(a) Describe two properties of a radial gravitational field.

1.
1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

A space probe is launched from the Earth’s surface.

The figure below shows how the gravitational force acting on the space probe varies with height
above the Earth’s surface.

(b) State the physical significance of the shaded area in the figure above.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

At the Earth’s surface,

• the gravitational field strength of the Sun is gS
• the gravitational field strength of the Earth is gE.

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(c) Calculate .

distance from the Earth to the Sun = 1.50 × 1011 m

= ____________________
(2)

(d) Explain why gS is more important than gE in predicting the motion of the space probe as it
escapes from the Solar System.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) The space probe eventually reaches a point where the gravitational influence of the Solar
System is negligible.
The probe is unpowered as it approaches an isolated interstellar body X.
The gravitational field of X changes the kinetic energy of the space probe.

The table below shows the distance of the space probe from the centre of mass of X and
the speed for two positions A and B of the space probe.

Distance of space probe from

Speed of space probe / 103 m s−1
centre of mass of X / 106 m

A 6.0 1.1

B 0.17 1.3

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 The space probe has a mass of 4.9 × 104 kg.

Calculate the mass of X.

mass of X = ____________________ kg
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

Two protons are separated by a distance of 1 × 10−9 m.

2.
Which is an estimate of for these two protons?

A 1018

B 1028

C 1036

D 1045

(Total 1 mark)

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 Data are collected for the mass M, radius R and escape velocity u for each planet in the Solar
3.
System.

The data show that u is directly proportional to

(Total 1 mark)

A satellite is in a circular orbit at a height h above the surface of a planet of mass M and radius
4.
R.
What is the linear speed of the satellite?

(Total 1 mark)

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 Which statement is not true for a satellite in a geostationary orbit?
5.
A The satellite orbits in the plane of the Earth’s equator.

B The satellite has the same angular velocity as a point on the Earth’s
surface.

C The satellite takes 24 hours to orbit the Earth.

D Signals from the satellite can be sent to any point on the Earth’s
surface during one orbit.

(Total 1 mark)

The lines in Figure 1 show the shape of the gravitational field around two stars G and H.
6.
Figure 1

(a) Compare, with reference to Figure 1, the masses of G and H.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) X and Y are two points in the field.

Annotate Figure 1 to show the field direction at X and the field direction at Y.
(1)

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(c) A spherical asteroid P has a mass of 2.0 × 1020 kg.

The gravitational field strength at its surface is 0.40 N kg−1.

Calculate the radius R of P.

R = _______________ m
(1)

(d) Sketch, on Figure 2, the variation of the gravitational field strength g with distance r.
The distance r is measured from the centre of P.

Figure 2

(1)

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(e) Explain what is represented by the area under the graph between r = R and r = 2R on
Figure 2.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Asteroid P approaches the two stars G and H.

Figure 3 shows one position of P close to H.

Figure 3

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(f) The gravitational force on P from G is 6.38 × 1012 N.
The mass of H is 3.00 × 1025 kg and the mass of P is 2.00 × 1020 kg.
The distance HP is 1.50 × 1011 m.

Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of P.

magnitude of acceleration = _______________ m s−2

(4)

(g) Explain why P cannot have a circular orbit around H.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

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 A planet of radius R and mass M has a gravitational field strength of g at its surface.
7.
Which row describes a planet with a gravitational field strength of 4g at its surface?

Radius of planet Mass of planet

A 2R 2M

B R

D 2M

(Total 1 mark)

The Moon orbits the Earth in 27 days.

8.
What is the angular speed of the Moon’s orbit?

A 4.3 × 10−7 rad s−1

B 2.7 × 10−6 rad s−1

C 3.7 × 10−2 rad s−1

D 2.3 × 10−1 rad s−1

(Total 1 mark)

The radius of the Earth is R and the acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the Earth is g.
9.
What is the escape velocity for a mass m at the surface of the Earth?

(Total 1 mark)

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 A planet has a mass M and a radius R.
10.
Loose material at the equator only just remains in contact with the surface of the planet.
This is because the speed at which the planet rotates is very large.

What is the period of rotation of the planet?

(Total 1 mark)

Satellites N and F have the same mass and move in circular orbits about the same planet.
11. The orbital radius of N is less than that of F.

Which is smaller for N than for F?

A the gravitational force on the satellite

B the speed of the satellite

C the kinetic energy of the satellite

D the orbital period of the satellite

(Total 1 mark)

The Global Positioning System (GPS) uses satellites to support navigation on Earth.
12.

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(a) One GPS satellite is in a circular orbit at a height h above the surface of the Earth.
The Earth has mass M and radius R.

Show that the angular speed of the satellite is given by

(2)

(b) Calculate the orbital period of the satellite when h equals 2.02 × 107 m.

orbital period = _______________ s

(2)

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(c) The figure below shows the orbital plane of the satellite inclined at an angle to the equator.
X, Y and Z are locations on the Earth.

X is at the North Pole, Y is on a high mountain and Z is on the equator.

The satellite is to be launched from one of the locations.

