A

TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT

FEDERAL AIRPORT AUTHORITY NIGERIA, ALAKIA, IBADAN, OYO STATE.

BY

AJAYI OLANIYI HENRY

EEE/18/6706

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY,

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE,

ONDO STATE.

IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

(B. TECH ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING).

FEBUARY, 2024

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CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this report is a detailed account of Student Industrial Work Experience

Scheme (SIWES) undertaken by AJAYI OLANIYI HENRY at Federal Airports Authority of

Nigeria, Alakia Ibadan, Oyo State, for a period of five (5) months and has been prepared by

AJAYI OLANIYI HENRY (EEE/18/6706) in accordance to regulations guiding the

preparation of reports in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federal

University of Technology, Akure

…………………… …….………………………

Engr. I.A. Olajide Date

Department SIWES Supervisor

……………………… ………………………………

Prof. P.B. Mogaji Date

SEET SIWES Supervisor

………………………. …. .………………………

Dr M.R. Adu Date

Head of Department

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DEDICATION

I dedicate this report to God Almighty, the giver of life and knowledge, who made my SIWES

program a possibility, my mother (Ajayi Adenike) and my Late Father (Ajayi Busari), relatives,

family and friends who stood firmly behind me during the course of my program.

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ACKNOWLEGEMENT

I sincerely want to acknowledge GOD who has brought me this far in completing my training in

joy and in happiness and the grace for me to be at this level and also to my FAMILY for the

support they gave me through God’s strength to experience this moment.

I will also love to acknowledge my sweet mother; Ajayi Adenike, and my lovely Sisters and

Brother; The Ajayi’s for standing by me through the period of the industrial training.

I also want to acknowledge the help of my Industrial Based Supervisors, Engr. Ibrahim, Engr.

John, and Engr. Moyo, my Lecturers and the School authority who have helped to nature and

groom me to this level and also the opportunity to gain this experience I really want to say a big

thank you.

To FAAN ALAKIA, I really feel thankful for the love being shown unto me and the ability to

impact practical knowledge to me concerning my course of study from both the staffs and the

head of department throughout the entire months of the SIWES program.

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 ABSTRACT

This technical report explains in details the industrial training undertaken at THE FEDERAL

AIRPORTS AUTHORITY OF NIGERIA, ALAKIA IBADAN, which took place between the

months of September, 2023 through February, 2024. It states specifically the mode by which

Electrical works is being carried out in the organization by the use of Electrical equipment and

materials, different projects I worked on and the trainings I underwent within and outside the

organization. I worked under ELECTRICAL Unit, where I was taught how electrical

maintenances are being carried out, its systems and functionalities as well as troubleshooting and

repairs of the various devices, equipment.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Certification………………………………………………………………………….….….... ii

Dedication………………………………………………………………………………iii

Acknowledgement ………………………………………………..……………….…....iv

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………...….….v

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) Introduction………….1

1.1 Historical Developments of SIWES Operations………...………………………….3

1.2 Aims and Objectives of SIWES…………………………………………………….5

1.3 The Industrial Training Fund (ITF) ……………………………………………….6

1.4 Relevance of SIWES……………………………………………………………….7

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Brief History and Description of Place of Attachment………………………………8

2.1 Mission and Vision Statement………………………………………………………10

2.2 Organization’s Organogram…………………………………………………..…10-11

2.3 Objectives………………………………………………………………………..…12

2.4 Airports managed by FAAN…………………………………….…….……………12

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 The Experience gained……………………………………………………………….17

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4.1 Power System……………………………………………………………………17

4.2 Ring Main Unit………………………………………………………………….19

4.3 Electrical Panels…………………………………………………………………22

4.4 Circuit Breaker…………………………………………………………………..22

4.5 Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB)…………………………………………………24

4.6 33KV Outdoor Breaker………………………………………………………….25

4.7 Visual Aids………………………………………………………………………25

CHAPTER FIVE

4.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………….…32

4.2 Recommendation………………………………………………………………32

REFERENCES

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

 Figure 1: Organizational chart of the Federal Airport Authority of Nigeria (FAAN).

viii
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 THE STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

PROGRAMME

The Student Industrial Work Scheme (SIWES) is an academic support unit, which operates

as a directorate under the Vice-Chancellor’s Office. It overseas all the Industrial Training

activities in the University. It also provides liaison between the University, the National

Universities Commission (NUC), the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and the various

companies and industrial establishment that offer Industrial Training (IT) placement to

students.

Experts are of the opinion that there is a yearning gap between the learning acquired by

graduates of Nigerian Universities and the skills application required in the workplace.

Clearly, academic learning and theoretical knowledge alone would not usually prepare an

educated person for the world work.

Discussion on the general deterioration in the quality of graduates from Nigerian universities

in the recent past are open secrets. Employers believe that Nigerian graduates bring sufficient

theoretical knowledge to the job, but that they generally lack hands-on or practical skills that

would make them productive and efficient in the workplace. Consequently, a worker must

not only be knowledgeable, but also versatile in the application of skills required to perform

defined jobs and work. This requirement is particularly crucial for graduates of science,

engineering, agriculture and technology disciplines.

