred through the copper block.

What is the name of the process by which the energy is transferred?

Tick ( ) one box.

Conduction

Convection

Page 12 of 88
Radiation

(1)

(b) Use Figure 2 to determine how much energy was needed to increase the
temperature of the copper block by 35 °C.

_________________ joules
(1)

(c) The copper block has a mass of 2 kg.

Use your answer to part (b) to calculate the value given by this experiment for the
specific heat capacity of copper. Give the unit.

___________________________________________________________________

Specific heat capacity = ______________________________

(3)

(d) This experiment does not give the correct value for the specific heat of copper.

Suggest one reason why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q9.
The diagram shows three cups A, B and C.

Energy is transferred from hot water in the cups to the surroundings.

(a) Some students investigated how the rate of cooling of water in a cup depends on
the surface area of the water in contact with the air.

Page 13 of 88
They used cups A, B and C. They poured the same volume of hot water into each
cup and recorded the temperature of the water at regular time intervals.

The results are shown on the graph.

Time in minutes

(i) What was the starting temperature of the water for each cup?

Starting temperature = ____________________ °C

(1)

(ii) Calculate the temperature fall of the water in cup B in the first 9 minutes.

______________________________________________________________

Temperature fall = ____________________ °C

(2)

(iii) Which cup, A, B or C, has the greatest rate of cooling?

Using the graph, give a reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 14 of 88
(iv) The investigation was repeated using the bowl shown in the diagram.

The same starting temperature and volume of water were used.

Draw on the graph in part (b) another line to show the expected result.
(1)

(v) After 4 hours, the temperature of the water in each of the cups and the bowl
was 20°C.

Suggest why the temperature does not fall below 20°C.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) (i) The mass of water in each cup is 200 g.

Calculate the energy, in joules, transferred from the water in a cup when the
temperature of the water falls by 8°C.

Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J / kg°C.

______________________________________________________________

Energy transferred = ____________________ J

(3)

(ii) Explain, in terms of particles, how evaporation causes the cooling of water.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 14 marks)

Page 15 of 88
Q10.
(a) A student used the apparatus drawn below to investigate the heating effect of an
electric heater.

(i) Before starting the experiment, the student drew Graph A.

Graph A shows how the student expected the temperature of the metal block
to change after the heater was switched on.

Describe the pattern shown in Graph A.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) The student measured the room temperature. He then switched the heater on
and measured the temperature of the metal block every 50 seconds.

The student calculated the increase in temperature of the metal block and
plotted Graph B.

Page 16 of 88
After 300 seconds, Graph B shows the increase in temperature of the metal
block is lower than the increase in temperature expected from Graph A.

Suggest one reason why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) The power of the electric heater is 50 watts.

Calculate the energy transferred to the heater from the electricity supply in
300 seconds.

______________________________________________________________

Energy transferred = ______________________ J

(2)

(b) The student uses the same heater to heat blocks of different metals. Each time the
heater is switched on for 300 seconds.

Each block of metal has the same mass but a different specific heat capacity.

Metal Specific heat capacity in J/kg°C

Aluminium 900

Iron 450

Lead 130

Which one of the metals will heat up the most?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

aluminium iron lead

Page 17 of 88
Give, in terms of the amount of energy needed to heat the metal blocks, a reason for
your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q11.
The picture shows a person taking a hot shower.

(a) When a person uses the shower the mirror gets misty.

Why?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) The homeowner installs an electrically heated mirror into the shower room.

When a person has a shower, the heated mirror does not become misty but stays
clear.

Why does the mirror stay clear?

Page 18 of 88
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q12.
(a) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information
clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.

The diagram shows the structure of a vacuum flask.

A vacuum flask is designed to reduce the rate of energy transfer by heating

processes.

Describe how the design of a vacuum flask keeps the liquid inside hot.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 19 of 88
___________________________________________________________________
(6)

(b) Arctic foxes live in a very cold environment.

Arctic foxes have small ears.

How does the size of the ears help to keep the fox warm in a cold environment?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q13.
An electric immersion heater is used to heat the water in a domestic hot water tank.
When the immersion heater is switched on the water at the bottom of the tank gets hot.

Page 20 of 88
(a) Complete the following sentence.

The main way the energy is transferred through the copper wall of the water tank is

by the process of ________________________________________ .

(1)

(b) The immersion heater has a thermostat to control the water temperature.

When the temperature of the water inside the tank reaches 58°C the thermostat
switches the heater off. The thermostat switches the heater back on when the
temperature of the water falls to 50°C.

Graph A shows how the temperature of the water inside a hot water tank changes
with time. The tank is not insulated.

Time in hours

(i) The temperature of the water falls at the fastest rate just after the heater
switches off.

Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) To heat the water in the tank from 50°C to 58°C the immersion heater
transfers 4032 kJ of energy to the water.

Calculate the mass of water in the tank.

Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg°C

______________________________________________________________

Page 21 of 88
______________________________________________________________

Mass = _______________________________ kg
(3)

(iii) An insulating jacket is fitted to the hot water tank.

Graph B shows how the temperature of the water inside the insulated hot
water tank changes with time.

Time in hours

An insulating jacket only costs £12.

By comparing Graph A with Graph B, explain why fitting an insulating jacket

to a hot water tank saves money.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Q14.
(a) The diagrams, X, Y and Z, show how the particles are arranged in the three states of
matter.

Page 22 of 88
(i) Which one of the diagrams, X, Y or Z, shows the arrangement of particles in a
liquid?

Write the correct answer in the box.

(1)

(ii) Which one of the diagrams, X, Y or Z, shows the arrangement of particles in a

gas?

Write the correct answer in the box.

(1)

(b) Draw a ring around the correct answer in each box to complete each sentence.

vibrating in fixed positions.

(i) In a gas, the particles are moving randomly.

not moving.
(1)

stronger than

(ii) In a solid, the forces between the particles are equal to the

weaker than

forces between the particles in a liquid.

(1)

Page 23 of 88
(i) During the day, the puddle of water dries up and disappears. This happens
because the water particles move from the puddle into the air.

What process causes water particles to move from the puddle into the air?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

condensation evaporation radiation

(1)

(ii) Describe one change in the weather which would cause the puddle of water to
dry up faster.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q15.
Diagram 1 shows the energy transferred per second from a badly insulated house on a
cold day in winter.

Diagram 1

(a) (i) When the inside of the house is at a constant temperature, the energy
transferred from the heating system to the inside of the house equals the
energy transferred from the house to the outside.

Calculate, in kilowatts, the power of the heating system used to keep the
inside of the house in Diagram 1 at a constant temperature.

1 kilowatt (kW) = 1 kilojoule per second (kJ/s)

______________________________________________________________

Page 24 of 88
Power of the heating system = ___________________________ kW
(1)

(ii) In the winter, the heating system is switched on for a total of 7 hours each day.

Calculate, in kilowatt-hours, the energy transferred each day from the heating
system to the inside of the house.

______________________________________________________________

Energy transferred each day = ___________________________ kWh

(2)

(iii) Energy costs 15 p per kilowatt-hour.

Calculate the cost of heating the house for one day.

