Refrigerant Piping

DESIGN AND FABRICATION GUIDELINES

Corp. 9351−L9
Revised July 30, 2018

APPLICATION AND DESIGN GUIDELINES

TABLE OF CONTENTS
IMPORTANT !
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The intent of this manual is to represent generally
accepted safe engineering practices. Specifications and
Piping Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 limits outlined in this manual are subject to change.
System design should conform to all codes, laws and
regulations applying at the site at the time of installation.
Recommended Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Additional documents that should be followed include
The Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration and the
Liquid Line Quick Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Code for Refrigeration Piping, both available from
ASHRAE. In addition, the procedures and limits outlined
Vapor Line Quick Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 in this manual do not supersede local, state or national
codes under any circumstances.
Long Line Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Piping Limits
Fundamentals and Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 All expansion valves (TXV) listed in the following tables can
be used in either air conditioner or heat pump systems.
Line Sizing in Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 These TXVs incorporate a check valve for heat pump
system applications.
System Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Table 1. Indoor HFC-410A —TXV
Unit Size Catalog Number
System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2-Ton Y0498
3-Ton Y0499
Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4-Ton Y0500
Appendix B — XC25 / XP25 Line Set Requirements . 30 5-Ton Y0501
6-Ton Y0502
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
COOLING SYSTEM
Introduction
HFC-410A
The piping design of any air conditioning system will affect S Total equivalent length = 240 feet (Piping and all
the performance, reliability, and applied cost of that system. fittings, etc).
The design of refrigerant piping systems involves capacity NOTE — Length is general guide. Lengths may be more or
and efficiency, reliability, oil management, refrigerant less, depending on remaining system design factors.
charge, sound level, liquid refrigerant control, modulation S Maximum linear (actual) length = 200 feet.
effectiveness and cost. Therefore it is essential that the S Maximum linear liquid lift = 60 feet.
installing contractor understand the effect of piping and be
NOTE —- Maximum lifts are dependent on total length,
able to make intelligent decisions in order to do the best job
number of elbows, etc that contribute to total pressure drop.
possible on the installation. This material below will clearly
explain the basic effects on system performance of the S Maximum length vapor riser = 125 feet.
piping design. S Up to 50 linear feet: use rated line sizes listed in unit
specifications or installation instructions.
In most typical installations with lines less than 50 feet, the
S If 51 to 80 linear feet: Crankcase heater required,
line sizes will match up to the connections on the outdoor
non-bleed port TXV (see TXV note ) preferred (RFCIV
unit. However, with installations involving long line sets or
acceptable with maximum vertical of 25 feet).
elevation differences between the outdoor unit and the
indoor unit, the piping must be sized carefully. System S If 81 - 200 linear feet: Crankcase heater and non-bleed
performance may be improved even in a typical installation port TXV (see TXV note) required.
by optimizing pipe sizes. S Over 200 linear feet: not recommended.

Page 1
TXV NOTE: S Maximum length vapor riser = 60 feet.
a) Indoor Factory Installed non-bleed, non-adjustable S Up to 50 linear feet: use rated line sizes listed in unit
TXV can be used on the system if it can maintain specifications or installation instructions.
superheat lower than 25°F at outdoor unit service
valve. Superheat is critical to compressor operating S If 51 to 200 linear feet: Crankcase heater required,
conditions. non-bleed port TXV (see TXV note) required.
b) If indoor unit does not have a factory installed TXV, S Over 200 linear feet: not recommended.
or factory installed TXV needs replacing due to
system match up or the factory TXV is not capable TXV NOTE:
of maintaining low enough superheats, use table 1 a) Indoor Factory Installed non-bleed, non-adjustable
for ordering the correct TXV for specific size indoor TXV can be used on the system if it can maintain
unit. All of these are indoor non-bleed adjustable superheat lower than 25°F at outdoor unit service
thermostatic expansion valves. Superheat adjustment valve. Superheat is critical to compressor operating
procedures can be found in the TXV kit instruction. conditions.
S If not factory provided, high and low pressure b) If indoor unit does not have a factory installed TXV,
switches are recommended or factory installed TXV needs replacing due to
S If not factory provided, a liquid line filter drier is system match up or the factory TXV is not capable
required of maintaining low enough superheats, use table 1
S For HFC-410A, recommend adding oil to system for ordering the correct TXV for specific size indoor
based on the amount of refrigerant charge in the unit. All of these are indoor non-bleed adjustable
system. No need to add oil in systems with 20 thermostat check expansion valves. Superheat
pounds of refrigerant or less. For systems over 20 adjustment procedures can be found in the TXV kit
pounds - add one ounce of every five pounds of instructions.
refrigerant.
S If not factory provided, high and low pressure
HEAT PUMP SYSTEM switches are recommended. Low pressure switch
bypass switch will be required on units that do not
HFC-410A
have provision to ignore the switch when unit is
S Total equivalent length = 240 feet (Piping and all operating in ambient temperatures below 15°F.
fittings, etc)
S If not factory provided, a liquid line filter drier is
NOTE — Length is general guide. Lengths may be more or required.
less, depending on remaining system design factors.
S For HFC-410A, recommend adding oil to system
S Maximum linear (actual) length = 200 feet. based on the amount of refrigerant charge in the
S Maximum linear liquid lift = 60 feet. system. No need to add oil in systems with 20
NOTE — Maximum lifts are dependent on total length, pounds of refrigerant or less. For systems over 20
number of elbows, etc that contribute to total pressure drop pounds - add one ounce of every five pounds of
plus when the outdoor unit is above the indoor unit. refrigerant.