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The great and spectacular advances and progress recorded by developed nation are primarily

and substantially attributable to the contributions of their scientific, engineering, agriculture

and technology educational communities. They are the creators of change and innovation

which the world needs today. The community constitutes one of the most precious resources

and assets of any developing nation.

Consequently, the capacity of Nigerian graduates to innovate and create, determines the

extent of their potential contributions to the growing economy and national development.

However, the expected contributions cannot be made by graduates who are lacking in

practical or hands-on skills repertoire.

PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF THE SIWES UNIT

The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) undertakes the following major

functions:

 Preparation of Master and placement lists of students that are eligible in the approved

format and the submission of the list to the National Universities Commission (NUC)

and Industrial Training Fund (ITF), before March of every year.

 Organization of SIWES Orientation seminar for students before they proceed on

Industrial Training.

 Placement of students from the IT participating departments in suitable/relevant

Organizations.

 Issuance of logbooks and forms to eligible IT students.

 Arrangement for visits/supervision of students on Industrial Training.

 Payment of IT allowance to students.

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  Participating in Departmental Seminar presentation by the returning IT students.

 Collation of student’s logbooks for ITF verifications.

 Follow up payment of supervisory allowance to academic stall.

 Retirement of Students Institutional Payment (SIP) list to ITF.

 Retirement of student’s Form 8 to facilitate the payment of allowances to supervisors.

 Participating in the Zonal SIWES Coordinator’s meetings seminars, conferences, etc.,

with the Industrial Training Fund (ITF)

1.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF SIWES OPERATIONS

The Vision of the Industrial Training Fund, when it initiated the students Industrial Work

Experience Scheme (SIWES) in 1973, was the provision of an avenue for students to acquire

practical industrial exposure in their respective disciplines during the course of their studies.

Such exposure, it was envisaged, would prepare students to fit, more readily, into an

industrial work environment after their academic career. The scheme was also designed to

offer lecturers the opportunity to evaluate the relevance of training to the needs of industry.

The scheme commenced in 1974 with eleven (11) institution. By 1978, when the number of

institutions had grown from eleven to thirty-two (32) the ITF was forced to reduce the

number of approved programs to Engineering and Technology disciplines in universities,

polytechnics and colleges of technology. In 1979, the Federal Ministry of Education made it

compulsory for all students of polytechnics and college of education to undergo one-year

Industrial Attachment. This new arrangement created a financial burden which was too high

to be shouldered by the ITF. In addition, the Fund did not have the capacity to monitor and

supervise all students on Industrial Attachment hence, its decision to withdraw its support for

polytechnics and colleges of technology.

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Furthermore, despite limiting the program to universities, the financial implication in respect

of the number of students was still too high for the ITF to shoulder. Consequently, all

participating universities were duly notified that the ITF would be withdrawing from

financing the scheme as from January, 1980.

As a result of ITF’s withdrawal, the Federal Government took over funding of the scheme

through the National Universities Commission (NUC) and the National Board for Technical

Education (NBTE). These two commissions managed the scheme for five (5) years.

One of the strategies designed to facilitate smooth operations of the scheme is the payment of

supervisory allowances to higher institutions and monthly allowances to benefiting students.

Between 1974 and 1978, ITF took over the financing through the NUC and NBTE. During

this period, the initial allowance made to students was 330 per month as from 1981 there was

a relative increase in both supervisory and student allowance to #250 per student

respectively. This allowance regime prevailed until it was reviewed to the present rate of

#2500 per month. The student’s Industrial Work Experience Scheme serve as an accepted

skills training program. The program is part of the Minimum Academic Standards in the

various degree program within Nigerian universities. The SIWES program helps to

harmonize the extensive theoretical background of tertiary education in Nigeria with the

extensive practical background of the industry.

The bodies involved are the Federal Government, the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and

other supervising agencies like National University Commission (NUC), National Board for

Technical Education (NBTE) and the National Council for Colleges of Education (NCCE).

The functions of these agencies above include among others to:

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  Ensure adequate funding of the scheme.

 Establish SIWES and accredit SIWES unit in the approved institutions.

 Formulate policies and guideline for participating bodies and institutions as well as

appointing SIWES coordinators and supporting staff.

 Supervise students at their places of attachment and sign their log-book and ITF

forms;

 Vet and process students’ log-books and forward same to ITF Area offices.

 Ensure payment of Allowance for the students and supervisors.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF SIWES.

The objective of the Students Industrial Work Scheme (SIWES) are to:

 Provide an avenue for students in Institutions of Higher Learning within Nigeria to

acquire industrial skills and experience in their course of study.

 Prepare students for the work situation they are likely to meet after graduation.

 Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and

machinery that may not be available in the universities and other institutions of

higher learning.

 Provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real

work situations, thereby bridging the gap between university work and actual

practice.

 Make the transition from the University to the place of work easier, and thus,

enhance student’s contacts for later job placement, and

 Enlist and strengthen employer’s involvement in the entire educational process of

preparing university and other tertiary graduates for employment in industry.