State and explain which launch site X, Y or Z minimises the amount of fuel required to send
the satellite into its orbit.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(d) The satellite has a mass of 1630 kg.

Calculate the gravitational potential energy of the satellite when in the orbit in part (b).

gravitational potential energy = _______________ J

(2)

(e) A different satellite is in a higher circular orbit.

Explain how the linear speed of this satellite compares with the linear speed of the satellite
in part (a).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

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 The diagram shows gravitational equipotentials. Adjacent equipotentials are separated by an
13.
equal gravitational potential difference V.

Which point has the greatest gravitational field strength?

(Total 1 mark)

A planet has radius R and density ρ. The gravitational field strength at the surface is g.
14.
What is the gravitational field strength at the surface of a planet of radius 2R and density 2ρ?

A 2g

B 4g

C 8g

D 16g

(Total 1 mark)
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 The diagram shows equipotential lines for a uniform gravitational field. The lines are separated
15. by 20 m.

An object of mass 4 kg is moved from P to Q.

What is the work done against gravity to move the object?

A 7.2 J

B 7.8 J

C 10.2 J

D 36 J

(Total 1 mark)

The figure shows a moon of mass m in a circular orbit of radius r around a planet of mass M,
16.
where m << M.

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The moon has an orbital period T.
T is related to r by

T 2 = kr3

where k is a constant for this planet.

(a) Show that k =

(3)

Table 1 gives data for two of the moons of the planet Uranus.

Table 1

Name T / days r/m

Miranda 1.41 1.29 × 108

Umbriel 4.14 X

(b) Calculate the orbital radius X of Umbriel.

orbital radius = _______________ m

(2)

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(c) Calculate the mass of Uranus.

mass = _______________ kg
(3)

Table 2 gives data for three more moons of Uranus.

Table 2

Name Mass / kg Diameter / m

Ariel 1.27 × 1021 1.16 × 106

Oberon 3.03 × 1021 1.52 × 106

Titania 3.49 × 1021 1.58 × 106

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(d) Deduce which moon in Table 2 has the greatest escape velocity for an object on its
surface.
Assume the effect of Uranus is negligible.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

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(e) A spring mechanism can project an object vertically to a maximum height of 1.0 m from the
surface of the Earth.

Determine whether the same mechanism could project the same object vertically to a
maximum height greater than 100 m when placed on the surface of Ariel.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 14 marks)

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 The graph shows how the gravitational potential V varies with the vertical distance d from the
17.
surface of the Earth.

What does the gradient of the graph represent at the surface of the Earth?

A potential energy

B mass of the Earth

C magnitude of the gravitational constant

D magnitude of the gravitational field strength

(Total 1 mark)

Six metal spheres, each carrying a charge of magnitude Q, are equally spaced around a circle of
18.
diameter d.

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 What is the magnitude of the field strength at the centre of the circle?

A 0

(Total 1 mark)

Two point charges are separated by a distance of 200 mm.

19.
The force of attraction between them is 180 µN.
The distance between the point charges is increased by 400 mm.

What is the new force of attraction?

A 20 µN

B 45 µN

C 60 µN

D 90 µN

(Total 1 mark)

The graph shows the variation of electric field strength E surrounding a charged sphere of radius
20.
R. The distance from the centre of the sphere is r.

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 The total area under the curve from R to infinity is

A the capacitance of the sphere.

B the charge held on the sphere.

C the electric potential of the sphere.

D the energy needed to remove an electron from the sphere.

(Total 1 mark)

An alpha particle is moving towards a stationary gold nucleus. The alpha particle has a kinetic
21.
energy of 9.0 × 10−13 J when it is a large distance from the gold nucleus.
The gold nucleus contains 79 protons.

What is the closest possible distance of approach of the alpha particle to the gold nucleus?

A 2.5 × 10−16 m

B 2.0 × 10−14 m

C 4.0 × 10−14 m

D 2.0 × 10−7 m

(Total 1 mark)

A beam consists of ionised atoms of two isotopes of an element.

22. When the beam enters a uniform magnetic field, the ions move in circular paths.
The ions have the same charge and travel at the same speed when they enter the magnetic field.

Which statement is true?

A The force acting on an ion is different for each isotope.

B The radius of the path followed by an ion is different for each

isotope.

C The kinetic energy of an ion increases for both isotopes.

D The acceleration of an ion is the same for both isotopes.

(Total 1 mark)

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 A wire is at right angles to a uniform magnetic field and carries an electric current.
23.
The wire is 150 mm in length.

When the current in the wire is increased by 4.0 A, the force acting on the wire increases by 3.6
× 10−3 N.

What is the magnetic flux density of the field?

A 6.0 × 10−6 T

B 6.0 × 10−3 T

C 1.7 × 102 T

D 1.7 × 105 T

(Total 1 mark)

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 The magnetic flux ϕ in a coil varies with time t as shown.
24.

Which graph shows how the emf ε induced in the coil varies with t ?

