LTE Access

RF Team
Etisalat
March 2014
Agenda
LTE Motivation

MIMO Definition

LTE Key Performance

3G , LTE and 2G Architecture comparison

LTE Access Technology

LTE Physical Resource and BWs configured

LTE Frame Structure and Multi Path Solutions

LTE UE Categories

LTE channels

UE Measurements in LTE
LTE Motivation
LTE Motivation
High Throughput History

Throughput
3 Gbps
LTE 300 Mbps

150 Mbps
84 Mbps

42 Mbps
2 1 Mbps
384 kbps

1 50 Kbps

Tech.
HSPDA HSPDA LTE LTE LTE advance
GPRS EDGE HSPDA
DC MIMO 2 *2 MIMO 4 * 4 MIMO
LTE Motivation(Cont’d)
MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT (MIMO)
User Data

A A
N N
T T
E E
Bad CQI N N
N N
Good CQI A A
A B

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 13 14 15 16

High data rate

Low data rate No TX Diversity
TX Diversity
LTE Motivation (Cont’d)
• LTE Needed for higher data rates and greater spectral efficiency.

• LTE is PS Oriented only (3G deals CS and PS domain).

• LTE enhance the user experience more than the 3G.

o LTE user Feel that he is always connected (PS session establishment takes less
than 50 ms and latency 10 ms)
o LTE has no state transitions But In 3G we have State transitions.

3G (HS
3GConnected)
Idle
Signaling connection RRC
Core
HSDPA Service RAB

Idle
There is a Problem when using Smart Phone
Every time for new connection you need to make new RRC and RAB 

3G Solution : I need to Improve the connection time to HS domain

LTE Motivation (Cont’d)
3G Solution is to make state Trans.

HSDPA
Signaling connection RRC
Core
FACH N
Service RAB
PCH

Idle

LTE is more simplified

o LTE user Feel that he is always connected (PS session
establishment takes less than 50 ms and latency 10 Connected
ms)
Idle
LTE Motivation (Cont’d)

High Data Rates

Better spectrum efficiency (bits per Hz)

Low latency

Saving CAPEX Simple architecture (no RNCs and BSCs)

Lower Cost in managing and maintaining the network (less hardware)

LTE use SON (Self Organizing Network)

• Automatic neighbor Relation addition
• Self configuring Node-b
LTE Key Performance
 LTE Key Performance
New Air Interface Access Tech. Scalable BW

1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 15 MHz 2 0 MHz

F0 F1 F2 F3 Frequency
MIMO
Higher Order Modulation
64 QAM
16 QAM

T R
X X

QPSK

MME

Flat IP Arch.
LTE Key Performance (Cont’d)
Channel dependent Scheduling

Scheduled User

User 1
Radio Link Quality

User 2

TTI=1 ms TTI=1 ms TTI=1 ms TTI=1 ms TTI=1 ms TTI=1 ms TTI=1 ms

LTE Key Performance(Cont’d)
Channel dependent Scheduling

•Scheduling in LTE is fast scheduling done every TTI (1ms)

•Scheduling has three main types:

• MAX C/I
Assign the channel to the user with the best channel quality

• Round Robin
oCyclically assign the channel to users without taking channel conditions into account
oSimple but poor performance

• Proportional fair
oSchedules all users in the cell but prioritize users with better channel quality
oBut ensure that all users receive a guaranteed minimum throughput.
LTE Key Performance(Cont’d)
H-ARQ System with soft Combing
TX RX

P1
ACK

P2 ACK

P3
NACK P3

P4 ACK Buffer

P5
ACK

P6
ACK

P3
P3 ACK

Soft Combing
 3G , LTE and 2 G
Architecture & interfaces
 WCDMA LTE
PS + CS PS Domain Only

GGSN MSC MME SP GW

CN
CN Signaling Data

SGSN MGW

S1 S1

IUR
eNB eNB
RNC RNC

No RNCs (function is done by eNB) e.g.. call admission

CN is directly connected to access part

Node-B
LTE is packet oriented ( Over IP ) even Voice

For Voice now we use fall back to 3G

 LTE Architecture • Packet GateWay
IP address allocation

Internet Deep packet inspection (Forbid application)