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1.3 THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND (ITF)

The Industrial Training Fund is an agency of the Federal Government of Nigeria, which is

charged with the responsibility of mediating between the tertiary institutions and industries in

order to enable students to participate in industrial activities prior to their graduation. The

participation in industrial activities is expected to prepare the student to fit well into the

industrial system when they secure employment in the industries after graduation. In this

way, there would be bridging of the gap between the theory acquired in school and the real

industrial work after school.

The Student’s Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) apparently offers a veritable

means of redressing the gaps between the skills repertoire possessed by Nigerian graduates

and relevant skills required by employers. However, many problems have militated against

the success of the scheme over the years, from its inception in 1973 to date. Apart from the

problems associated with rapid expansion (increase in number of institution and trainees) of

the scheme, other problems are as a result of inadequate standards for various facets of the

scheme and in most assess, poor adherence standards where they exist. The facets of a

training scheme such as SIWES which require proper quality management include the

duration of the training program, supervision of trainees, documentation and assessment of

performance, amongst others.

The changes occasioned by these developments have led to the emergence of a global

economy that is knowledge based. This also implies that the administration of SIWES must

catch up with the wind of reforms that is sweeping across the globe, or be left behind. A

critical aspect of the SIWES process which is the use of Job Specification Documents to

guide the practical skills training process of students is being addressed.

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1.4 RELEVANCE OF SIWES

Students who have undergone SIWES are afforded the opportunity of learning more about

the practical application of planning theories learnt in school to problem solving in the

human environment especially in the aspect of technology, quality control etc. SIWES is of

upmost importance to every student as it serves as bedrock to professional practice as

students are exposed to some professional ethics guiding their courses. The SIWES

programme if properly harnessed by all relevant stakeholders involved the setback currently

experienced in the country would be a thing of the past as employer’s labour are afforded the

opportunity to mode their prospective employers into what is needed by their respective

organization which can only be achieved in the period industrial attachment. Therefore, the

success or otherwise of SIWES depends on the efficiency of ministries, ITF, Institute,

Employers of Labour and the general public involved in the articulation and management of

the programme. Thus, the evaluation of SIWES in tertiary institution in meeting up with the

needs for the establishment of the programme is necessary.

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 CHAPTER TWO

PLACE OF ATTACHMENT- FEDERAL AIRPORTS AUTHORITY OF NIGERIA,

ALAKIA IBADAN.

2.0 BRIEF HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION

The Nigerian Airports Authority, NAA which later became Federal Airports Authority of

Nigeria, FAAN was set up by the Nigerian government by Decree 45 of 1976, to oversee the

operations and maintenance of all Federal airports.

The aviation agency was re-named, Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria, FAAN in August,

1995, following a major restructuring and reforms of the Nigerian Aviation sector by the

Federal Government.

In 2013, the Federal Ministry of Aviation launched the most ambitious rehabilitation

programme that the aviation industry has experienced since inception.

The upgrade and rehabilitation programme involved the remodeling and rehabilitation of 22

Federal government-owned airports around the country.

Many of the country's airport terminals that had not been refurbished for long, were

rehabilitated and remodeled to increase their capacity. That programme is 90 per cent

completed.

The audit assessed the country's aviation safety rules, procedures and available facilities,

giving them a pass mark.

The Category One certification will enable bilateral air connections between the two

countries, allowing airlines of both sides to fly direct to either country.

FAAN performs its statutory duties, according to the policy guidelines provided by the

Federal Government of Nigeria, through the Federal Ministry of Transportation and is guided

8
by these in all of its business dealings and agreements with contractors and various third

parties with which it does business.

FAAN is a service organization statutorily charged to manage all Commercial Airports in

Nigeria and provide service to both passengers and airlines. It generates its revenue from

both Aeronautical and Non-Aeronautical sources in the ratio 82:18. It has embarked severally

on projects to increase the revenue from non-Aeronautical sources.

FAAN is entrusted with the following functions:

 To develop, provide and maintain Airports, necessary services and facilities for safe,

orderly, expeditious and economic operation of Air Transport.

 To provide adequate conditions under which passengers and goods may be carried by

air and under which aircraft may be used for other gainful purposes and prohibiting

the carriage by air goods of such classes as may be prescribed.

 To charge for services provided by the authority at airports.

 To provide accommodation and other facilities for the effective handling of

passengers and freight.

 To develop and provide facilities for surface transportation within airport.

 To carry out at the airports (either by itself or by an agent or in partnership with any

other person) economic activities that are relevant to airport.

 To carry out at the airports (either by itself, its agents or in partnership with any other

person) such other commercial activities which are not relevant to air transport.

 To carry out at the airports (either by itself, its agents or in partnership with any other

person) such other commercial activities which are not relevant to air transport.

 To provide adequate facilities and personnel for effective security at all airport.

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 Contribution to Knowledge, FAAN workers are called public servants and not civil

servants because its human resource is recruited/selected and remunerated through the

organization’s Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) under its determined condition of

service.