(Total 1 mark)

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 The distance between the wing tips of a metal aircraft is 30 m.
25.
The aircraft flies horizontally at a steady speed of 100 m s−1.
The aircraft passes through a vertical magnetic field of flux density 2.0 × 10−7 T.

What is the emf induced between its wing tips?

A 0.2 µV

B 20 µV

C 300 µV

D 600 µV

(Total 1 mark)

A circular coil with a radius of 0.10 m has 200 turns.

26. The coil rotates at 50 revolutions per second about an axis which is perpendicular to a uniform
magnetic field and in the plane of the coil.
The magnetic flux density of the field is 0.20 T.

What is the maximum emf induced in the coil?

A 63 V

B 126 V

C 195 V

D 395 V

(Total 1 mark)

A transformer for use in a 230 V ac supply is 90% efficient.

27.
The transformer provides a current of 3.00 A at 12.0 V.

What is the current in the primary coil?

A 0.141 A

B 0.156 A

C 0.174 A

D 5.75 A

(Total 1 mark)

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 Figure 1 shows the front view of a vertical coil mounted on a circular frame.
28.
Figure 1 is a side view showing a section through the frame and coil.
A constant direct current in the coil produces magnetic flux represented by the magnetic field
lines on this diagram.

Point Q is at the centre of the coil.

A sensor placed at Q detects BH, the horizontal component of the magnetic flux density.

The effect of the Earth’s magnetic field at Q is negligible.

(a) Discuss whether a search coil is a suitable sensor to detect BH.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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BH is measured at Q with the coil vertical.

The coil is now rotated about Q through 25° as shown in Figure 2.

The current in the coil does not change.

Figure 2

A new measurement of BH is made with the coil fixed in this new position.

(b) Determine the percentage change in BH produced by this rotation of the coil.
Show your working.

percentage change = ____________________ %

(2)

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(c) Figure 3 shows a protractor being used to measure the angle through which the coil is
rotated.

Figure 3

Estimate the percentage uncertainty in this result.

Justify your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

percentage uncertainty = ____________________ %

(3)

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Figure 4 shows an arrangement of two vertical coils.
Four experiments are done using this arrangement.

Figure 4

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Coil 1 and coil 2 are identical and have a radius r.
The coils are separated by a distance r and have a common axis PR.
Q is at the centre of coil 1.

The four different experiments investigate how BH varies with x, the displacement of the sensor
from Q along PR.

In experiment 1, the current in coil 1 is 225 mA and the current in coil 2 is zero.

In experiment 2, the current in coil 1 is zero and the current in coil 2 is 225 mA.

Figure 5 shows the results of experiment 1 and experiment 2.

Figure 5

(d) During experiment 1, BH is measured with the sensor at Q.

The sensor is then moved along PR until the value of BH is halved.
The distance from Q to the sensor is x0.5

Determine

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 = ____________________
(2)

In experiment 3, the current in both coils is 225 mA so that the magnetic fields produced by coil
1 and coil 2 are combined.

The resultant BH has a constant maximum value in the region between x = and x =

(e) Deduce, in mT, the value of BH in this region.

BH = ____________________ mT
(2)

(f) State two characteristics of the magnetic field lines in this region.

1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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 (g) In experiment 4, the current in coil 2 is reversed so that the direction of the magnetic field
produced by coil 2 is also reversed.
The magnitudes of the currents in coil 1 and coil 2 are still 225 mA.

Sketch a graph to show how BH varies between x = 0 and x = r.

The x-axis has been provided for you.

Your graph should include numerical values on your BH axis that correspond to x = 0 and x
= r.

(3)
(Total 16 marks)

Figure 1 shows a transformer.

29.
Figure 1

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(a) Explain the functions of the core and the secondary coil.

core ______________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

secondary coil ______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Figure 2 shows a cross-section through the transformer core. Thin iron sheets are
separated by material M.

Explain how the efficiency of the transformer is increased by constructing the core in this
way.

Figure 2

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

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Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of a power transmission system.

Figure 3

(c) Voltages between 33 kV and 400 kV are used for long-distance transmission.

Suggest why engineers have chosen 132 kV for this system.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(d) The industrial consumers use 72 MW of power.
Transformers 1 and 2 each have an efficiency of 98% and the transmission line has an
efficiency of 94%.

Calculate the current in the 25 kV line from the power station.

current = _______________ A
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

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 When an electron moves at a speed v perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of flux density B,
30.
the radius of its path is R.

A second electron moves at a speed perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of flux density
4B.

What is the radius of the path of the second electron?

C 4R

D 8R
(Total 1 mark)

A horizontal wire of length 0.25 m carrying a current of 3.0 A is perpendicular to a magnetic

31.
field. The mass of the wire is 3.0 × 10−3 kg and the weight of the wire is supported in equilibrium
by the magnetic field.

What is the flux density of the magnetic field?

A 2.6 T

B 3.9 × 10−2 T

C 2.2 × 10−2 T

D 4.0 × 10−3 T
(Total 1 mark)

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 A coil is rotated at frequency f in a uniform magnetic field.
32.
The magnetic flux linking the coil is a maximum at time t1 and the emf induced in the coil is a
maximum at time t2.