______________________________________________________________

Cost = _______________
(1)

(iv) The heating system is switched off at midnight.

The graph shows how the temperature inside the house changes after the
heating system has been switched off.

Time of day

Draw a ring around the correct answer in the box to complete the sentence.

Between midnight and 6 am the rate of energy transfer from

decreases.

the house decreases then stays constant.

increases.

Give the reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

Page 25 of 88
______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Diagram 2 shows how the walls of the house are constructed.
Diagram 3 shows how the insulation of the house could be improved by filling the
air gap between the two brick walls with plastic foam.

Diagram 2 Diagram 3

U-value of the wall = 0.7 U-value of the wall = 0.3

The plastic foam reduces energy transfer by convection.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q16.
The diagram shows the design of a solar cooker. The cooker heats water using infrared
radiation from the Sun.

Page 26 of 88
(a) Why is the inside of the large curved dish covered with shiny metal foil?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Which would be the best colour to paint the outside of the metal cooking pot?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

black silver white

Give a reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Why does the cooking pot have a lid?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Calculate how much energy is needed to increase the temperature of 2 kg of water
by 80 °C.

The specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg °C.

Page 27 of 88
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Energy = ___________________________________ J
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q17.
The diagram shows a car radiator. The radiator is part of the engine cooling system.

Liquid coolant, heated by the car engine, enters the radiator. As the coolant passes
through the radiator, the radiator transfers energy to the surroundings and the
temperature of the coolant falls.

(a) Why is the radiator painted black?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Different radiators have different numbers of cooling fins along the length of the
radiator.

The sketch graph shows how the number of cooling fins affects the rate of energy
transfer from the radiator.

Page 28 of 88
The number of cooling fins affects the rate of energy transfer from the radiator.

Explain how.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) When the car engine is working normally, 2 kg of coolant passes through the
radiator each second. The temperature of the coolant falls from 112 °C to 97 °C.

Calculate the energy transferred each second from the coolant.

Specific heat capacity of the coolant = 3800 J/kg °C.

___________________________________________________________________

Energy transferred each second = _______________________________ J

(3)

(d) On cold days, some of the energy transferred from a hot car engine is used to warm
the air inside the car. This is a useful energy transfer.

What effect, if any, does this energy transfer have on the overall efficiency of the car
engine?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

decreases the does not change the increases the

efficiency efficiency efficiency

Give a reason for your answer.

Page 29 of 88
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q18.
According to kinetic theory, all matter is made up of small particles. The particles are
constantly moving.

Diagram 1 shows how the particles may be arranged in a solid.

Diagram 1

(a) One kilogram of a gas has a much larger volume than one kilogram of a solid.

Use kinetic theory to explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) Diagram 2 shows the particles in a liquid. The liquid is evaporating.

Diagram 2

Page 30 of 88
(i) How can you tell from Diagram 2 that the liquid is evaporating?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) The temperature of the liquid in the container decreases as the liquid
evaporates.

Use kinetic theory to explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Q19.
Heat exchangers are devices used to transfer heat from one place to another.

The diagram shows a pipe being used as a simple heat exchanger by a student in an
investigation.

Heat is transferred from the hot water inside the pipe to the cold water outside the pipe.

Page 31 of 88
(a) Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct word in the
box.

Heat is transferred from the hot water inside the pipe

conduction.

to the cold water outside the pipe by convection.

radiation.
(1)

(b) The student wanted to find out if the efficiency of a heat exchanger depends on the
material used to make the pipe. The student tested three different materials. For
each material, the rate of flow of hot water through the pipe was kept the same.

The student’s results are recorded in the table.

Temperature of the cold Temperature of the cold

Material
water at the start in °C water after 10 minutes in °C

Copper 20 36

Glass 20 23

Plastic 20 21

(i) The rate of flow of hot water through the pipe was one of the control variables
in the investigation.

Give one other control variable in the investigation.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Which one of the three materials made the best heat exchanger?

______________________________________________________________

Give a reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

Page 32 of 88
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The student finds a picture of a heat exchanger used in an industrial laundry.
The heat exchanger uses hot, dirty water to heat cold, clean water.

This heat exchanger transfers heat faster than the heat exchanger the student used
in the investigation.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q20.
(a) The diagrams show the arrangement of the particles in a solid and in a gas.

Each circle represents one particle.

(i) Complete the diagram below to show the arrangement of the particles in a
liquid.

Page 33 of 88
(2)

(ii) Explain, in terms of the particles, why gases are easy to compress.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The diagram below shows the model that a science teacher used to show her
students that there is a link between the temperature of a gas and the speed of the
gas particles.

The ball-bearings represent the gas particles. Switching the motor on makes the
ball-bearings move around in all directions.

(i) How is the motion of the ball-bearings similar to the motion of the gas
particles?

Page 34 of 88
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) The faster the motor runs, the faster the ball-bearings move. Increasing the
speed of the motor is like increasing the temperature of a gas.

Use the model to predict what happens to the speed of the gas particles when
the temperature of a gas is increased.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q21.
The diagram shows two thermometers. The bulb of each thermometer is covered with a
piece of wet cotton wool. One of the thermometers is placed in the draught from a fan.

The graph shows how the temperature of each thermometer changes with time.

Page 35 of 88
(a) Which of the graph lines, A or B, shows the temperature of the thermometer placed
in the draught?

Write the correct answer in the box.

Explain, in terms of evaporation, the reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) A wet towel spread out and hung outside on a day without wind dries faster than an
identical wet towel left rolled up in a plastic bag.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Page 36 of 88
Q22.
The diagram shows how one type of electric storage heater is constructed. The heater
has ceramic bricks inside. The electric elements heat the ceramic bricks during the night.
Later, during the daytime, the ceramic bricks transfer the stored energy to the room.

(a) In winter, the electricity supply to a 2.6 kW storage heater is switched on each day
between midnight and 7 am. Between these hours, electricity costs 5 p per
kilowatt-hour.

Calculate the daily cost of using the storage heater.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

Cost = _________________________ p
(3)

(b) Homes with electric storage heaters have a separate meter to measure the
electricity supplied between midnight and 7 am. Another meter measures the
electricity supplied at other times. This electricity supplied at other times costs 15 p
per kilowatt-hour.

Electricity companies encourage people to use electricity between midnight and 7

am by selling the electricity at a lower cost.

Suggest why.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 37 of 88
___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) By 7 am, the temperature at the centre of the ceramic bricks is about 800 °C.
The temperature of the outside metal casing is about 80 °C.

The ceramic bricks are surrounded by 'super-efficient' insulation.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) At 7 am, the electricity supply switches off and the temperature of the ceramic bricks
starts to fall. The temperature of the bricks falls by 100 °C over the next four hours.
During this time, 9 000 000 J of energy are transferred from the bricks.

Calculate the total mass of ceramic bricks inside the heater.

Specific heat capacity of the ceramic bricks = 750 J/kg °C.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

Mass = _________________________ kg
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q23.
The diagram shows the direction of heat transfer through a single-glazed window.

(a) (i) Name the process by which heat is transferred through the glass.