2.1 MISSION AND VISION STATEMENT

MISSION

To develop and profitably manage customer centric airport facilities for safe, secured and

efficient carriage of passengers and goods at world-class standards of quality.

VISION

To be amongst the best Airport groups in the world.

2.2 COMPANY’S ORGANOGRAM

The Authority has the power to do anything, which in its opinion is deemed to facilitate the

carrying out of its duties effectively. Present Organizational Structure of FAAN’s statutory

responsibilities are executed through the office of the Managing Director/Chief Executive

Officer and by seven Directorates. It is important to note that the office of the MD/CEO

directly supervises the mentioned Departments in FAAN below. However, the MD/CEO is

responsible to the Board and the Honorable Minister of Aviation.

10
Figure. 1

11
2.3 OBJECTIVES

The Aviation Sector Master Plan (2012, p.3) has the following projected achievements to

drive home. These are:

 Institutionalizing world class safety and security standards.

 Infrastructural development.

 Development of airport cities to transform airports into major employment, shopping,

trading, business, leisure and cargo village destinations.

 Transform Nigerian airports network into domestic and international hubs.

 Designation of economic free zones and agro allied focused airports, based on local

endowments and competitive advantage.

 Creating economic free zones as a strategy for rapid growth, inflow of foreign direct

investment, employment generation and maximal utilization of airport infrastructure.

 Development of perishable cargo infrastructural facilities, including customs and

cargo sheds, cooling rooms, etc.

 Designation of airports for economic leverage.

 Capacity development and increasing professionalism in the industry.

 Improving staff welfare.

2.4 AIPORTS MANAGED BY FAAN

The Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria is saddled with the responsibility of the

management of the twenty-three (23) Airports in Nigeria at the moment. These include:

International;

 Murtala Mohammed Airport, Lagos (Regional Headquarters)

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  Port Harcourt Int’l Airport, Omagwa (Regional Headquarters)

 Mallam Aminu Kano Int’l Airport, Kano (Regional Headquarters)

 Nnamdi Azikiwe Int’l Airport, Abuja (Regional Headquarters)

Local;

 Benin Airport, Benin City

 Ilorin Airport, Ilorin

 Akure Airport, Akure

 Ibadan Airport, Ibadan

 Margeret Ekpo Airport, Calabar

 Akanu Ibiam Int’l Airport, Enugu

 Sam Mbakwe Int’l Cargo Airport, Owerri

 Akwa Ibom Int’l Airport, Uyo

 Osubi Airport, Warri

 Maiduguri Airport, Maiduguri

 Yola Airport, Yola

 Sultan Abubakar III Airport, Sokoto

 Umar Musa YarÁdua Airport, Katsina

 Yakubu Gowon Airport, Jos

 Kaduna Airport, Kaduna

 Minna Airport, Minna

 Gombe Airport, Gombe

 Makurdi Airport, Makurdi

 Zaria Airport, Zaria

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 THE WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED

This chapter presents a comprehensive discussion of the tasks undertaken and experiences

acquired during my four-month Industrial Training course, encompassing training in various

departments As an Engineer, of the various departments within Federal Airports Authority of

Nigeria (FAAN), I can be functional in the following field.

 Electrical Department in the Directorate of Engineering services

 Power House

 Airfield Lighting

During my stay in the organization, I was able to work majorly as an Electrical Engineer and

also carried out various Airfield Lighting works.

3.1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND MEASURES

I was taught the basic safety precautions and measures that engineers need to take into place

at the workplace and on the field. The three safety issues prevalent in the electricity

environment are:

 Protection of life, involving site conditions, adequate equipment, tools and

clothing, work rules or operational ethics.

 Protection of equipment or property involves operating instructions, adequate

system protection, planned inspection, testing and maintenance.

 Protection against interruption and power quality.

I learnt that before taking any task as an engineer, it is necessary to recognize potential

electrical hazards, the nature of the hazards and procedures for averting or containing the

14
hazards. To protect the worker’s body from injury, electrical hazards, and safety risks in

general, it is important for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to be worn at the workplace.

Some PPE been deployed include: Hard hat, Coverall, Safety belt, Safety boot, Rubber

gloves.

3.2. POWER SYSTEM

The Electrical Power System in Ibadan Airport consists of the following:

i. 33KV Sub-station
ii. Electrical Panel
iii. Circuit Breaker

Figure. 2 33kv/11kv Ibadan airport sub-station

3.2.1. COMPONENT OF 33KV SUB-STATION

Ibadan Airport 33kv sub-station contains

 Power Transformer
 Outdoor Circuit Breaker

15
  Isolator
 Instrument Transformer (CT & PT)

POWER TRANSFORMER

Figure. 3: 2.5MVA step-down transformer(11kv/33kv)

Transformer can be defined as a device used in electrical circuits to change the voltage of
electricity flowing in the circuit, it can be used either to increase the voltage (step-up) or
decrease the voltage (step-down). In which working principle is based on electromagnetic
induction. In Ibadan Airport Sub-station, 2.5MVA power transformer is used to step-down
33kv incomer to 11kv going to the circuit breaker

Mode of Operation:

When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary winding of a transformer, an

alternating current will flow through the primary winding which will produce magnetic field.
The current carrying conductor will carry magnetic flux around the steel core of the
transformer. The core makes all the molecule flux to travel through the secondary coil by
electromagnetic induction, therefore an Electro motive force (E.M.F) will be induced in the
secondary winding and the presence of the flux will give rise to the secondary current. (The

16
process is known as Mutual inductance). Energy loss in transformer is due to copper loss and
the efficiency is approximately 1.

