JOINT EXAM

MARKING SCHEME
BIOLOGY P2 – THEORY
SECTION A
1. a. It is elastic; to allow bulging outwards and inwards during opening and closing of
stomata;

b. A- stoma

B – inner membrane

c. during the day chloroplast in guard cells absorb sunlight; and produce sugar
through process of photosynthesis; sugar creates osmotic pressure; of sap vacuole
making the guard cells to draw water from neighboring cells by osmosis; become
turgid and bulge outwards making stoma to open

2. a. s
a. Genetic engineering – the process of identifying a desirable gene, isolating and
transferring it from one organism to the DNA of another organism
b. drosophila melanogaster – it has many observable characteristics i.e long wing trait
dominant over vestigial, red eye trait dominant over white eye
c. Advantages of polyploidy
- increased yields
- early maturity
- resistance to pest and diseases

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 3. a. Diplopoda
b. - cylindrical body
-3 body parts (head, thorax and trunk)
- two pairs of walking legs in each segment
- a pair of short antennae
b. - aeration of the soil through burrowing
-eat up decaying leaves making it easy for saprophytes to break down
c. Monera
d. -pneumonia - diphtheria
i. - tuberculosis - typhoid
ii. - tetanus - whooping cough
4. a. L1 – the solution is hypotonic to the cell sap; cortex cells lack cuticle hence gain
water by osmosis; become turgid and increase in length; leading to the curveture

L2 – solution is hypertonic to the cell sap of the cells; inner cortex cells loose water
through osmosis; the epidermal cells did not loose water due the waterproof cuticle
leading to the curvature;

b. - support herbaceous plants when cells are turgid

- opening and closing of stomata cells

- feeding of insectivorous insects

-absorption of water by root hair cell

- movement of water from cell to cell

- folding of leaves in some plants when touched e.g mimosa pudica

5. a. adaptations of frog skin to gaseous exchange

- moist to dissolve gases in order to diffuse in solution form

- thin walled to reduce the distance covered by diffusing gases

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 - highly vascularized/ rich in blood capillaries to create a concentration gradient for
maximum gaseous exchange

b. Adaptations of human nasal cavity

- presence of hairs to trap dust and other foreign materials

- has olfactory cells that detect smell/odours

- has many blood capillaries to warm and moisten the air

c. - amoeba is a single celled organism. It has large surface area to volume ratio.
Therefore, gases are adequately exchanged by diffusion across the cell membrane
into the surrounding.

d. Whooping cough

SECTION B

6.a.

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b. i. the population of bacteria increased; at a slow rate; few cells were dividing;

ii. population increased at a faster rate/rapidly; many cells were diving; resources like
food were available; favorable environment

iii. population of bacteria decreased rapidly; resources like food available; rate of cell
death is higher that rate of cell division;

c. 12 hours

d. remain constant

e. very low temperature stops microbial growth/cell division since they become inactive

g. -oxygen supply -moisture content

-temperature

7. a. Functions of human blood in human body

Plasma

-it is a medium of transport of various substances in the body; transports dissolved food
substances to the liver and to other body parts; transports blood cells (red blood cells carrying
oxygen and carbon (iv) oxide); transport of enzymes to tissues to catalyze rate of reactions;
transport of antibodies to sites of infection to protect body against pathogens; transport metabolic
waste like urea from body cells to excretory organs like kidney; transports hormones from
endocrine glands which produce them to target organs; regulates ph of the body fluids in order to
remain constant to maintain homeostatic functions; distribute heat around the body hence
thermoregulation;

Red blood cells

They transport oxygen from the lungs where its concentration is high to regions with low
oxygen concentration; haemoglobin combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin that
dissociates into haemoglobin and oxygen; transport of carbon (iv) oxide from tissues to the lungs
for exhalation;

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 White blood cells

-protect the body against pathogens/disease causing micro organisms; phagocytes protect
the body by engulfing and digesting pathogens while lymphocytes produce antibodies;

Platelets

-initiate clotting process of blood where there is an injury of body cells; prevents excessive
bleeding/loss of blood; prevent entry of pathogens;

b. adaptations of respiratory surfaces

-Are highly vascularized/rich in blood capillaries; to maintain as steep concentration

gradient for efficient gaseous exchange;

-thin layer of epithelium; to provide a short distance for the diffusing gases;

-are moist/water film; to dissolve the diffusing gases/gases diffuse in solution form;

-are numerous; to offer large surface area for maximum gaseous exchange;

-are permeable to respiratory gases; to allow movement of gases;

8. Evidences of organic evolution

1. Fossil records;

Fossils are preserved remains of ancestral forms of organisms that lived that lived long time ago;
when fossils of related organisms are arranged in chronological order; made possible through
carbon dating; this shows evidence of the type of organisms that existed long time ago;

2. Geographical distribution of organisms;

The theory of continental drift; supposes that at some time present day continents were one
single land mass which later broke up into parts that drifted apart; closely related organisms were
separated and isolated from one another thus evolving differently; with time leading to formation
of new species; through natural selection; each group of organisms adapted to different set of
environmental conditions; e.g camels in Africa and illama in south America;

3. Comparative Embryology;

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It’s the study of comparison the formation and development of different embryos; this study
shows that some embryos show similar morphological features during their early stages of
development;

4. Comparative anatomy;

It’s the study of comparison of internal structures of various organisms; some show basic
structural similarities; and this suggests that the organisms have a common ancestry; i.e
homologous structures; that are adapted to perform different functions; where they have
undergone through divergent evolution; e.g beaks of birds/feet of birds/pentadactyl limb in
mammals; some structures have structural differences but have undergone convergent
evolution; and modified to perform similar functions; they are known as analogous
structures; e.g wings of insects/birds/bats; vestigial structures; those structures that have
greatly reduced in size and became functionless; this indicate that they were present but have
evolved; e.g coccyx in humans/body hair/wings of kiwi;

5. Comparative serology;

Comparative serology is the comparison of different blood proteins in different organisms; this
study shows that organisms that are closely related in blood proteins have a common ancestry;
where precipitation forms varies from one animal to another; the greater the precipitate shows
many common antigen hence common antibodies hence more reaction; less amount of
precipitate show that the organisms are far apart/no common ancestry;

6. Cell biology;

It’s the study of cells making up living organisms; similarities in structures and function of cells
point to a common ancestry; the differences that occur between plant and animals; show how
that they are separated and evolved differently hence difference exist between them;

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