Page 38 of 88
______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain how heat is transferred through the glass.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The rate of heat transfer through a window depends on the difference between the
inside and outside temperatures.

The graph shows the rate of heat transfer through a 1 m 2 single-glazed window for a
range of temperature differences.

(i) What is the range of temperature differences shown in the graph?

From _ to _

(1)

(ii) A student looks at the graph and concludes:

‘Doubling the temperature difference doubles the rate of heat transfer.’

Use data from the graph to justify the student’s conclusion.

______________________________________________________________

Page 39 of 88
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) A house has single-glazed windows. The total area of the windows in the
house is 15 m2.

On one particular day, the difference between the inside and outside
temperatures is 20 °C.

Use the graph to calculate the total rate of heat transfer through all of the
windows on this particular day.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

______________________________________________________________

Rate of heat transfer = ____________________ J/s

(2)

(c) A homeowner plans to replace the single-glazed windows in his home with
double-glazed windows. He knows that double-glazed windows will reduce his
annual energy bills.

The table gives information about the double glazing to be installed by the
homeowner.

Cost to buy and install Estimated yearly Estimated lifetime of

savings on energy the double-glazed
bills windows

£5280 £160 30 years

Explain, in terms of energy savings, why replacing the single-glazed windows with
these double-glazed windows is not cost effective.

To gain full marks you must complete a calculation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 40 of 88
Q24.
A wood burning stove is used to heat a room.

Photograph supplied by iStockphoto/Thinkstock

The fire in the stove uses wood as a fuel. The fire heats the matt black metal case of the
stove.

(a) The air next to the stove is warmed by infrared radiation.

How does the design of the stove help to improve the rate of energy transfer by
infrared radiation?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Burning 1 kg of wood transfers 15 MJ of energy to the stove. The stove then
transfers 13.5 MJ of energy to the room.

Calculate the efficiency of the stove.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 41 of 88
___________________________________________________________________

Efficiency = _________________________
(2)

(c) Some of the energy from the burning wood is wasted as the hot gases leave the
chimney and warm the air outside the house.

Name one other way energy is wasted by the stove.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Some people heat their homes using electric heaters. Other people heat their
homes using a wood burning stove.

Give two environmental advantages of using a wood burning stove to heat a home
rather than heaters that use electricity generated from fossil fuels.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) The metal case of the stove gets hot when the fire is lit.

Here is some information about the stove.

Mass of metal case 100 kg

Starting temperature of metal case 20 °C

Final temperature of metal case 70 °C

Specific heat capacity of metal case 510 J/kg °C

Calculate the energy required to raise the temperature of the metal case to 70 °C.

Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.

___________________________________________________________________

Energy required = _______________________________

(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 42 of 88
Q25.
The diagram shows a metal pan being used to heat water.

Energy from the gas flame is transferred through the metal pan by conduction.

Explain the process of conduction through metals.

_______________________________________________________________________
_

_______________________________________________________________________
_
(Total 4 marks)

Q26.
The diagram shows how the metal chimney from a log-burning stove passes through the
inside of a house.

Page 43 of 88
(a) Explain how heat is transferred by the process of convection from the inside of the
stove to the top of the chimney.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Although the outside of the chimney becomes very hot, there is no insulating
material around the chimney.

(i) Explain, in terms of the particles in a metal, how heat is transferred by

conduction from the inside to the outside of the metal chimney.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Suggest one advantage of having no insulation around the chimney.

Page 44 of 88
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q27.
(a) The diagram shows a ski jacket that has been designed to keep a skier warm.
The jacket is made from layers of different materials.

(i) The inner layer is shiny to reduce heat transfer.

Which process of heat transfer will it reduce?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Why is the layer of fleece good at reducing the transfer of heat from a skier’s
body?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) A student tested four different types of fleece, J, K, L and M, to find which would
make the warmest jacket. Each type of fleece was wrapped around a can which was
then filled with hot water.
The temperature of the water was taken every two minutes for 20 minutes.

Page 45 of 88
The graph shows the student’s results.

(i) In each test, the water cooled faster during the first five minutes than during
the last five minutes. Why?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) To be able to compare the results, it was important to use the same volume of
water in each test.

Give one other quantity that was the same in each test.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Look at the graph line for fleece K.

Estimate what the temperature of the water in the can wrapped in fleece K
would be after 40 minutes.

Page 46 of 88
______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iv) Which type of fleece, J, K, L or M, should the student recommend to be used

in the ski jacket?

______________________________________________________________

Give a reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q28.
Heat exchangers are devices that are used to transfer heat from one place to another.

The diagram shows a simple heat exchanger used by a student in an investigation.

Heat is transferred from the hot water inside the pipe to the cold water outside the pipe.

(a) By which process is heat transferred from the hot water inside the pipe to the cold
water outside the pipe?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

The results obtained by the student are recorded in the table and displayed in the
bar chart.

Material Temperature of the cold water Temperature of the cold water

at the start in °C after 10 minutes in °C

Page 47 of 88
Copper 20 36

Glass 20 23

Plastic 20 21

(i) The rate of flow of hot water through the pipe was one of the control variables
in the investigation.

Give one other control variable in the investigation.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Why did the student draw a bar chart rather than a line graph?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Which one of the three materials made the best heat exchanger?

__________________________________

Give a reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

Page 48 of 88
(2)

(c) The student finds a picture of a heat exchanger used in an industrial laundry.
The heat exchanger uses hot, dirty water to warm cold, clean water.

Why does this heat exchanger transfer heat faster than the heat exchanger used by
the student in the investigation?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q29.
(a) The diagram shows two switches on a room heater. The heater has three power
settings. The power produced by two of the settings is given in the table.

Setting Power in watts

Low 700

Medium 1400

High

(i) When both switches are on, the heater works at the high power setting.

What is the power of the heater, in kilowatts, when it is switched to the high
power setting?

______________________________________________________________

Power = _____________________________ kilowatts

Page 49 of 88
(1)

(ii) The heater is used on the high power setting. It is switched on for 1½ hours.

Calculate the energy transferred from the mains to the heater in 1½ hours.

Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.

______________________________________________________________

Energy transferred = __________________________

(3)

(iii) This type of heater is a very efficient device.

What is meant by a device being very efficient?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The graph shows how the temperature of a room changes during the 1½ hours that
the heater is used.

After 1 hour, the temperature of the room has become constant, even though the
heater is still switched on.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 50 of 88
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q30.
A vacuum flask is designed to reduce the rate of heat transfer.

(a) (i) Complete the table to show which methods of heat transfer are reduced by
each of the features labelled in the diagram.

The first row has been done for you.

Feature Conduction Convection Radiation

vacuum

silveredsurfaces

plastic cap
(2)

(ii) Explain why the vacuum between the glass walls of the flask reduces heat
transfer by conduction and convection.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The diagram shows a gas flame patio heater.

Page 51 of 88
(i) Explain why the top surface of the reflecting hood should be a light, shiny
surface rather than a dark, matt surface.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Most of the chemical energy in the gas is transformed into heat. A small
amount of chemical energy is transformed into light.

Draw and label a Sankey diagram for the patio heater.