33 KV OUTDOOR BREAKERS

33KV Outdoor Breakers are used for the protection of overhead lines, distribution
transformer and motor capacitor banks. These breakers are strong in construction, easy to
install and offer hassle-free performance.

This circuit breaker receives power supply from the primary source (distribution company),
then feed the 2.5MVA step-down transformer which step-down the power voltage to 11KV
which is then connected to the 11KV panel then the feeder lines to sub distribution sections.

Mode of Operation:

All circuit breakers have common features in their operation, although details vary
substantially, depending on the voltage class, current rating and brand of the circuit breaker.

Note: The circuit breaker must detect a faulty condition in a system.

In low-voltage circuit breakers, fault detection is usually done within the breaker enclosure.
While that of large currents or high voltages are usually arranged with pilot devices to sense
a fault and operate the trip mechanism. The trip solenoid that releases the latch is usually
energized by a separate battery. However, some high voltage circuit breakers are
incorporated with current transformers, protection relays, and an internal control power
source.

Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the circuit;
some mechanically stored energy (using springs or compressed air) contained within the
breaker is used to separate the contacts, although some of the energy required may be
obtained from the fault current itself.

When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc must be contained, cooled, and
extinguished in a controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts can again withstand

17
the voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air, insulating gas, or oil as
the medium the arc forms in.

Small circuit breakers may be manually operated while larger units have solenoids to trip the
mechanism, and electric motors to restore energy to the springs.

The circuit breaker contacts must carry the load current without excessive heating, and must
also withstand the heat of the arc produced when interrupting (opening) the circuit.

Contacts are made of copper or copper alloys, silver alloys, and other highly conductive
materials. Service life of the contacts is limited by the erosion of contact material due to
arcing while interrupting the current.

33KV ISOLATOR

An isolator, also known as a disconnect switch or isolating switch, is refers to a device used
in electrical substations to physically disconnect a part of the electrical circuit for
maintenance or safety purposes. Also known as a disconnect switch, it plays a crucial role in
ensuring the safety of personnel and equipment during maintenance or when there is a need
to isolate a specific section of the power system. Isolators are commonly employed in
substations to allow for the isolation of equipment such as transformers, circuit breakers, or

other components without shutting down the entire power system.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

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Figure. 4a VT
Figure. 4b CT

They are devices that are used to

measure electrical quantities in power
systems such as voltage and current.
Instrument transformers work by
transforming high voltage or high current
levels to a lower, more manageable level,
which can then be safely measured by
instruments such as voltmeters and ammeters. At Airport Ibadan, there are various instrument
transformers such as current transformers (CT), voltage transformers (VT) inside the 33kv
sub-station.

3.2.2 VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER (VCB)

The circuit breaker made in accordance with set industry standards is compactly structured
and ensures sturdiness with mechanical reliability. The breakers are specially designed to
interrupt the power in case of short circuit and power overload. They are highly reliable
require very less maintenance.

19
Figure. 5

The Characteristics of 11KV VCB Panel:

 The panel is user-friendly and easy to operate.

 High in performance, provide accurate results and require less maintenance.
 Reliable operating mechanism
 Ensures safety of the user

3.3.0 ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT

The activities of the department comprise installation, maintenance and repair of electrical
devices within the area control.

Installation is a process whereby a system with parts and accessories are assembled
(connected) to make the system ready for operation; such installation includes installation of
socket, 200A change over.

Maintenance is a process carried out on the equipment to ensure proper functioning and to
avoid breakdown or shut down of the system.

Repairs are type of maintenance that is carried out to correct a problem or something. Such
includes changing of lightning bulbs, changing of circuit breakers.

3.3.1 MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED

Figure. 6a Figure. 6b Figure. 6c

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  Tools Box: This is a box that contains the tools used in carrying out the job to be
done, such tools include Allen keys, File, Grounding Switch, spanners, screw drivers,
hack saw, punch, chisels and so on.
 Testing Lamp: This is a 220v bulb installed inside a lamp holder with floating wire
at the end which can be used to confirm the presence of 220v mains supply when
repairing equipment that operate with 220v mains.,
 Utility Knife: It is a special type of cutting tools with a sharp and strong razor
mounted in a plastic or metallic case. It is use to scrape off the insulation on the cable.
 Pliers: It a hand tool used to hold object firmly. They are also useful for bending and
twisting cables.
 Clamp Meter: A clamp meter, also known as a current clamp or amp clamp, is a
versatile electrical testing tool used by electricians and technicians to measure
electrical current without the need to disconnect wires or break circuits
 Hacksaw: It is a very handy tool for cutting runway cable and other materials