• Mobility management Entity Keep packet and Drop packets
Prevent SKYPE , Torrent
Signaling
Specific Charging for this certain packet
Idle mode mobility
MME P-
Distribute Paging message to eNB GW Limit throughput for certain application
during hours
IRAT handover(connection to other CN)
S11
Keeping QOS
S-
Security , attach and Detach GW
• Service Gateway
Roaming CN Packet Routing and Forwarding
Charging
• E node-b S1
Connected mode mobility

Radio Recourse Management

Admission control

UL/DL scheduling / HARQ

Measurement and reporting X2

eNB eNB
Eutran
 Not 3GPP Wifi MME
S10

GGSN S2
S11 Internet
Gn MME
S3 SP-
GW
S4 CP
SGSN S1 CP

S4 UP
Gb IU S4 UP S1 UP

IUR
BSC RNC RNC

Abis IUB

X2 CP

eNB eNB
BTS NodeB NodeB X2 UP

2G 3G LTE
LTE Access Technology
LTE access Technique
Freq. Freq.
Freq. 6 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
FDMA Freq. 5 FDMA / TDMA F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6

Freq. 4 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6

Freq. 3 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6

Freq. 2 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6

Freq. 1
Time
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Time
Freq.

Power

WCDMA

Code 5
Code 4
Code 3
Code 2
Code 1 Time
 In LTE
Lets Remember
LTE access Technique (Cont’d)
Lets Remember
S(t)
Time Domain
Ts
Time

S(f)
Frequency domain

-4/Ts -3/Ts -2/Ts -1/Ts 1/Ts 2/Ts 3/Ts 4/Ts 5/Ts

Frequency

➢ I need the peak

Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
• Case 1 (FDM ): Allocation for the pulses on Freq. Band
Peak of one is Zero of the others

-4/Ts -3/Ts -2/Ts -1/Ts 1/Ts 2/Ts 3/Ts 4/Ts 5/Ts Frequency

• Case 2 :
o Pulse Shaping (Time stretch)
o Choose the correct Frequency

Case 2 (OFDM) Frequency

F1 F2 F3 F4

BW is less than case 1

Case 2 is more BW efficient

I can chose frequency so that the peak of one is at the Zeros of the others
LTE Access Technique (OFDM)

Sub Carrier BW = 15 KHz

Freq.
Symbol F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8

Time
LTE Downlink DL
LTE Use OFDM in DL.

Subcarrier BM is 15 KHz.

Number of Subcarrier depend on the BW used.

Orthogonal (At sampling point all other carriers are zeros).

Freq.

Time
LTE Radio access Uplink UL
LTE use OFDM in UL (Single Carrier OFDM)

Subcarrier BM is 15 KHz

Single
Carrier

Single Carrier
FFT

Single Carrier
Why SC Carrier in UL

o To avoid Peak to Average Power Ratio PAPR

o Any PA should be operated in the linear region other wise you will have
distortion in the O/P signal

Linear Region
 SC 1

SC 2

SC 3

Spike Of Power
 Peaks Of Power

Peaks Of Power (PAPR)

For DL ( OK )
E-NB has expensive PA sufficient linear region can detail with this peaks
For UL (Not OK)
UE is cheap PA can’t detail with this peaks

For UL Convert Subcarriers to Single Carrier (to Avoid PAPR)

Single Carrier
FFT
 LTE Radio access Uplink UL
SC FDMA

Freq.

Time
LTE General Frame
Structure
LTE general Frame structure
LTE One Radio Frame 10 ms
Time Slot
0.5 ms

#1 #2 TS # 20

One Sub Frame

1 ms
1 7

7 Symbols

Bits Bits Bits Bits Bits Bits Bits

Number of bits per Symbol depend on Modulation technique

64 QAM
QPSK 16 QAM
6 b/s
2 b/s 4 b/s
LTE Physical Resource
LTE Radio Physical Resource
Resource Element (RE)

1 Sub Carrier( 15 kHz)

Freq.