Page 2
Recommended Components Table 2. Sight Glass Catalog Numbers
Liquid Line Size Catalog Number

PRESSURE TAPS 3/8” 57K19

Should be installed at the inlet and outlets of indoor coils to 1/2” 19B62
allow field measurement of saturated pressures for 5/8” 19B63
calculating superheats and sub-cooling values.
Liquid Line Quick Select
ANTI-SHORT PROTECTION
Table 3 should be used to size the liquid line when there is a
Systems should have anti-short cycle. liquid lift. Follow this procedure for sizing the liquid line:
1. Find your unit on the left side of table 3.
S ON - usually four minutes.
2. Start with the rated liquid line size on the outdoor unit
S Timed OFF - usually five minutes and timer (refer to engineering handbook or installation
instructions)
NOTE — A number of electronic thermostats contain these
3. Read over to the linear length shown at the top of table
features) 3.
4. Does maximum elevation meet your needs? If yes, use
OPTIONAL SIGHT GLASS
this size liquid line.
A glass window type device placed in a liquid line and used 5. If not, consider the larger line size shown in table 3.
for visual inspection of the liquid. It can also be used to For variable capacity systems see section Line Sizing in
determine the point at which all gas bubbles are removed Detail.
from liquid line. A sight glass is not a good indicator of Table 3 simplifies liquid line selection by incorporating all of
sub-cooling and cannot be used to determine charge. the calculations involving liquid line sizing, pressure drop,
Optional Sight Glass Catalog Numbers are listed in table 2. velocity range and tonnage.

Page 3
 Table 3. Liquid Line Quick Select

Linear Length (feet) HFC-410A

Unit Line
Unit Tons Size Up to
50 75 100 125 150 175 200
25 feet
5/16¨ 25 50 60 60 60 60 60 60
12 1
3/8¨ 25 50 60 60 60 60 60 60
5/16¨ 25 50 60 60 55 51 46 42
18 1.5
3/8¨ 25 50 60 60 60 60 60 60
5/16¨ 25 50 55 48 40 33 25 18
24 2
3/8¨ 25 50 60 60 60 60 59 57
5/16¨ 25 50 52 43 35 26 17 8
30 2.5
3/8¨ 25 50 60 60 58 54 50 46
3/8¨ 25 50 60 56 51 45 39 34
36 3
1/2¨ 25 50 60 60 60 60 60 60
3/8¨ 25 50 56 48 41 33 26 19
42 3.5
1/2¨ 25 50 60 60 60 60 60 60
3/8¨ 25 50 50 41 31 22 13 NR
48 4
1/2¨ 25 50 60 60 60 60 60 60
3/8¨ 25 50 36 22 8 NR NR NR
60 5
1/2¨ 25 50 60 60 60 59 56 53
72 6 1/2¨ 25 50 60 60 57 53 49 45
90 7.5 5/8¨ 25 50 60 60 60 60 60 60
120 10 5/8¨ 25 50 60 60 60 60 57 54
120
10 1/2¨ x 2 25 50 60 60 60 60 56 53
(2 COMP)
150
12.5 1/2¨ x 2 25 50 60 60 60 60 60 60
(2 COMP)
180
15 5/8¨ x 2 25 50 60 60 60 60 60 60
(2 COMP)
240
20 5/8¨ x 2 25 50 60 60 60 60 57 54
(2 COMP)
EXAMPLE 1: LIQUID LINE SIZING Find: Select liquid line size from table 3.
Given: 10-ton, HFC-410A A/C cooling only condensing unit Solution:
on ground level with a 10 ton evaporator on the third level
above ground (40 feet elevation) and a total of 100 feet Find the 10-ton unit on the left side. Start with the 5/8” liquid
(linear) of piping (see figure 1). line size which is the rated liquid line size listed in the
engineering handbook. Read over to 100 feet of linear
67 length.
10-TON
FEET 60 feet of elevation is allowed for this liquid line size, so this
EVAPORATOR
meets the 40 foot requirement in this installation. If it did not
UNIT
meet your requirements, you would need to consider a
3 FEET larger liquid line than the one listed for the 10 ton unit in
40 table 3.
10-TON FEET
CONDENSING
UNIT