What is the smallest value of t1 − t2?

A 0

(Total 1 mark)

Power P is dissipated in a resistor of resistance R carrying a direct current I.

33.
A second resistor of resistance 2R carries an alternating current with peak value I.

What is the power dissipated in the second resistor?

B P

C 2P

D 4P
(Total 1 mark)

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 Figure 1 shows a search coil positioned on the axis of an electromagnet, with the plane of the
34. search coil perpendicular to the axis. A magnetic field is produced by a constant current in the
electromagnet.
Assume that the magnetic flux density inside the search coil is uniform.

Figure 1

The distance between the search coil and the end of the electromagnet is x. Figure 2 shows how
the magnetic flux density B of the field varies with x.

Figure 2

The search coil has 200 turns and a cross-sectional area of 3.5 × 10−5 m2.

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(a) The search coil is placed at x = 0.070 m.

Show that the magnetic flux linkage through the search coil is about 5 × 10−4 Wb.

(2)

The search coil is now moved at a constant speed of 0.80 m s−1 along the axis so that x is
increasing. An emf is induced across the terminals of the search coil.

(b) Explain what happens to the value of the emf as the search coil moves.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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 (c) The search coil passes through the position where x = 0.10 m.

Deduce whether the emf can exceed 5 mV for values of x greater than 0.10 m.

(4)
(Total 8 marks)

The figure below shows a cyclotron. A proton is released from rest and is accelerated each time
35. it reaches the gap between two horizontal ‘dees’ D1 and D2. Between these accelerations the
proton moves at constant speed. A vertical magnetic field of flux density B acts over the dees so
that the proton follows a semicircular path in each dee.

The dees are connected to an alternating potential difference (pd).

This pd is adjusted so that the proton is always accelerated by the peak electric field as it crosses
the gap between the dees.

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(a) Explain why the proton travels in a semicircular path in a dee.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The peak pd of the alternating supply is 10.0 kV. The proton leaves the cyclotron with
kinetic energy of 14 MeV.

Determine the number of times the proton moves across the gap before it leaves the
cyclotron.

number of times = _______________

(1)

The radius of the outermost semicircular path of the proton is R and the proton leaves with a
maximum kinetic energy Ek.

(c) Show that Ek is given by

(3)

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(d) A hospital decides to purchase a cyclotron in order to manufacture its own radioactive
isotopes using high-speed protons.
The required minimum kinetic energy of the emerging protons is 11 MeV.
The cost of a cyclotron is approximately proportional to Ek1.5.
The cost of a 10 MeV cyclotron is about £2.3 million.
The table below gives information for three cyclotrons X, Y and Z.

Cyclotron B/T R/m

X 1.3 0.38

Y 1.1 0.50

Z 0.5 0.60

Deduce which cyclotron X, Y or Z will satisfy the energy requirement for the lowest cost.
Go on to determine the approximate cost of this cyclotron.

cyclotron = _______________

cost = _______________
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

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Mark schemes
(a) Any one from: ✔1
1.
• region in which a mass experiences force due to another mass
• (the field is conservative so) any change in potential energy only depends on the
initial and final positions and not on path taken OWTTE
• the force is always attractive OR field lines point to the (centre of) mass OR the
equipotential surfaces are spherical about the (centre of ) mass
• gravitational force is a non-contact force

The field strength/force has an inverse-square variation (with distance). ✔2

✔1 is a general point about gravitational fields
✔2 is specific to a radial gravitational field
The ‘force is attractive’ is insufficient
When required the term “force” must be used rather than words like
“effect&”, “gravity” etc.
When required the word ‘mass’ must be used rather than object or
similar.terms
Condone reference to “circular” for “spherical” in describing an
equipotential surface
2

(b) The shaded area corresponds to:

the (minimum) energy needed/work done to launch the space probe to a height
of 8 × 106 m

OR

the change in GPE of the probe when moved from Earth’s surface to a height of
8 × 106 m ✔
1

(c) Evaluates the gravitational field strength due to the Sun = 5.90 × 10-3 (N kg-1)

OR shows substitution into a valid equation ✔1

Evaluates 6.0×10-4 or 0.060% ✔2

✔1 g S =

✔1 ALTERNATIVE
The Universal gravitational equation for both bodies may be used:

✔2 Answer needed to at least 2 sf. If 3+ sf are seen, the answer

must round to (6.01 or 6.02)×10-4.
2

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 (d) The force from Earth because of its smaller mass, is less than the force from
the Sun at a similar distance.

OR

The total work done in moving a long way from the Sun is much greater than that in moving
a long way from the Earth because mE ≪ mS .
Condone reference to “edge of Solar System” as “a similar
distance”.
1

(e) change in kinetic energy or kinetic energy per unit mass formulated ✔1 allow 2 sf

change in gravitational potential energy / potential formulated ✔2

evidence of intention to equate their ∆E k and ∆E p (even if not carried through;

allow ecf) ✔3

mass of X = 6.3 × 1020 kg ✔4

✔1 OR 1.18 × 1010 (J) OR

OR m × 2.40 × 105 J

✔2 ∆E p =

= GMm × 5.72 × 10-6

OR

Loss and gain may be replaced with change or Δ’s for this mark.