3.3.2 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED IN EMD DEPARTMENT

Electrical maintenance department was actually an interesting department, I gained a lot of

things in this particular section. I have been able to understand some fundamental concept
about how to properly handle tools when a work is to be done. The following are some of the
highlights of the work done and the experience gained.

a) Installation of AC switch: I had the opportunity to participate in the Installation

of AC switch at HR office, the processes taken are

 Turning off Power Supply: Before starting any work, we turn off the power at the
breaker box to prevent electrical shock.
 Creating of new connection path from the distribution box. We have to create new
connection because there was no existing connection path. So we laid the wires to the
preferred point where we want to install the switch.
 Mounting of connection box: the connection box was held in place by four nails to
the wall and we passed the wire through the holes around the connection box.

21
  Making the connection: After mounting the connection box, proper connection was
carried out. We connected the live, neutral and ground wires properly.
 Closing the Case: We screwed back the switch with the connection box and cleaned
the working environment.
 Testing the new switch: Turn the power back on at the breaker box and test the switch
to ensure it operate correctly.

3.3.3 EXPERIENCED GAINED

 Technical Skills Development: I gained hands-on experience in
troubleshooting, repairing, and maintaining electrical systems and equipment.
This can include everything from transformers to control panels and circuitry.
 Problem-Solving Abilities: Electrical maintenance often involves diagnosing
complex issues and finding solutions quickly and efficiently. This can sharpen
my problem-solving skills and ability to think critically under pressure.
 Safety Knowledge: Working with electricity requires a deep understanding of
safety protocols and procedures to prevent accidents and injuries. I gained
practical experience in implementing safety measures and handling hazardous
situations safely.
 Teamwork and Collaboration: In a maintenance department, i work closely
with other technicians, engineers, and possibly even other departments. This
fosters teamwork and collaboration skills as we coordinate efforts to tackle
maintenance tasks and projects.
 Adaptability: Electrical systems can vary greatly in complexity and
technology. Working in maintenance exposes me to different types of
equipment and setups, requiring me to adapt my skills and knowledge to
various scenarios.

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3.4.0 VISUAL AIDS AND AIRFIELD LIGHTING

Visual aids can be defined as any device, sign or markings of illustrative matter designed to
supplement written or spoken information so that it can be understood easily or a device that
is used to direct / instruct / improve vision to supplement spoken words. The basic purpose of
visual aid systems in the airside is to aid in the safe operation of aircraft.

Types of Visual Aids:

1. Airport lightings.

2. Illuminated signs.

3.4.1 AIRPORT LIGHTINGS

Air Field Lighting (AFL) is one of the first navigational aids introduced in the late 1920s for
flight operations in poor weather/low visibility and night conditions. It assists in providing
information relating to height, direction, distance, slope, alignment etc. which complements
ILS and VOR, as a landing aid.

These include:

i. Runway, Approach and Taxiway Lighting System.

ii. Internal and External Illumination.

The Runway, Approach and Taxiway lighting systems are of different categories.

The Ibadan Airport Runway Lighting System consists of:

1. Threshold Light.
2. Runway Edge Light.
3. Runway center Light.
4. Touch Down Light.
5. Runway End Light.

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 6. Rapid Exit Light.
7. Precision Approach Part Indicator (PAPI) Miscellaneous AGLS Luminaries.
8. Obstacle / Obstruction Lights.
9. Illuminated Wind Cones.
10. Stop-way Lights and Stop-bar Lights.
11. Apron Flooding Lights.

Figure. 7a Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI). Figure. 7b Runway Rapid Exit Light

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Figure. 7c Taxiway Light Figure. 7d Illuminated Wind Cone

3.4.2: APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM

An approach lighting system (ALS) is a lighting system installed on the approach end of an
airport runway and consisting of a series of light bars, strobe lights or a combination of the
two that extend outwards from the runway end. It usually serves a runway that has an
instrument approach procedure (IAP) associated with it and allows the pilot to identify the
runway environment and align the aircraft with the runway upon arriving at a prescribed
point on an approach.

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The Approach Lighting System consists of the PALS and ILS.

PALS: Precision Approach Lighting System (maintained by FAAN) .

ILS: Instrument Landing System (maintained by NAMA).

The Precision Approach Lighting System consists of:

i. The high intensity unidirectional lights.

ii. The low intensity Omni-directional lights.
iii. The side row barrette.
iv. The centerline barrette.
v. The sequential flasher.

Figure. 9a Omni-directional Approach Figure.9b Unidirectional Approach

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Figure.9c Sequential Flasher

Figure. 9d the Side Row Barrette

3.4.3 RUNWAY AND TAXI LIGHTING SYSTEM

These are airfield lighting systems that are installed at the edges of the runway and
taxiways. It provides enough illumination for the aircraft both in the night and when the
weather is not favorable in the day.