Figure 1. Liquid Line Sizing Example

Page 4
 Table 4 – HFC-410A Vapor Lines

Residential Application
HFC-410A Preferred For
Suction / Vapor Preferred For
Unit Unit Tons Pressure Drop Vertical Vapor
Line Size Horizontal Runs
PSI / 100 Feet Rises
1/2¨ 7.8 X
12 1
5/8¨ 1.9 X
5/8¨ 3.9 X
18 1.5
3/4¨ 1.4 X
5/8¨ 7.2 X
24 2
3/4¨ 2.5 X
3/4¨ 3.6 X
30 2.5
7/8¨ 1.9 X
3/4¨ 5.1 X
36 3
7/8¨ 2.8 X
7/8¨ 3.5 X
42 3.5
1-1/8¨ 0.8 X
7/8¨ 4.7 X
48 4
1-1/8¨ 1.1 X
7/8¨ 7.2 X
60 5
1-1/8¨ 1.7 X
Commercial Application
HFC-410A Preferred For
Suction / Vapor Preferred For
Unit Unit Tons Pressure Drop Vertical Vapor
Line Size Horizontal Runs
PSI / 100 Feet Rises
72* 6 1-1/8¨ 2.4 X X
1-1/8¨ 3.4 X
90* 7.5
1-3/8¨ 1.2 X
120* 10 1-3/8¨ 2.0 X X

120* 7/8¨ x 2 7.2 X

10
(2 COMP) 1-1/8¨ x 2 1.7 X
150*
12.5 1-1/8¨ x 2 2.4 X X
(2 COMP)
180* 1-1/8¨ x 2 3.4 X
15
(2 COMP) 1-3/8¨ x 2 1.2 X
240*
20 1-3/8¨ x 2 2.0 X X
(2 COMP)

*For application above 60 feet riser application, contact Lennox Commercial Application Group.

Page 5
 Table 5. Desirable Characteristics
Key System Consideration Desirable Characteristic Piping System Impact
Poor oil management may shorten the life of the compressor.
Reliability Long Compressor Life
Proper liquid refrigerant control is essential.

High Capacity
Pressure drop in Refrigerant lines tends to decrease capacity and
High energy efficiency increase power consumption.
Performance
Effective Modulation High velocities can increase sound levels. Modulation often
depends on proper piping.
Low Sound Levels
Amount of refrigerant charge, copper piping, accessories, and labor
Cost Low Applied Cost
used will impact the applied cost.

Table 6. BTUH Loss For Equivalent Length (HFC-410A)

Tubing BTUH Loss For Vapor Line For Equivalent Length (HFC-410A)
Nominal Outside
Tons Diameter
(Inches) 25' 50' 75' 100' 125' 150' 175' 200'

5/8 -100 -275 -460 -667 -846 -1014 -1268 -1487

2 3/4 0 -77 -169 -277 -384 -478 -602 -726
7/8 46 0 -57 -130 -196 -265 -360 -487
3/4 -89 -270 -452 -652 -839 -1071 -1354 -1564
3 7/8 0 -93 -167 -274 -407 -563 -742 -953
1 1/8 52 13 -11 -74 -188 -318 -441 -611
3/4 -208 -575 -918 -1356 -1613 -2026 -2429 -2824
4 7/8 0 -168 -320 -528 -726 -896 -1162 -1348
1 1/8 114 80 19 -58 -148 -266 -391 -537
7/8 -221 -598 -948 -1305 -1716 -2063 -2438 -2844
5 1 1/8 0 -109 -239 -398 -565 -741 -925 -1106
1 3/8 52 -33 -133 -239 -339 -478 -572 -775

Page 6
Vapor Line Quick Select NOTE — Maximum vapor riser = 125 feet
Table 4 simplifies vapor/suction line selection by
Table 4 should be used to size the vapor line. Follow this incorporating all of the calculations involving vapor line
procedure for sizing the vapor line: sizing, pressure drop, velocity range and tonnage. To
1. Find your unit on the left side of table 4. calculate capacity loss due to pressure drop in the vapor
line refer to the section Sizing Suction and Vapor Lines in
2. Start with the rated vapor line size on the outdoor unit this document.
(refer to engineering handbook or installation
instructions). Assumptions: 2-4 elbows every 50 feet
3. You may consider increasing or decreasing the vapor EXAMPLE: VAPOR LINE SIZING
line size if a larger size is listed in table 4. Larger vapor
lines will reduce pressure drop and improve system Given: 7-1/2 ton HFC-410A A/C cooling only condensing
efficiency. For details see section Line Sizing in Detail. unit with evaporator lower than condenser, with 112 feet of
piping. The piping includes 20 feet of vertical lift and 92 feet
Long Line Requirements of horizontal run as illustrated in figure 2.