✔3 and

substitution of data into working equation.

This can be seen anywhere in the solution.
4
[10]

C
2.
1036
[1]

B
3.

[1]

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 B
4.

[1]

D
5.
Signals from the satellite can be sent to at any point on the Earth’s
surface during one orbit.
[1]

(a) G has greater mass with evidence from diagram ✔1

6.
Explanation based on gravitational field strength or gravitational potential ✔2
E.g.
ALTERNATIVE A
G has greater mass because null point is closer to H ✔1
G field equals that of H at a greater distance from null than H ✔2

ALTERNATIVE B
G has greater mass because the density of field lines is greater ✔1
Density of field lines depends on mass ✔2
Allow arguments based on potential maximum at null point.
2

(b) The lines given tangential arrows at X and Y that flow towards G and H
respectively. ✔

Condone arrow heads only but if arrows are drawn in full they must
not follow a curved line.
Arrows are acceptable if drawn alongside X and Y but must not be
further away than the X or Y label.
1

(c)

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(d) Sketch must pass through coordinates (R, 0.40), (2R, 0.10) and (3R, 0.044) ✔
Must be within one 1/2 small division of coordinates requested.
If plotted points differ a little from the line drawn then plotted points
take priority.

(e) ALTERNATIVE A
(The area underneath) represents the energy transferred/work done (for an
object) of 1 kg / unit mass ✔1a
Accept reverse direction 2R to R with appropriate direction of
energy transfer/gravitational potential.

OR

(area is) energy transferred to/work done on the object per unit mass when it is
moving from R to 2R ✔1a✔2a
In each alternative, the first answer is only awarded MP1. The
second, fuller answer scores MP1 and MP2.

ALTERNATIVE B
change in gravitational potential ✔1b

OR
increase in gravitational potential when moving from R to 2R ✔1b✔2b
R may be given as 1.8 × 105
2

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 (f) Use of to find the force between P and H ✔1
(F(PH) = 1.8 × 1013 N)

✔1 F(PH) =

✔2 Mark is for the use of the equation allowing for ecf from
candidate’s force calculation.
✔3 Correct answer only, no ecf this interim calculation may be
subsumed in the next mark.

(Calculation of the resultant force

Use of ✔2

Use of a = = 9.4 to 9.5 × 10–8 (m s–2) ✔4

✔4 Allow ecf from Ftotal
Condone the vector addition of the acceleration to obtain the
answer
accn due to G = 3.91 × 10-8 m s–2
accn due to H = 8.9 × 10-8 m s–2
4

(g) The resultant force is not (centripetal and continually) directed

towards the centre of H.
OR
A circular orbit does not follow a gravitational equipotential (owtte)
✔
Condone lack of “resultant”
The answer can focus on the conditions necessary for circular
motion eg the need for a centripetal force.
Or
At different locations on a circular path the total gravitational
potential energy is different which requires energy which is not
provided.
NB stating that the force is not perpendicular to the motion does not
count as a full explanation as the motion has not been established.
1
[12]

D
7.
[1]

Hartland International School Page 47 of 63

 B
8.
[1]

B
9.
[1]

C
10.
[1]

D
11.
[1]

(a) Relating the gravitational force to mass × acceleration with the acceleration being
12.
centripetal in any form ✔1
or mrω2 or mvω and r can be replaced by R + h

show the working leading to answer =

2

(b)

✔1 A full substitution in the equation can gain this mark even if ω is

incorrectly calculated

= 1.45 × 10−4 (rad s−1) ✔1

A final correct answer for T gains both marks

2

(c) Launch from Z with some speed or energy argument ✔1

✔1 Condone ref. to equator rather than Z

At this position the satellite has the largest initial speed/kinetic energy from the Earth’s
rotation. ✔2
Consider answer Y only if extremely well explained in terms of
different potentials and fuel use.
2

Hartland International School Page 48 of 63

 (d) gravitational potential energy

gravitational potential energy = −2.44 × 1010 (J) ✔2

✔1 for the equation or substitution without the need for the negative
sign
only allow ecf for r = 6.37 × 106
giving gpe = −1.02 × 1011J
✔2 the minus is necessary for the mark
Correct answer gains both marks
2

(e) In a higher orbit the linear speed is smaller using

Suitable justification of
✔2 example

Or derivation from basics

2
[10]

B
13.
[1]

B
14.
[1]

A
15.
[1]

Hartland International School Page 49 of 63

16. (a)

OR

The starting point must be from relating forces or accelerations –

not a remembered equation produced at a later stage in the
manipulation of the equation.

OR
Middle mark may be given when seen as a substitution and can be
a stand-alone mark.