LTE Symbol (Contain # of bits)

Depend on Modulation

LTE Time Slot

0.5 ms
7 Symbols

1 Recourse Element
1 subcarrier and 1 Symbol Time
LTE Radio Physical Resource
Resource Block (RB)

12 Sub Carrier

Freq.

LTE Time Slot

0.5 ms
7 Symbol

1 Recourse block ( RB ) Time

o 12 Sub Carrier (15 KHz) * 7 Symbols
o 84 Recourse Element
o RB Basic Unit for Transmission of information
LTE Radio Physical Resource
Resource Block (RB)
12 Sub Carrier

Freq.

Time Slot
Symbol 7 Symbols
0.5 ms
b

One Recourse block

84 Recourse element Time
LTE Radio Physical Resource
Resource Block (RB) 12 Sub Carrier

Freq.

Time Slot
Symbol 7 Symbols
0.5 ms
b

Time
o During the DT if you need to check the throughput
You check how many RBs assigned for this user #RB increase . Throughput incre.

You don’t check how many subcarriers and you don’t check how many symbols

Even in counter you check the resource block consumption

LTE Scheduler
Freq.

Time Slot
7 Symbols
0.5 ms

Time Slot
7 Symbols
0.5 ms

Time

• LTE Scheduler
• 1 User is scheduled every TTI ( 1ms )
• Every Schedule instance we have 2 consecutive RBs per user
• Called Scheduled block
LTE Allowed Bandwidths BW

1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

3GPP define exact BWs used for LTE (fixed) no 18 MHz

You Don’t have to buy new band but you can make band reframing

The more BW you have

o Better throughput
o More Resource blocks
LTE Allowed Bandwidths BW (Cont’d)
3GPP

Band Width MHz Number of RB s

1.4 MHz 6
3.0 MHz 15
5.0 MHz 25
10.0 MHz 50
15.0 MHz 75
20.0 MHz 100

The more BW you have

o Better throughput
o More Resources you have (More Resource block)
How to calculate LTE throughput
Calculate the max. physical throughput in LTE where
BW = 20 MHZ
Modulation 64 QAM
MIMO 4*4

BW =20 MHz ➔ 100 RB

1 RB ➔ 7 symbols * 12 Subcarrier

1 Symbol ➔ 6 bits (64 QAM)

SB = 2 RB (1 ms )
1 User is scheduled every 1 ms

# bits = 100 RB * 7 symbols * 12 Subcarrier * 2 (1SB =2RB)*6 bit (64 QAM) * 4 (MIMO)

Throughput RATE = 7 symbols * 12 Subcarrier * 2 (1SB =2RB) *100 * 6 bit (64 QAM) * 4 (MIMO)
1 ms

Throughput RATE = 380 Mbps

How to calculate HSDPA throughput
How to calculate the HS Throughput
SF 1 (3.84 MSps)
3G Code Tree

SF 2
(1.92 MSps)

SF 4
(960 KSps)

SF 8
(480 KSps)

SF 16
(240 KSps)

HSDPA Works on SF 16
How to calculate the HS Throughput
SF 16
64 QAM
HS 15 Code 6 b/s

1 Code in SF 16 = 240 KSps

64 QAM

6 bits per Symbol

HS throughput = 15 Code * 240 KSps. * 6 Bit per Symbol ≈ 21 Mbps

Dual Carrier = 21 Mbps * 2 = 42 Mbps

2 * 2 MIMO = 42 Mbps * 2 = 84 Mbps ☺

What is break stone in the 3G

R99 is Break Stone SF 1

SF 2

SF 4

SF 8

480 Kbps 1 R99 1 R99

User User

SF 16

R99 (killer ) one user R99 will impact the HS (code absorbers)
LTE Multi Path solution
Lets Remember
Channel Paths 1
0 3

1

ISI Impact is Very High

Path 1

Pulse Stretch
ISI Impact is not So High
Cyclic Prefix (Inter Symbol interference cure)
Path 1 Slot A (7 Symbols) Slot B (7 Symbols) Slot C (7 Symbols)