(2)

(iii) State why the total energy supplied to the patio heater must always equal the
total energy transferred by the patio heater.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q31.
(a) The graph compares how quickly hot water cooled down in two glass beakers with
different surface areas.

The volume of water in each beaker was the same.

Page 52 of 88
Describe how the surface area of the water affected how fast the water cooled
down.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Some foxes live in a hot desert environment.

This type of fox has very large ears.

Explain how the size of the fox’s ears help it to keep cool in a hot desert.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 53 of 88
Use the words in the box to complete the following sentences.

conduction convection radiation

(i) The white colour of a polar bear’s fur helps to keep the polar bear warm by

reducing the heat lost by _________________________ .

(1)

(ii) The hairs of a reindeer are hollow. The air trapped inside the hairs reduces

the heat lost by _________________________ .

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q32.
The diagram shows a fridge-freezer.

(a) By which method is heat transferred through the walls of the fridge-freezer?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The inside of the fridge is at 4 °C. The inside of the freezer is at –18 °C.

Into which part of the fridge-freezer will the rate of heat transfer be greater?

Draw a ring around your answer.

the fridge the freezer

Give a reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 54 of 88
___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) The outside surface of the fridge-freezer is white and shiny.

Give two reasons why this type of surface is suitable for a fridge-freezer.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

Q33.
(a) In winter, energy is transferred from the warm air inside a house to the air outside.

(i) What effect will the energy transferred from the house have on the air
outside?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) What would happen to the energy transfer if the temperature inside the house
were reduced? Assume the temperature outside the house does not change.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) To increase energy efficiency, a householder installs a heat exchanger to an

outside wall of the house. The heat exchanger uses heat from the air outside to
warm the inside of the house. The diagram shows the idea of the heat exchanger.

Physics Through Applications edited by J Jardine et el (OUP, 1989), copyright ©

Oxford University Press, reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press.

(i) Why does the heat exchanger cost money to run?

Page 55 of 88
______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) The heat exchanger is cost effective in reducing energy consumption.

Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q34.
(a) The graph shows the temperature inside a flat between 5 pm and 9 pm. The central
heating was on at 5 pm.

(i) What time did the central heating switch off?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Closing the curtains reduces heat loss from the flat.

What time do you think the curtains were closed?

______________________________________________________________

Give a reason for your answer.

Page 56 of 88
______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Less heat is lost through double-glazed windows than through single-glazed
windows.

Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct words from the box. Each
word may be used once or not at all.

conduction conductor convection evaporation insulator radiation

Air is a good ___________________ . When trapped between two sheets of

glass it reduces heat loss by _ and ___

(3)

Money save each

Cost to
Type of insulation year on heating Payback time
install
bills

Double glazing £4000 £200 20 years

Loft insulation £300 £100 3 years

Cavity wallinsulation £600 £150

(i) Use the information in the table to calculate the payback time for cavity wall
insulation.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain why people often install loft insulation before installing double glazing
or cavity wall insulation.

Page 57 of 88
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q35.
A student had read about a glacier that had been covered in insulating material. The idea
was to slow down the rate at which the glacier melts in the summer.

She investigated this idea using the apparatus shown in the diagram.

(a) These are the steps taken by the student.

• Measure 30 cm3 of cold water into a boiling tube.

• Place the boiling tube 25 cm from an infra red lamp.

• Record the temperature of the water.

• Switch on the infra red lamp.

• Record the temperature of the water every minute for 5 minutes.

• Repeat with boiling tubes covered in different insulating materials.

(i) Why did she use an infra red lamp?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Name one control variable in this investigation.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Give one advantage of using a temperature sensor and data logger instead of
a glass thermometer to measure temperature.

______________________________________________________________

Page 58 of 88
______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The results of the investigation are shown in the graph.

(i) Why did the student use a boiling tube with no insulation?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) From her results, what should she recommend is used to insulate the glacier?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Explain why the insulation recommended by the student will reduce the heat
transfer from the Sun to the glacier.

______________________________________________________________

Page 59 of 88
(2)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 60 of 88
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a) chemical
1

kinetic
1
in this order only

(b) Ek = 0.5 × 80 × 122

Ek = 5760 (J)
1
an answer of 5760 (J) scores 2 marks

(c) E = 0.040 × 480 × 50

E = 960 (J)
1
an answer of 960 (J) scores 2 marks

(d) increased
1
[7]

Q2.
(a) range of speeds
1

moving in different directions

accept random motion
1

(b) internal energy

(c) density = mass / volume

(d) 0.00254 / 0.0141

0.18
1
accept 0.18 with no working shown for the 2 calculation
marks

kg / m3
1
[7]

Page 61 of 88
Q3.
(a) decreased
correct order only
1

decreased
1

increased
1

(b) (i) A
reason only scores if A chosen
1

uses least / less energy (in 1 year)

a comparison is required
accept uses least power
accept uses least kWh
1

(ii) greater the volume the greater the energy it uses (in 1 year)
1

(iii) a very small number sampled

accept only tested 3
accept insufficient evidence / data
allow not all fridges have the same efficiency or a correct
description implying different efficiencies
only tested each fridge once is insufficient
there are lots of different makes is insufficient
1
[7]

Q4.
(a) (i) any two from:

• mass (of block)

accept weight for mass
• starting temperature
• final / increase in temperature
temperature is insufficient
• voltage / p.d.
same power supply insufficient
• power (supplied to each block)
• type / thickness of insulation
same insulation insufficient
2

(ii) one of variables is categoric

or
(type of) material is categoric
accept the data is categoric

Page 62 of 88
accept a description of categoric
do not accept temp rise is categoric
1

(iii) concrete
reason only scores if concrete chosen
1

(heater on for) longest / longer time

a long time or quoting a time is insufficient
do not accept it is the highest bar
1

(iv) 4500 (J)

allow 1 mark for correct substitution ie
2 × 450 × 5 provided no subsequent step shown
2

(b) (i) point at 10 minutes identified

(ii) line through all points except anomalous

line must go from at least first to last point
1

(iii) 20 (°C)
if 20°C is given, award the mark.
If an answer other than 20°C is given, look at the graph. If
the graph shows a correct extrapolation of the candidate’s
best-fit line and the intercept value has been correctly stated,
allow 1 mark.
1

(iv) 2 (minutes)
1
[11]

Q5.
(a) infrared / IR
correct answer only
1

(b) any two from:

• increase the power / watts

allow increase the temperature of the oven or make the oven
hotter
• decrease the speed
allow leave the biscuits in for longer
• put biscuits through again
increase radiation is insufficient
ignore changes to the design of the oven
2

(c) (inside) surface is a (good) reflector or poor absorber (of IR)

Page 63 of 88
Ignore bounce for reflect
surface is a (good) reflector of light does not score
surface is a (good) reflector of light and infrared / heat does
score
1

(and) outside surface is poor emitter (of IR)

(so) increases the energy reaching the biscuits

allow reduces energy loss or makes oven more efficient
do not accept no energy losses
keeps oven hotter is insufficient
1
[6]

Q6.
Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written
Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners
should also apply a ‘best-fit’ approach to the marking.

0 marks
No relevant content.

Level 1 (1–2 marks)

Considers either solid or gas and describes at least one aspect of the particles.