Last mark is only given if accompanied with the working and must
eventually be in the form with T 2 and r3.
3

(b)

OR

Substitution of data in equation in any of its forms ✔

The first mark is for converting the equation into a proportion with or
without substitution of data.

(rU=) radius = 2.6(5) x 108 (m) ✔

Last mark is for evaluating the correct answer
Answer only gains both marks
2

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(c) Rearranging

To give

Or substitution of data ✔(allow use of their calculated k from (b))

Conversion of T to seconds for Miranda

T = 1.41 × 24 × 3600 = 1.22 × 105 s ✔ (or T2 = 2.48 × 1010)

Substitution into equation and determination of M

M = 8.5(6) × 1025 kg ✔
Give full credit for use of Umbriel period and their answer to (b)
Alternative:
Conversion of T to seconds for Umbriel
T = 4.14 × 24 × 3600 = 3.58 × 105 s ✔
Determine k from
T2 = kr3 for Miranda (or Umbriel) ✔
k = 6.9 × 10–15
Converting to seconds mark stands alone
use of k =

to find M = 8.56 × 1025 kg✔

No ecf for final answer mark.
3

Hartland International School Page 51 of 63

(d)

OR

OR
stating the escape velocity depends on M/d ✔

Any correct calculation of an escape velocity or ratio M/d

or

Last mark only given with three correct relevant calculations

Correct conclusion = Titania ✔

Full credit may be given for answers that use r rather than d.
Table to help identify 2nd mark

Hartland International School Page 52 of 63

 (e) (On Ariel surface

g = 0.25 (m s–2) ✔

(spring supplies the same potential energy so

9.8 × 1.0 = 0.25 × h

OR

(comparing

h = 39 or 40 m , so it could not ✔ {allow ecf for arithmetic errors only}

The second mark can be given for the idea that the gravitational
potential energy gained on the Earth is the same as that on Ariel
with or without data.
Or that the initial kinetic energy is the same in both cases.
Last mark allow ecf for arithmetic errors only.
Condone incorrect use of signs.
3
[14]

D
17.
[1]

C
18.

[1]

A
19.
20 μN
[1]

C
20.
the electric potential of the sphere.
[1]

C
21.
4.0 × 10−14 m
[1]

Hartland International School Page 53 of 63

 B
22.
The radius of the path followed by an ion is different for each
isotope.
[1]

B
23.
6.0 × 10−3 T
[1]

A
24.

[1]

D
25.
600 μV
[1]

D
26.
395 V
[1]

C
27.
0.174 A
[1]

Hartland International School Page 54 of 63

 (a) search coil is not suitable or wtte:
28.
no emf (would be induced in a search coil) 1✔
1✔and 2✔ can be earned independently but are contingent on a
statement that the search coil is not suitable;
insist on suitable use of the appropriate underlined term
for 1✔condone ‘potential difference’ OR ‘voltage’ for emf
1

a search coil needs (to be cut by) changing flux

OR

search coil is not cut by changing flux

OR

flux (cutting coil) is constant or wtte 2✔

for 2✔ accept ϕ for flux;
do not insist on ‘flux linkage’;
do not allow ‘field’ for ‘flux’;
‘current (in the coil on frame) must be ac’ is neutral;
the suggestion that a search coil cannot be connected to a data
logger is neutral
1

alternative approach:

search coil is suitable or wtte:

suggests a valid method that changes the flux cutting the search coil eg rotate either coil /
turn (dc) current off / move either coil relative to other coil 1✔

states their method changes flux through search coil

OR if search coil is cut by changing flux or wtte 2✔

alternative approach:
1✔ and 2✔ can be earned independently but are contingent on a
statement that the search coil is suitable

Hartland International School Page 55 of 63

(b) use of 1 - cos 25(°) or 1 - sin 65(°) in a calculation of percentage change 1✔
for 1✔ expect either ≥ 3 sf rounding to 1 - 0.906 OR 1 - 0.91 seen in
working
OR 100 - 90.6 or 100 - 91 seen in working;

(-) 9.4 (%) CAO 2✔

for 2✔ expect min 2 sf rounding to (-) 9.4;
allow (-) 9.0 if 1 - 0.91 seen in working;
do not insist on minus sign or ‘decrease’ on answer line
allow 2✔ for unsupported answer of (-) 9.4;
if no other mark is awarded allow 12✔ use of 1 - sin 25(°) or 1 - cos
65(°) in a % difference calculation leading to 58%
2

(c) uncertainty (in a single reading / judgement) is ½° 1✔

for 1 ✔accept 0.5 seen in numerator of % calculation OR absolute
uncertainty is 2×0.5;
allow a larger uncertainty up to 3° if justified with a comment about
difficulty in judging the reading due to parallax, thickness of frame
etc
1

(measurement of) θ is based on (difference between) two readings / judgements

OR

absolute uncertainty in θ (or Δθ) = 2 × uncertainty in each reading / judgement 2✔

for 2 ✔accept 2×0.5 OR 2 × their uncertainty in (a single) reading
seen in numerator OR evidence for use of 2 × their uncertainty in
result of % calculation;
‘measured twice’ is ambiguous

correct percentage uncertainty calculation based on 100 × their absolute uncertainty

divided by 25 3✔

for 3 ✔ allow 1 sf result;