3 .4.4 AIRFIELD LIGHTING CONTROL ROOM

The micro 100 constant current regulator is a microprocessor control using integrating the
use of high-speed control loop. The control electronic drive now powers thyristors providing
phase angle control to the series circuit. These units can be controlled by the Airfield control
system using the various methods. The regulator maintains a constant current by using a
resonant network circuit. The voltage from the input transformer is transmitted to the
resonant network throughout the brightness step relays. Current from the input transformer is
variable as a factor of the voltage fed into the resonant network. Output current is variable in
direct proportion to the selected input voltage which is increased or decreased through the
brightness relays

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Figure. 10

Why CCRs are better:

 Magnetic component is not susceptible to extraneous signals and do not create

interference in radio signals.
 Simple designs make it easy to install and virtually maintenance fees
 Excellent current regulation output current stable within 0.1 Amps of any output.
 Input circuit electronically isolated from output circuit.
 Withstand input overvoltage of 120% nominal for 50 milliseconds within one minute
interval.
 Power factor exceeds industry standards, more efficient then required by FAAN.
 Requires original brightness mode

At aerodromes where CAT II and III approaches are conducted, supplementary

approach lights are added to the system. Supplementary approach lights are installed the last
300m prior the runway threshold, consisting of a white centerline barrette and two red side
barrettes.

Types of AGL Lights:

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1. Elevated light.

2. In-set / In-pavement (Flush) light.

Other Airfield Lighting Electrical Material

These are some of the materials used in airfield lighting system:

i. Isolating Transformers.
ii. Airfield Lighting Cables (Secondary 6mm2 / Primary 2.5mm2).
iii. Constant Current Regulators.

3.4.5 MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED

 Tools Box: This is a box that contains the tools used in carrying out the job to be
done, such tools include Allen keys, File, Grounding Switch, spanners, screw drivers,
hack saw, punch, chisels and so on.
 Testing Lamp: This is a 220v bulb installed inside a lamp holder with floating wire
at the end which can be use to confirm the presence of 220v mains supply when
repairing equipment that operate with 220v mains.,
 Utility Knife: It is a special type of cutting tools with a sharp and strong razor
mounted in a plastic or metallic case. It is use to scrape off the insulation on the cable.
 Pliers: it a hand tool used to hold object firmly. They are also useful for bending and
twisting cables.
 Clamp Meter: A clamp meter, also known as a current clamp or amp clamp, is a
versatile electrical testing tool used by electricians and technicians to measure
electrical current without the need to disconnect wires or break circuits
 Hacksaw: It is a very handy tool for cutting runway cable and other materials

29
  Shovel: A shovel is a versatile hand tool designed for digging, lifting, and moving
loose materials such as soil, sand, gravel, snow, or debris. We use shovel to pack soil
that is on top of the buried transformer.
 Jigger: It is use for soften the ground when trying to change the transformer inside
the ground, it is use with shovel
 Portable Generator: We use this portable generator for continuity tester, we use to
test the integrity of the cable carrying the current to each isolator transformer. The
generator is used with the testing lamp, we disconnect both end of the wire we want
to check and connect one end of the cable with generator and we check if the other
end power the testing lamp. If the lamp turns on that means the cable is still in good
condition else, we have to change the cable.

3.4.6 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED IN AFL DEPARTMENT

Throughout my internship, I have been entrusted with diverse responsibilities, ranging from
assisting in the installation of runway lights to conducting routine maintenance checks on
taxiway signage. Each assignment has provided me with hands-on exposure to the intricate
workings of airfield lighting systems and deepened my understanding of the critical role they
play in ensuring the safe navigation of aircraft

b) Conducting routine inspections of runways: By following these procedures

diligently, aviation authorities and airport operations has help in maintaining the
safety and integrity of runway infrastructure.

 Turning on Power Supply from CCR: Before starting any inspection, we turn on the
power at the constant current regulator room (CCR) and we observe if there is any
abnormality or tripping.

30
  Moving with the crew to the runway. We follow the right protocol of entering the
runway and. If there are any issues, we stop and record the issue in our daily

inspection record book for proper documentation and maintenance.

 Visual Inspection: We start inspection of each individual light from the start to the
end of the runway either by walking or driving along the entire length of the runway.
 Documentation: We record any findings, observations, or discrepancies discovered
during the inspection process
 Reporting: We report any significant issues or safety concern to our HOD for further
actions such as troubleshooting and repairing of fault.

c) Replacement of old transformer: I had the opportunity to participate in the

Installation of AC switch at HR office, the processes
taken are

Figure. 11a Figure.