Considers both solids and gases and describes an aspect of each.

Level 2 (3–4 marks)

Considers both solids and gases and describes aspects of the particles.

Considers one state and describes aspects of the particles and explains at least one
of the properties.

Considers both states and describes an aspect of the particles for both and explains
a property for solids or gases.

Level 3 (5–6 marks)

Considers both states of matter and describes the spacing and movement / forces
between the particles. Explains a property of both solids and gases.

examples of the points made in the response

extra information

Solids

• (particles) close together

• (so) no room for particles to move closer (so hard to compress)
• vibrate about fixed point

Page 64 of 88
• strong forces of attraction (at a distance)
• the forces become repulsive if the particles get closer
• particles strongly held together / not free to move around (shape is fixed)
any explanation of a property must match with the given
aspect(s) of the particles.

Gases

• (particles) far apart

• space between particles (so easy to compress)
• move randomly
• negligible / no forces of attraction
• spread out in all directions (to fill the container)
[6]

Q7.
(a) air near freezer compartment is cooled or loses energy
accept air at the top is cold
1

cool air is (more) dense or particles close(r) together (than warmer air)
do not allow the particles get smaller / condense
1

so (cooler) air falls

air (at bottom) is displaced / moves upwards / rises

do not allow heat rises
accept warm air (at the bottom) rises
1

(b) if volume is doubled, energy use is not doubled

or
volume ÷ energy not a constant ratio
1

correct reference to data, eg 500 is 2×250 but 630 not 2×300

(c) accept suitable examples, eg

advantage:

• reduces emissions into atmosphere

• lower input power or uses less energy or wastes less energy
• costs less to run
cost of buying or installing new fridge is insufficient
ignore reference to size of fridge
1

disadvantage:

• land fill
• energy waste in production
• cost or difficulty of disposal

Page 65 of 88
• transport costs
1
[8]

Q8.
(a) conduction
1

(b) 35 000
1

(c) 500
their (b) = 2 x c x 35 correctly calculated scores 2 marks
allow 1 mark for correct substitution,
ie 35000 = 2 x c x 35
or
their (b) = 2 x c x 35
2

J / kg°C
1

(d) energy lost to surroundings

or
energy needed to warm heater
accept there is no insulation (on the copper block)
do not accept answers in terms of human error or poor
results or defective equipment
1
[6]

Q9.
(a) (i) 70
accept ± half a square
(69.8 to 70.2)
1

(ii) 15
accept 14.6 to 15.4 for 2 marks
allow for 1 mark 70 − 55
ecf from (b)(i) ± half a square
2

(iii) C
1

biggest drop in temperature during a given time

accept it has the steepest gradient this is a dependent
1

(iv) starting at 70 °C and below graph for C

must be a curve up to at least 8 minutes
1

Page 66 of 88
(v) because 20 °C is room temperature
accept same temperature as surroundings
1

(b) (i) 6720

correct answer with or without working gains 3 marks
6 720 000 gains 2 marks
correct substitution of E = 0.2 × 4200 × 8 gains 2 marks
correct substitution of E = 200 × 4200 × 8 gains 1 mark
3

(ii) the fastest particles have enough energy

accept molecules for particles
1

to escape from the surface of the water

therefore the mean energy of the remaining particles decreases

accept speed for energy
1

the lower the mean energy of particles the lower the temperature (of the
water)
accept speed for energy
1
[14]

Q10.
(a) (i) temperature (increase) and time switched on are directly proportional
accept the idea of equal increases in time giving equal
increases in temperature
answers such as:
• as time increases, temperature increases
• positive correlation
• linear relationship
• temperature and time are proportional
score 1 mark
2

(ii) any one from:

“it” refers to the metal block

• energy transfer (from the block) to the surroundings

accept lost for transfer
accept air for surroundings

• (some) energy used to warm the heater / thermometer (itself)

accept takes time for heater to warm up

• (metal) block is not insulated

Page 67 of 88
(iii) 15 000
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 50 × 300 provided no
subsequent step shown
2

(b) lead
reason only scores if lead is chosen
1

needs least energy to raise temperature by 1°C

accept needs less energy to heat it (by the same amount)
lowest specific heat capacity is insufficient
1
[7]

Q11.
(a) any two from:

• water evaporates
accept steam / water vapour for water molecules
accept water turns to steam

• water molecules / particles go into the air

• mirror (surface) is cooler than (damp) air

accept the mirror / surface / glass is cold

• water molecules / particles that hit the mirror lose energy

accept water molecules / particles that hit the mirror cool
down

• cooler air cannot hold as many water molecules / particles

(causes) condensation (on the mirror)

accept steam changes back to water (on the mirror)

or
particles move closer together
1

(b) mirror (surface) is warm

mirror is heated is insufficient
1

(rate of) condensation reduced

accept no condensation (happens)
1
[5]

Q12.
(a) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written
Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.
Examiners should also refer to the information in the Marking guidance.

Page 68 of 88
0 marks
No relevant content.

Level 1(1-2 marks)

There is a basic explanation of one feature
or
a simple statement relating reduction in energy transfer to one feature.

Level 2(3-4 marks)

There is a clear explanation of one feature
or
a simple statement relating reduction in energy transfer to two features.

Level 3(5-6 marks)

There is a detailed explanation of at least two features
or
a simple statement relating reduction in energy transfer to all four features.

Examples of the points made in response

extra information
accept throughout:
heat for energy
loss for transfer

plastic cap:

• plastic is a poor conductor

accept insulator for poor conductor

• stops convection currents forming at the top of the flask so stopping

energy transfer by convection

• molecules / particles evaporating from the (hot) liquid cannot move into
the (surrounding) air so stops energy transfer by evaporation

• plastic cap reduces / stops energy transfer by conduction / convection /

evaporation

glass container:

• glass is a poor conductor so reducing energy transfer by conduction

• glass reduces / stops energy transfer by conduction

vacuum:

• both conduction and convection require a medium / particles

• so stops energy transfer between the two walls by conduction and

convection

• vacuum stops energy transfer by conduction / convection

silvered surfaces:

• silvered surfaces reflect infrared radiation

accept heat for infrared

Page 69 of 88
• silvered surfaces are poor emitters of infrared radiation

• infrared radiation (partly) reflected back (towards hot liquid)

• silvered surfaces reduce / stop energy transfer by radiation

(b) (the ears have a) small surface area

ears are small is insufficient
1

so reducing energy radiated / transferred (from the fox)

accept heat lost for energy radiated
do not accept stops heat loss
1
[8]

Q13.
(a) conduction
1

(b) (i) there is a bigger temperature difference between the water and the
surrounding air
accept the water is hottest / hotter
1

so the transfer of energy (from hot water) is faster

accept heat for energy
ignore temperature falls the fastest
1

(ii) 120
allow 1 mark for converting kJ to J correctly, ie 4 032 000

correctly calculating temperature fall as 8°C

allow 2 marks for correct substitution, ie 4 032 000 = m × 4200 × 8

answers of 0.12, 19.2 or 16.6 gain 2 marks

answers of 0.019 or 0.017 gain 1 mark

(iii) water stays hot for longer

so heater is on for less time

accept so less energy needed to heat water
1

so cost of the jacket is soon recovered from) lower energy costs / bills
accept short payback time