× 100 = 4% (use of 0.5° ) earns 1✔2✔3✔

× 100 = 2% (missing 2×) earns 1✔2 3✔

× 100 = 8% (1° unexplained) earns 1 2✔ 3✔

× 100 = 4% (1° unexplained) earns 1 2 3✔

123✔✔✔ for two-judgement explanation leading to 1° used in a

correct % uncertainty calculation
2

Hartland International School Page 56 of 63

(d) r in range 67 to 69 mm

OR

x0.5 in range 50 to 55 mm 1 ✔
in range gets both marks

for 1 ✔ either value can be seen in working OR on (along horizontal

axis in) Figure 5

in range 0.73 to 0.81 2 ✔

for 2 ✔ answer with no unit and minimum 2 sf

2

(e) use of Figure 5:

adds BH1 for experiment 1 to BH2 for experiment 2 at any point between x = 17 and x = 51
(mm);

resultant BH, minimum 2 sf, in range 0.91 to 0.99 (mT) 1✔

resultant BH, minimum 2 sf, in range 0.93 to 0.97 (mT) 2✔

ignore any sign given with result
2

(f) for more than 2 ideas mark as a list

(field lines are) parallel or wtte 1✔

for 1✔ accept ‘in the same direction’ / ‘uniform-direction’;
‘horizontal’ / ‘directed to the right’ / ‘straight’ / ‘linear’ / ‘perpendicular
to the coil’ are neutral

evenly-spaced or wtte 2✔
for 2✔ accept ‘equally-spaced’ / ‘equidistant’ / ‘uniform-spacing’ /
‘equal distance between lines’ or wtte;
‘close together’ / ‘do not touch’ are neutral;
‘uniform field’ / ‘field lines are uniform’ / ‘they are uniform’ are
neutral
2

Hartland International School Page 57 of 63

(g) a vertical axis drawn (at any point between x = 0 and x = r);

continuous line (accept poorly-marked) between x = 0 and x = r (by eye);

intersecting or meeting horizontal axis / B(H) = 0 at x = 1✔

vertical axis drawn, labelled with symbol B;

negative gradient, line continuous between x = 0 and x = r; 2-quadrant graph 2✔

vertical axis drawn with symbol and unit eg B(H) / mT;

continuous line between x = 0 and x = r;

B(H) = 0.43 ± 0.01 at x = 0 OR B(H) = -0.43 ± 0.01 at x = r 3✔

2-quadrant graph, continuous line between x = 0 and x = r; approximately correct shape:

see below;

their y-value at x = 0 equal and opposite to their y-value at x = r (by eye) 4✔

for 1✔ use checkmark on axis for guidance;
for 2✔ allow ‘magnetic flux density’ in words; condone any flat
section ≤ r/4 (judge by eye);
allow (always) positive gradient
for 1✔ and 2✔ allow a straight line;
single quadrant can score 1✔ or 3✔
for 3✔apply usual symbol-separator-unit convention / allow B(H) =
4.3 × 10-4 etc;
adjust criteria for positive gradient graph
for 4✔ if no values are marked on the axis, assume B(H) = 0 is
aligned horizontally with the x-axis (judge by eye);
condone missing vertical axis

Max 3
[16]

Hartland International School Page 58 of 63

 (a) Core – idea that it provides greater linkage/increases linkage of
29. magnetic flux/field (from the primary coil to the secondary coil
compared to an air core) ✔1 OWTTE
✔1 This can be expressed using terms such as “channels/directs
/concentrates/focuses/funnels”.
In MP1 the reference to an air core can be inferred.
Condone “ links all/most flux”.

Secondary coil – (a conductor) has a varying/alternating/changing

magnetic flux/field passing through/linking with it ✔2 OWTTE
✔2 ‘varying’ is important for this mark.
✔3 errors may cancel this mark eg ‘this increases the power output’,
will not gain this mark.

Producing an induced emf / induces an emf that is determined by

the number of turns in (the primary and) the secondary coils ✔3
OWTTE
Do not allow reference to “induced voltage” or "induced current" in
MP3.
When no other mark awarded, MAX 1 for “this is a step-up
transformer/the voltage is less on the primary than on the
secondary because there are more secondary turns than primary
turns”
3

Hartland International School Page 59 of 63

(b) MAX 3

Design feature 1 ✔1a

Link to efficiency ✔1b

Design feature 2 ✔2a

Link to efficiency ✔2b

Award ✔a only once for "thin sheets/ laminations of iron are used”.
For each example ✔b is contingent on ✔a
Example A
✔a The (sheets) of material M / laminations are made from
insulator/high resistivity material
✔b reduces/limits (eddy) currents or charge flowing in the core.