Path 2 Slot A (7 Symbols) Slot B (7 Symbols) Slot C (7 Symbols)

ISI ISI
Cyclic Prefix Slot T=0
CP A
Slot A (7 Symbols)

Total Transmitted

Path 1 CP A Slot A CP B Slot B CP C Slot C

CP A Slot A CP B Slot B CP C Slot C

Path 2

ISI ISI
• All UEs support 4 Tx antennas at eNodeB

• Soft buffer sizes under discussion

• MBMS is a separate capability

• FDD, HD-FDD and TDD are independent

capabilities
LTE Radio Channels
LTE Channels
LOGICAL CHANNELS

Transport Channel

Physical Channel

Air Interface
LTE Channels

Logical Channels
What Type of data I will sent

It may carry control data or carry user traffic

Transport Channels
How do I sent the information (the manner in which the data will be Transferred)

Weather the data is protected from errors

Size of the data packets

Physical channels
Define the way I sent the data

What is modulation

What is BW we will use

LTE DL Channels
Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
Broadcast channel
Carry cell
information BCH
BCCH PBCH

MTCH
Multicast channel MCH
PMCH
advertising MCCH

Dedicated Traffic DTCH

and control channel DL-SCH PDSCH -- Data
“User Data” DCCH

Physical downlink control channel

o Scheduler use this channel PDCCH
o Physical control
Which user format indic.
will receive data
channel
o UE listen to this channel
oo Format of the
Ok I have PDCCH
data for me
o Data
o # of RBs PCFICH
o Typeo ofPower Control
Modulation
o Power Control commands

Physical hybrid ARQ indication Ch. PHICH

o ACK/NACK

P-SCH
Generated by E-Node-B
used to identify the Cell S-SCH

RS
LTE UL Channels

Physical Channels Transport Channels Logical Channels

Physical Random RACH

access channel PRACH CCCH
Call Setup

Physical UL Shared
channel PUSCH DTCH
UL-SCH
Data in UL
DCCH

PUCCH

Physical UL control channel

o Ack/NACK
o UL Schedule request
How to identify the enode-B (LTE Cell)

• In 3G we Define the Cell using Scrambling Code (SC)

• In LTE we have Reference Signal (RS) used to define the Cell

• We have 504 different Reference Signals (RS) used to define the Cells

• S-SCH and P-SCH are used to create the (RS)

P-SCH (3 orthogonal Sequence )

504 RSs ( 3 orth. * 168 Random )
504 PCI
S-SCH (168 Random Sequence) 504 Physical Cell Identity

We have to be synchronized with RS to be able to demodulate the data

• 504 PCI could be reused for LTE network

S-SCH (168 Random Seq. ) P-SCH (3 orthogonal Seq.)

S-SCH -0 P-SCH-0 , P-SCH-1 , P-SCH-2
S-SCH -1 P-SCH-0 , P-SCH-1 , P-SCH-2
S-SCH -3 P-SCH-0 , P-SCH-1 , P-SCH-2
S-SCH -4 P-SCH-0 , P-SCH-1 , P-SCH-2
--------------- -----------
----------------- -----------
--------------------- ----------
-------------------- ----------------
------------------------ -------------
------------------ ------------
-------------------- -------------
---------------- ---------------
---------------- --------------
S-SCH -167 P-SCH-0 , P-SCH-1 , P-SCH-2
• PCI Planning Principles

PCI 11
PCI 12 PCI 14
PCI 13 PCI 14

PCI 14 PCI 12
PCI 16 PCI 15
PCI 15 PCI 18
PCI 17 PCI 14
Distance between Same PCI
We have 504 so it is easy to avoid this PCI 18 PCI 13
Same as SC in 3G PCI 14 PCI 15
PCI 13 PCI 17
PCI 15 PCI 12
PCI 17 PCI 14
PCI 13 PCI 17
PCI Planning Principles (Cont’d)
Collision Free Confusion Free
PCI 167
PCI -168 PCI 168

PCI -168 PCI -168

Neigh-1 Neigh-2
Cell 1 Cell 2

Near Cells should be with different PCI Cells in the Neighbor list should be
different PCI

Synchronized with RS to be able to read

the information
 P-SCH (3 orthogonal Sequence )
504 RSs ( 3 orth. * 168 Random )
504 PCI
S-SCH (168 Random Sequence) 504 Physical Cell Identity

LTE One Radio Frame 10 ms

#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9

1 Sub Frame
1 ms

Freq.