Page 70 of 88
1
[9]

Q14.
(a) (i) Z
1

(ii) X
1

(b) (i) moving randomly

(ii) stronger than

(c) (i) evaporation

(ii) any one from:

• becomes windy

• temperature increases
accept (becomes) sunny
“the sun” alone is insufficient

• less humid
1
[6]

Q15.
(a) (i) 5(.0)
1

(ii) 35 or their (a)(i) × 7 correctly calculated

allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 5 or their (a)(i) × 7
provided no subsequent step shown
2

(iii) 525(p)
or
(£) 5.25
or
their (a)(ii) × 15 correctly calculated
if unit p or £ given they must be consistent with the numerical
answer
1

(iv) decreases
1

temperature difference (between inside and outside) decreases

accept gradient (of line) decreases
do not accept temperature (inside) decreases
do not accept graph goes down

Page 71 of 88
1

(b) air (bubbles are) trapped (in the foam)

do not accept air traps heat
foam has air pockets is insufficient
1

(and so the) air cannot circulate / move / form convection current

air is a good insulator is insufficient
no convection current is insufficient
answers in terms of warm air from the room being trapped
are incorrect and score no marks
1
[8]

Q16.
(a) to reflect (the infrared)
accept (shiny surfaces) are good reflectors
ignore reference to incorrect type of wave
1

(b) black
1

best absorber (of infrared)

answer should be comparative
black absorbs (infrared) is insufficient
accept good absorber (of infrared)
ignore reference to emitter
ignore attracts heat
ignore reference to conduction
1

(c) to reduce energy loss

accept to stop energy loss
accept heat for energy
accept to stop / reduce convection

or
so temperature of water increases faster
accept to heat water faster
accept cooks food faster

or
reduces loss of water (by evaporation)
1

(d) 672 000

allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 2 × 4200 × 80
provided no subsequent step shown
2
[6]

Q17.

Page 72 of 88
(a) (matt) black is a good emitter of infrared / radiation
accept heat for infrared / radiation
ignore reference to good absorber
attracts heat negates this marking point
1

to give maximum (rate of) energy transfer (to surroundings)

accept temperature (of coolant) falls fast(er)
accept black emits more radiation for 1 mark
black emits most radiation / black is the best emitter of
radiation for 2 marks
1

(b) the fins increase the surface area

accept heat for energy
1

so increasing the (rate of) energy transfer

or
so more fins greater (rate of) energy transfer
1

(c) 114 000

allow 1 mark for correct temperature change, ie 15 (°C)
or
allow 2 marks for correct substitution, ie 2 × 3 800 × 15
answers of 851 200 or 737 200 gain 2 marks
or
substitution 2 × 3800 × 112 or 2 × 3800 × 97 gains 1 mark
an answer of 114 kJ gains 3 marks
3

(d) increases the efficiency

less (input) energy is wasted

accept some of the energy that would have been wasted is
(usefully) used

more (input) energy is usefully used

accept heat for energy
1
[9]

Q18.
(a) there are strong forces (of attraction) between the particles in a solid
accept molecules / atoms for particles throughout
accept bonds for forces
1

(holding) the particles close together

particles in a solid are less spread out is insufficient

Page 73 of 88
1

(holding) the particles in a fixed pattern / positions

but in a gas the forces between the particles are negligible

accept very small / zero for negligible
accept bonds for forces
1

so the particles spread out (to fill their container)

accept particles are not close together
gas particles are not in a fixed position is insufficient
1

(b) (i) particles are (shown) leaving (the liquid / container)

accept molecules / atoms for particles throughout
accept particles are escaping
particles are getting further apart is insufficient
1

(ii) accept molecules / atoms for particles throughout

accept speed / velocity for energy throughout

particles with most energy leave the (surface of the) liquid

accept fastest particles leave the liquid
1

so the mean / average energy of the remaining particles goes down

and the lower the average energy (of the particles) the lower the
temperature (of the liquid)
1
[8]

Q19.
(a) conduction
1

(b) (i) any one from:

• starting temperature (of cold water)

temperature is insufficient

• pipe length
accept size of pipe

• pipe diameter

• pipe (wall) thickness

• volume of cold water

accept amount for volume

Page 74 of 88
• temperature of hot water (in)

• time
1

(ii) copper
1

greatest temperature change

only scores if copper chosen
accept heat for temperature
accept heated water the fastest
accept it was hottest (after 10 minutes)
accept it is the best / a good conductor
1

(c) the pipe has a larger (surface) area

accept pipe is longer
1

(so) hot / dirty water (inside pipe) is in contact with cold / clean water (outside
pipe) for longer
1
[6]

Q20.
(a) (i) random distribution of circles in the box with at least 50 % of circles touching
1

random distribution of circles occupies more than 50 % of the space

judged by eye
1

(ii) (large) gaps between particles

accept particles do not touch
accept particles are spread out
1

(so) easy to push particles closer (together)

or
forces between particles are negligible / none
an answer in terms of number of particles is insufficient
1

(b) (i) (both are) random

accept a correct description of random eg unpredictable or
move around freely or in all directions
they take up all the space is insufficient
they are spread out is insufficient
they move in straight lines is insufficient
1

(ii) (speed also) increases

1
[6]

Page 75 of 88
Q21.
(a) B
no mark for B - marks are for the explanation
first two mark points can score even if A is chosen

draught increases (the rate of) evaporation

accept more evaporation happens
accept draught removes (evaporated) particles faster
do not accept answers in terms of particles gaining energy
from the fan / draught
1

evaporation has a cooling effect

accept (average) kinetic energy of (remaining) particles
decreases
1

so temperature will fall faster / further

(b) larger surface area

increasing the (rate of) evaporation

accept more / faster evaporation
accept easier for particles to evaporate

for water to evaporate from

accept more particles can evaporate
accept water / particles which have evaporated are trapped
(in the bag)
answers in terms of exposure to the Sun are insufficient
1
[5]

Q22.
(a) E=P×t

91 (p)
an answer £0.91 gains 3 marks
an answer 0.91 gains 2 marks
allow 2 marks for energy transferred = 18.2 (kWh)
or
substitution into 2 equations combined, ie 2.6 × 7 × 5
allow 1 mark for correct substitution into E = P × t, ie E = 2.6
×7
or
allow 1 mark for multiplying and correctly calculating an
incorrect energy transfer value by 5
3

Page 76 of 88
(b) answers should be in terms of supply exceeding demand
accept there is a surplus / excess of electricity (at night)
1

(c) reduce (rate of) energy transfer (from ceramic bricks)

accept heat for energy
do not accept no energy / heat escapes
do not accept answers in terms of lost / losing heat if this
implies heat is wasted energy
1

so keeping the (ceramic) bricks hot for longer

accept increase time that energy is transferred to the room
accept keep room warm for longer

to stop the casing getting too hot

accept so you do not get burnt (on the casing)
1

(d) E=m×c×θ

120
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie 9 000 000 = m × 750 × 100
2
[8]