Example B:
✔a thin sheets/ laminations of iron are used
✔b so smaller emf’s are induced in the core

Example C:
✔a thin sheets/ laminations of iron are used
✔b so resistance is high causing lower (eddy) currents

If no other marks awarded, give 1 MAX for

✔ Iron is used which magnetises and demagnetises easily
OR
✔ Eddy currents produce a magnetic field that opposes the
magnetic field supplied to the core
3 Max

(c) If the voltage is lower/33 kV then power is transmitted at high

current. So energy/power is wasted/lost in the cable by
(I2R) heating. ✔1 OWTTE
These two points can be expressed the other way round. They
could state why the voltage needs to be high and then why it should
not be low.
Do not accept ‘changes affect the resistance (of the cable)’.

If the voltage is made too high this will create major

insulation/isolation difficulties. ✔2 OWTTE

In ✔2 accept “taller pylons”, “transformers that have better insulation

against spark/flash over”, “more expensive equipment”
2

Hartland International School Page 60 of 63

 (d) Use of efficiency η = once ✔1

Correct use of I = P/V with their values once at any point ✔2

✔1 examples could be:
power at 132 kV = 72 / 0.98 = 73.5 MW
OR
at transmission line start = 73.5 / 0.94 = 78.2
MW
OR
at 25 kV = 78.2 / 0.98 = 79.8 MW
OR
in single stage
Power at 25 kV = 72 / (0.94 × 0.982) = 79.8 MW)
✔2 eg at consumers I = 72 × 106 / 11 × 103 = 6545 A
✔1 examples could be:

I = 3200 (A) (correct answer only, no ecf) ✔3

(Calculator value: 3190.16 A)
3
[11]

A
30.
[1]

B
31.
[1]

B
32.
[1]

B
33.
[1]

(a) Magnetic flux density at 0.070 m = 0.07 ± 0.005 T ✔

34.
(use of flux linkage NΦ = BAN
= 0.07 × 3.5 × 10−5 × 200)

Flux linkage = 4.9 ± 0.2 × 10−4 (Wb-turns) ✔

shown calculated to at least 2 sig figs
2

Hartland International School Page 61 of 63

(b) (As the coil moves) there is a rate of change of flux through the coil ✔1 (owtte)

The induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of flux (linkage) so the (magnitude) of
the emf decreases ✔2 (owtte)
✔1 The first part ie the induced emf is proportional to the rate of
change of flux linkage may be given in a number of ways eg emf =
or simply saying ‘because of Faraday’s law’.
Ignore the sign of the emf
✔2 It’s not enough to say the emf decreases
Connection between rate of change of flux and change of flux with
distance must be made
2

(c) Finding a gradient from a tangent ✔1

Attempting to use Faraday’s law

emf =

OR incorporating velocity into Faraday’s law

emf = (200 × 3.5 × 10−5(0.693) × 0.80)

emf = 3.6 to 4.2 × 10−3 (V) ✔3

The maximum emf (in the range considered) is the greatest at x = 0.10 m (as the gradient
is the greatest)
So No ✔4 owtte
✔1 This can be calculated at any x
eg at x = 0.10 m gives = 0.69(3) (T m−1)
✔2 The mark is given for an attempt to use Faraday’s law. Allow
errors provided the form of the equation remains correct.
✔3 The expected value is 3.8(8) × 10−3 V {range to be decided at
standardisation}
✔4 No and an indication that the emf at x = 0.10 m is the maximum
available. This could come earlier in the answer and can be inferred
by a reference to the maximum gradient in the range considered.
No ecf.
If no marks are awarded allow 1 mark if candidate states that the
largest emf is expected at x = 0.10 m
If only the second mark is awarded allow a mark for finding
between x = 0.07 and 0.10 m (e.g. )
4
[8]

Hartland International School Page 62 of 63

 (a) Force due to uniform magnetic field (is constant and always) at 90º to direction
35.
of travel ✔

Identifies this force as the centripetal force for circular/semicircular motion ✔

Reference to velocity will be taken as the velocity of the proton
2

(b) (1 electron through 10 kV = 10000 eV

14 MeV by 10000 eV)
= 1400 (times) ✔
1

(c) F = Bev AND F = mpv2/R ✔

Equates forces giving v = eBR/mp ✔

Ek = ½mpv2 = ½mp(eBR/mp)2 ✔

Ek = e2B2R2 / 2mp
1st mark for either or both
2nd mark for expression for v
3rd mark for substituting in ½mpv2
Condone use of Q or q for E
3

(d) Uses =

to calculate Ek for any one cyclotron in J or eV ✔ Calculates Ek for 3 cyclotrons

or argues that as X is just OK, Y will be greater and Z will be less than 11 MeV
✔
So reasoned choice of X ✔

cost/11.71.5 = £2.3 million/101.5

cost = £2.9 million ✔

For X Ek =

= 1.87 × 10−12 J or 11.7 MeV

For Y Ek = 2.32 × 10−12 J or 14.5 MeV or Y must have higher
energy because BR and hence B2R2 must be greater
For Z Ek = 6.89 × 10−13 J 4.3 MeV or by inspection B2R2 will be too
low to give 11
MeV
Or other appropriate method
4
[10]

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