11b

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 Preparation and Shutdown: Before replacing the transformer, the airfield lighting
system must be shut down to ensure the safety of maintenance personnel and prevent
disruptions to airport operations. Proper shutdown procedures are followed, including
isolating power sources and securing the area.
 Removal of Old Transformer: The old transformer is carefully disconnected from the
electrical system and removed from its mounting location. This may involve
dismantling electrical connections, loosening mounting hardware, and safely lowering
the transformer from its position.
 Installation of New Transformer: The new transformer is positioned and securely
mounted in place according to manufacturer guidelines and electrical codes.
Electrical connections are made, ensuring proper wiring and grounding for safe and
reliable operation.
 Preparation of Bitumen: The bitumen is heated on a gas stove till the consistence is
light

32
 Pouring of Bitumen: The hot bitumen is poured gradually into the transformer casing
on top of the electrical connection to secure it from moisture and harsh condition.
Then we wait for the bitumen to cool and get harden.
 Bury the Transformer: we bury back the transformer into the ground and carefully
place the outside wire beside the transformer and poured sufficient amount of soil on
top to completely cover the whole thing.
 Testing: Once the new transformer is installed, comprehensive testing is conducted to
verify its functionality and performance. This includes checks for voltage output, load
capacity and proper operation of associated equipment.

d) Replacement of Approach light bulb: The replacement of approach light bulbs

is a critical maintenance task in ensuring the safety and effectiveness of an
airport's approach lighting system. Here's an outline of the work involved in
replacing approach light bulbs.

33
 Shutdown and Isolation: The electrical power to the approach light fixture is
shut down and isolated to prevent any risk of electric shock or injury during
the replacement process. This may involve following specific procedures
outlined in the airport's maintenance protocols.
 Removal of Old Bulb: Once the power is safely disconnected, the old bulb is
carefully removed from the fixture. This may involve unscrewing or releasing
the bulb holder, depending on the specific design of the fixture.
 Installation of New Bulb: A new bulb compatible with the approach light
fixture is selected and inserted into the bulb holder. Care is taken to ensure
that the new bulb is properly seated and secured to prevent it from coming
loose during operation.
 Testing and Alignment: After the new bulb is installed, the approach light
fixture is tested to ensure that it functions correctly. This may involve

34
 temporarily reactivating the power to the fixture to verify that the new bulb
illuminates properly.
 Documentation and Reporting: Details of the bulb replacement, including the
date, location, and type of bulb replaced, are recorded in maintenance logs or
databases for regulatory compliance and future reference. Any issues
encountered during the replacement process or observations about the
condition of the fixture are documented and reported to relevant authorities
for further action if needed.

3.4.7 EXPERIENCED GAINED

 Technical Proficiency: Working on approach light fixtures enhances technical
skills in handling electrical components, understanding lighting systems, and
executing precise maintenance procedures.
 Safety Awareness: Prioritizing safety protocols during bulb replacement
builds a strong awareness of electrical hazards, height-related risks, and
adherence to safety guidelines, fostering a safety-conscious work culture.
 Problem-Solving Abilities: Addressing challenges such as accessing elevated
fixtures, troubleshooting bulb failures, or aligning lights effectively sharpens
problem-solving skills and encourages innovative solutions.
 Attention to Detail: Ensuring proper bulb installation, alignment, and fixture
functionality requires meticulous attention to detail, fostering a keen eye for
identifying potential issues and ensuring quality workmanship.
 Team Collaboration: Collaborating with colleagues to coordinate shutdowns,
access equipment, or troubleshoot technical issues cultivates teamwork and
communication skills vital for efficient task execution

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

35
The student’s industrial work experience program has helped me on the right career path. It
helped me to apply my theoretical knowledge of ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND
REPAIR to practical situations. I also observed some of the challenges facing the profession,
and that in anything we do, we must be safety cautious.

During my 17 weeks at the FEDERAL AIRPORTS AUTHORITY OF NIGERIA, I was

involved in several hands-on experience with various engineers (from Electrical, to

electronics, to Instrumentation) which gave me much insight into the very diverse fields of

Engineering. This program has allowed me find much interest in my course of study owning

to the fact that I was much more prolific in making decisions due to my background

knowledge on the laws guiding them.

Recommendation

In recognition of the shortcomings and weaknesses in the SIWES program the following are
recommended solution for effectiveness of the SIWES program:

 The Department and University should assist students in securing IT placements.

 Provide enough welfare for students on SIWES to cater for their transportation, lunch

and in some cases accommodation.

 The University should ensure that students are adequately monitored during the

program.

 Students should be visited regularly by the ITF officials during SIWES

REFERENCE

Article on electrical substation (2014), Retrieved from htp://www.wikipedia.org

36
Donald G., Fink H and Wayne Beauty (1978), Standard Handbook For Electrical

Engineers. Eleventh Edition McGraw HilISBN:0-02-020974-X chapter17 substation.

Dr. I.A. Adeolu. (2015, May 5). About S.I.W.E.S. retrieved from

https://www.funai.edu.ng/department/siwes-unit/

Federal Airport Authority Nigeria., http://faan.gov.ng

Information on transformers, http://www.galco.com/prod/trnsfmrs.htm

Israel D.Vagner, Lambrikov B.I., Peter Rudolf Wyder (2003),ElectrodynamicsOf Magneto

active Media, Springer, ISBN 3540436940.

NeilS and JohnE. T.(2003), Hand book of electrical design details. Second EditionMcGraw-

Hil,ISBN0-07-142579-9.

SIWES(2008), Retrieved January 2015, from ITF: http://odich.com/itfnig/siwes.php.

Walsh and Ronald A(1990), Electromechanical Design Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York.

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