Q23.
(a) (i) conduction
1

(ii) atoms gain (kinetic) energy

accept particles / molecules for atoms
do not accept electrons for atoms
or
atoms vibrate with a bigger amplitude
accept vibrate faster / more
do not accept start to vibrate
or
atoms collide with neighbouring atoms
1

transferring energy to (neighbouring / other) atoms

do not accept heat for energy
or
making these other atoms vibrate with a bigger amplitude
accept faster / more for bigger amplitude
mention of (free) electrons moving and passing on energy
negates this mark
1

(b) (i) 5 (°C) to 25 (°C)

Page 77 of 88
either order
1

(ii) a correct example of doubling temperature difference doubling heat transfer

eg going from 5 to 10 (°C) difference doubles heat transfer from 30 to 60 (J/s)

accept for heat transfer number of joules / it
allow 1 mark for correctly reading 1 set of data eg at 5 °C the
heat transfer is 30
or
for every 5°C increase in temperature difference heat
transfer increases by 30 (J/s)
no credit for stating they are directly proportional
2

(iii) 1800
allow 1 mark for obtaining heat transfer value = 120
2

(c) payback time calculated as 33 years

calculations must be correct to score the first mark point
explanations must relate to it not being cost effective
1

this is greater than lifetime of windows

or
total savings (over 30 years) = £4800 (1)

this is less than cost of windows (1)

= 176 (1)

this is more than the yearly savings (1)

1
[10]

Q24.
(a) any two from:

• black is a good emitter of (infrared radiation)

accept heat for radiation
ignore reference to absorbing radiation

• large surface (area)

• matt surfaces are better emitters (than shiny surfaces)

accept matt surfaces are good emitters
ignore reference to good conductor
2

(b) 90% or 0.9(0)

Page 78 of 88
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie
provided no subsequent step shown
an answer of 90 scores 1 mark
an answer of 90 / 0.90 with a unit scores 1 mark
2

(c) (producing) light

allow (producing) sound
1

(d) any two from:

• wood is renewable
accept wood grows again / quickly
accept wood can be replanted

• (using wood) conserves fossil fuels

accept doesn’t use fossil fuels

• wood is carbon neutral

accept a description
cheaper / saves money is insufficient
2

(e) E=m×c×θ

2 550 000
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie 100 × 510 × 50
provided no subsequent step shown
answers of 1 020 000, 3 570 000 gain 1 mark
2

joules /J
accept kJ / MJ
do not accept j
for full credit the unit and numerical answer must be
consistent
1
[10]

Q25.
accept atoms / particles for ions throughout

(a metal has) free electrons

accept mobile for free
1

Page 79 of 88
(kinetic) energy of (free) electrons increases
accept energy of ions increases
accept ions vibrate with a bigger amplitude
accept ions vibrate more
do not accept electrons vibrate more
1

(free) electrons move faster

1
or

electrons move through metal

accept electrons collide with other electrons / ions

(so) electrons transfer energy to other electrons / ions

accept ions transfer energy to neighbouring ions
1
[4]

Q26.
(a) any two from:

• (air) particles / molecules / atoms gain energy

• (air) particles / molecules / atoms move faster

do not accept move more
do not accept move with a bigger amplitude / vibrate more

• (air) particles / molecules / atoms move apart

• air expands
ignore particles expand

• air becomes less dense

ignore particles become less dense

• warm / hot air / gases / particles rise

do not accept heat rises
answers in terms of heat particles negates any of the mark
points that includes particles
2

(b) (i) any two from

• free / mobile electrons gain (kinetic) energy

accept free / mobile electrons move faster
accept vibrate faster for gain energy

• free electrons collide with other (free) electrons / ions / atoms / particles

• atoms / ions / particles collide with other atoms / ions / particles

answers in terms of heat particles negates this mark point
2

Page 80 of 88
(ii) (faster) energy / heat transfer to room(s) / house
accept room(s) / house gets warm(er)
accept lounge / bedroom / loft for rooms
1
[5]

Q27.
(a) (i) radiation
1

(ii) traps (small pockets of) air

do not accept it’s an insulator
do not accept reduces conduction and / or convection
do not allow it doesn’t allow heat to escape
1

(b) (i) bigger temperature difference (between the water and surroundings)
at the start (than at the end)
do not accept water is hotter
1

(ii) starting temperature (of the water)

accept thickness of fleece
do not accept same amount of fleece
do not accept thermometer / can
do not accept time is the same
1

(iii) 18 (°C)
correct answer only
1

(iv) M
1

smallest temperature drop (after 20 mins)

cannot score if M is not chosen
accept it’s the best insulator
accept smallest loss in heat
accept keeps heat / warmth in for longer
1
[7]

Q28.
(a) conduction
1

(b) (i) any one from:

• starting temperature (of cold water)

temperature is insufficient

• pipe length

Page 81 of 88
accept size of pipe

• pipe diameter

• pipe (wall) thickness

• volume of cold water

accept amount for volume

• temperature of hot water (in)

• time
1

(ii) (type of) material is categoric

accept one variable is categoric
accept variable(s) are categoric
accept it is categoric
accept variable(s) are not continuous
descriptions of variables ie names and numbers is
insufficient
1

(iii) copper
1

greatest temperature change

only scores if copper chosen
accept heat for temperature
accept heated water the fastest
accept it was hottest (after 10 minutes)
accept it is the best / a good conductor
1

(c) larger (surface) area

accept the pipe is longer
accept hot (dirty) water (inside pipe) is in contact with the
cold water (outside pipe) for a longer time
he pipe is a spiral is insufficient
1
[6]

Q29.
(a) (i) 2.1
correct answer only
1

(ii) 3.15
or
their (a)(i) × 1.5 correctly calculated
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie 2.1 × 1.5
or

Page 82 of 88
their (a)(i) × 1.5
2

kilowatt-hour
accept kWh
or
a substitution 2100 × 5400 scores 1 mark
2100 × 5400 incorrectly calculated with answer in joules
scores 2 marks
an answer of 11 340 000 scores 2 marks
an answer of 11 340 000 J scores 3 marks
1

(iii) most (input) energy is usefully transformed

accept does not waste a lot of energy
accept most of the output / energy is useful
do not accept it does not waste energy
1

(b) the room is losing energy / heat

at the same rate as the heater supplies it

this mark only scores if the first is scored
do not accept heater reaches same temperature as room /
surroundings
rate of heat gain = rate of heat loss scores both marks
1
[7]

Q30.
(a) (i) silvered surfaces
more than the correct number of ticks in a row negates the
mark

radiation
2

plastic cap

conduction, convection (both required)

conduction convection radiation

vacuum

silvered surfaces (1)

plastic cap (1)

(ii)
any mention of air or any other substance in a vacuum

Page 83 of 88
scores zero

because there are no particles in a vacuum

accept atoms / molecules for particles
accept vacuum is empty space
accept there is nothing in a vacuum
accept there is no air / gas in the vacuum

conduction and convection need particles / medium

need reference to both conduction and convection
accept correct descriptions
2

(b) (i) less heat lost (to air above the heater)
do not accept no heat lost

light shiny surfaces are poor emitters (of radiation)

accept radiators for emitters
references to reflection are neutral

or dull, matt surfaces are good emitters (of radiation)

do not credit answers which infer reflection from the
underside of the hood
ignore correct reference to absorption
2