Time Slot 0.5 ms Time Slot 0.5 ms Time Slot 0.5 ms Time Slot 0.5 ms

System BW
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

S-SCH P-SCH S-SCH P-SCH Time .

• Information of the Synchronization in Sub frame 0 and 5 (every 5 ms)
 Time Slot 0.5 ms Time Slot 0.5 ms
Freq. Freq.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Contains Sub Carriers

RB
BW Used

Sub Frame Time . Time .

• One Resource element : 1 subcarrier and 1 Symbol
•• One RB : 12 Sub Carrier and 7 Symbol (84 Resource element) •
PSCH/SSCH PDSCH (user data)
• RS (Reference Signal) • PBCH • PDCCH (Schedule use this Ch.)
 Every time slot we have RS.

We need it in order to decode the information in the slot.

We have to be synchronized with RS to be able to

demodulate the data in each slot

10 Sub Frames = 1 Frame (10 ms)

• RS (Reference Signal) • PDCCH (Schedule use this Ch.) • PBCH • PDSCH

• PSCH/SSCH
Using MIMO
 Time Slot 0.5 ms Time Slot 0.5 ms Time Slot 0.5 ms Time Slot 0.5 ms
A A
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 N N
Freq. R R R R R R T T
R R R R E E
N N
N N

R R R R R R R R R R A
A
A
B
Contains Sub Carriers

R R R R R R R R R R
BW Used

R R R R R R R R R R

R R R R R R R R R R

R R R R R R R R R R

Sub Frame Sub Frame

Time.
Time.
Same Time and Same Sub Carrier
So you will have interference (SINR)

You need to Synch. With the RS to read the information in Frame,

so if you are not able to get the RS you cant decode any thing
 Time Slot 0.5 ms Time Slot 0.5 ms Time Slot 0.5 ms Time Slot 0.5 ms
A A
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 N N
Freq. R R R
T T
R R E E
N N
N N

R R R R R A
A
A
B
Contains Sub Carriers

R R R R R
BW Used

R R R R R

R R R R R

R R R R R

Sub Frame Sub Frame

Time. Time.
At the same time and Freq. when one antenna transmit RS the other one will not Transmit to avoid
interference

So using MIMO you are increasing the throughput but wasting Resource elements
 LTE UE Measurements

• What UE measure in the DL ?

LTE Measurements
• RSRP ( Reference Signal Received Power ) for a certain Cell
o Measurements of all RS in all BW as average
o Ranges -40 to -125 dBm
o RSRP is used to measure the coverage
Freq.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
R

BW Used Contains Sub Carriers

R

Sub Frame
Time.
LTE Measurements
• RSSI ( Reference Signal Strength Indicator)
o Is the energy in the complete BW
o Not the RS only but all the Power and it include the thermal noise also
o Neighbor Site interference
LTE Measurements
• RSRQ ( Reference Signal Received Quality )
o Similar to EcNo in 3G (we use it to measure the interference)
o Ranges -3 to -20 dB
o RSRQ = n * RSRP (one cell) / RSSI (Power in whole BW for all )
• n is the number of RBs in all the BW

RSRQ
-
-
-
-
-
-
RSRQ low
RSSI High
LTE Measurements
• LTE SINR (Signal interference Noise Ratio)
o Is calculated by the UE (no 3GPP but depend on the vendor)
➢ S ( Power of the RS and Data)
➢ I ( Interference Signals form other cells)
➢ N ( back ground noise and Rx Noise coefficient)

SINR
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