(ii) correct diagram drawn with one output arrow narrower

than the other
ignore input

arrows correctly labelled with energy form

flow charts score zero

(iii) energy cannot be destroyed

accept (principle of) conservation of energy
do not accept because energy cannot be lost without
clarification
1
[9]

Q31.
(a) the bigger the surface area, the faster the water cools down / temperature falls
answers must imply rate

Page 84 of 88
accept heat for temperature provided rate is implied
do not accept cools down more unless qualified
1

(b) any two from:

the ears:

• have large surface / area

not just has large ears

• radiate heat
accept loses heat, but does not score
if the reason given for heat loss is wrong

• keep blood cooler

(c) (i) radiation

(ii) conduction
1
[5]

Q32.
(a) conduction
do not accept conductor
1

(b) the freezer

both parts needed

greater temperature difference (between freezer and room)

do not accept because it is the coldest
1

(c) any two from:

• poor absorber of heat / radiation

accept does not absorb heat poor emitter of heat / radiation
is neutral

• reflects heat / radiation (from room away from fridge-freezer)

• reduces heat transfer into the fridge-freezer

• reduces power consumption of fridge-freezer

do not accept it is a bad conductor / good insulator
2
[4]

Q33.
(a) (i) makes it warmer / raises the temperature

Page 85 of 88
accept produces convection (current)
accept makes it less dense
1

(ii) reduced or slows down

(b) (i) electrical energy (to run the pump) must be paid for
accept electricity for electrical energy
accept electricity is needed for the pump
accept it uses electricity
accept because of the pump
1

(ii) more useful (heat) energy is transferred into the house than the energy
used to operate the pump

or reduced cost of heating the house is greater than the cost of running the
(electrical) pump

or costs little to run compared to the savings made

accept for 1 mark
reduces energy bills
or reduced fuel costs / heating costs owtte
do not accept it’s cheap
2
[5]

Q34.
(a) (i) 7pm
accept 19.00 / 1900
1

(ii) 8pm
accept 20.00 / 2000
1

temperature drops more slowly

accept heat for temperature accept line is less steep
1

(b) insulator
1

conduction *
1

convection *
* answers can be either way around
1

(c) (i) 4 (years)

(ii) it is the cheapest / cheaper / cheap

Page 86 of 88
do not accept answers in terms of heat rising or DIY
1

has the shortest / shorter payback time

do not accept short payback time
1
[9]

Q35.
(a) (i) as a source of thermal radiation
accept heat for thermal radiation
accept to act as the Sun
do not accept sunlight alone
1

(ii) any one from:

• volume of water
accept amount for volume

• distance between lamp and boiling tube

• initial / starting temperature of water

• same room temperature

do not accept time or same insulation material
1

(iii) any one from:

• greater sensitivity / precision

do not accept more reliable (negates mark)

• could link to a computer for (automatic) data analysis

• could take more frequent readings

• reduces instrument reading error

accept more accurate
do not accept easier to use on its own
1

(b) (i) acts as a control

accept to be able to make a comparison
accept to see the difference
do not accept ‘to make it a fair test’ OWTTE on its own
1

(ii) (plastic) foam and aluminium foil

(iii) (aluminium) foil is a poor absorber of thermal radiation

accept heat / infra red for thermal radiation
1

Page 87 of 88
or (aluminium) foil is a (good) reflector of thermal radiation
do not accept ‘reflects sunlight’ on its own

(plastic) foam traps air which is a (good) insulator

accept (plastic) foam is a poor conductor / (good) insulator
do not accept ‘the material’ is a good insulator / poor
conductor
1

(c) particles vibrate with a bigger / stronger amplitude / faster / with more
(kinetic) energy
accept particles vibrate more
do not accept start to vibrate only
1

energy transferred by collisions with other particles

do not accept answers in terms of
free/mobile electrons
1
[9]

Page 88 of 88

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Internal Energy 1

Uploaded by

Internal Energy 1

Uploaded by

Q1.

The diagram below shows a cyclist riding along a flat road.

(a) Complete the sentence.

Choose answers from the box.

As the cyclist accelerates, the _______________________ energy store in

the cyclist’s body decreases and the _______________________ energy of

the cyclist increases.

Calculate the kinetic energy of the cyclist.

Use the equation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 × mass × (speed)2

Kinetic energy = ______________________ J

This causes the temperature of the brake pads to increase by 50 °C.

Calculate the change in thermal energy of the brake pads.

Use the equation:

Change in thermal energy = ______________________ J

Tick one box.

(d) The helium in the balloon has a mass of 0.00254 kg.

The balloon has a volume of 0.0141 m3.

Density = __________________ Unit _________

The temperature of the air inside the freezer compartment is –5 °C.

decreased unchanged increased

air particles is _______________________ .

The spaces between the air particles are _______________________ .

The density of the air is _______________________ .

The efficiency of each fridge is the same.

Give one reason for your answer.

(ii) A householder looks at the data in the table above.

Suggest one reason why not.

Each block had the same mass.

Each block had a starting temperature of 20 °C.

(a) (i) State two variables the student controlled.

Figure 2 shows the student’s results.

(iii) Which material was supplied with the most energy?

Give the reason for your answer.

(iv) The iron block had a mass of 2 kg.

Calculate the energy transferred by the heater to increase the temperature of

The specific heat capacity of iron is 450 J / kg °C.

Energy transferred = ______________________________ J

The results are shown in Figure 3.

Time the immersion heater is switched on for in minutes

(i) One of the student’s results is anomalous.

Draw a ring around the anomalous result.

(iii) What was the temperature of the room?

Interval = _______________ minutes

The uncooked biscuits are placed on a moving metal grid.

The biscuits turn brown as they cook.

You should consider:

Extra space ____________________________________________________________

The temperature of the air inside the freezer compartment is –5 °C.

(b) The table below shows information about four fridges.

Explain why her conclusion is not correct.

Use data from the table in your answer.

Ignore the cost of buying a new fridge.

The power supply was switched on.

The temperature of the block was recorded every minute.

The temperature increase was calculated.

Figure 2 shows the student’s results.

Energy transferred to copper block in joules

(a) Energy is transferred through the copper block.

What is the name of the process by which the energy is transferred?

Tick ( ) one box.

(c) The copper block has a mass of 2 kg.

Specific heat capacity = ______________________________

Suggest one reason why.

Energy is transferred from hot water in the cups to the surroundings.

The results are shown on the graph.

Starting temperature = ____________________ °C

Temperature fall = ____________________ °C

(iii) Which cup, A, B or C, has the greatest rate of cooling?

Using the graph, give a reason for your answer.

The same starting temperature and volume of water were used.

Suggest why the temperature does not fall below 20°C.

(b) (i) The mass of water in each cup is 200 g.

Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J / kg°C.

Energy transferred = ____________________ J

(i) Before starting the experiment, the student drew Graph A.

Density = __________ Unit _