For systems with the outdoor unit 5-50 feet above the 90 FT.
indoor unit, one trap must be installed at the bottom of the
suction riser. For suction lifts between 50 and 100 feet
(cooling only units; vapor lifts over 50 feet not allowed on
SUCTION RISER
heat pump), install a second trap halfway up the riser. For
suction lifts over 100 feet, install traps at 1/3 intervals. 40 FT.

For variable capacity systems see section Line Sizing in INDOOR COIL
Detail.
COMBINATION VAPOR LINES
OIL TRAP
2 FT.
Vapor risers must be sized to ensure adequate velocity for
oil return. In general, piping can be designed to ensure
adequate velocities for oil return even with two stage Figure 2. Indoor Coil Below Condenser
systems. A good way to do this is to reduce the vapor riser
size. A combination vapor line can be constructed with the Find: Select vapor line size from table 4.
larger diameter pipe in the horizontal runs to minimize Solution: 1-1/8 inch outside diameter line is the rated
pressure drop, and smaller diameter pipe in the vertical to suction line size. It is listed on table 4 because it will provide
increase velocities. good refrigerant velocities for oil return.

Page 7
 Table 7. Equivalent Length in Feet of Straight Pipe for Valves and Fittings

LINE SIZE SOLENOID

90º LONG* RADIUS 45º LONG* RADIUS
(OUTSIDE /GLOBAL GLOBE ANGLE VALVE TEE LINE TEE BRANCH
ELBOW ELBOW
DIAMETER) INCH VALVE
3/8 7 4 0.8 0.3 0.5 1.5
1/2 9 5 0.9 0.4 0.6 2.0
5/8 12 6 1.0 0.5 0.8 2.5
3/4 14 7 1.3 0.6 0.9 3.0
7/8 15 8 1.5 0.7 1.0 3.5
1-1/8 22 12 1.8 0.9 1.5 4.5
1-3/8 28 15 2.4 1.2 1.8 6.0
1-5/8 35 17 2.8 1.4 2.0 7.0
2-1/8 45 22 3.9 1.8 3.0 10
2-5/8 51 26 4.6 2.2 3.5 12
* Long radius elbow. Multiply factor by 1.5 for short radius elbow equivalent length.

Table 4 shows that a larger suction line size is available for Maximum liquid lift should not exceed 60 linear feet for
this system. You may consider increasing the horizontal HFC-410A. Additional pressure drop due to friction will
vapor line size to 1-3/8”. This larger horizontal vapor line will result in total pressure drop approaching the 35 psi
reduce pressure drop and improve system efficiency. The maximum that could produce flashing in HFC-410A
larger vapor size is not advisable for the vertical vapor rise. systems.
Consult the section Line Sizing in Detail for exact velocity Likewise, maximum suction lift must not exceed 60 feet for
and pressure drop calculations. HFC-410A due to limitations placed on the liquid line.
(When refrigerant flow is reversed, a liquid drop will
ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR become a liquid lift). The vapor line must be sized as a
CONDITIONER SYSTEMS suction riser with adequate velocity for oil return if there is
any difference in elevation between the indoor and outdoor
Applications with less than 50 linear feet of refrigerant line units.
may use fixed RFC metering devices on approved
matchups as listed in engineering handbook. Plans with In applications where cooling operation below 50° F is
less than 50 linear feet of line and less than 20 feet of lift anticipated and an economizer is not being used, low
may also use OEM pre-fabricated line sets if available as ambient (head pressure) controls must be installed.
listed in engineering handbook. Solenoid valves are uni-directional devices. Since solenoid
valves are uni-directional, they are seldom used on heat
In applications where cooling operation below 50° F is pump systems. If used, they require a check valve to
anticipated and an economizer is not being used, low bypass refrigerant around the solenoid during the heating
ambient (head pressure) controls must be installed. See cycle. Never install a pump-down cycle on a heat pump
Low ambient section in Appendix. system.

ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HEAT PUMP Fundamentals and Theory

SYSTEMS
The three prime considerations when designing a
Some OEM equipment is equipped with a factory installed refrigerant piping scheme are:
accumulator. Never add a second accumulator. If an 1. System reliability
accumulator is not supplied and one must be added, the
2. System performance
accumulator must be properly sized and must be located in
the suction line between the reversing valve and the 3. Cost
compressor. The desirable characteristics of any air conditioning system
are described in table 5:
OEM heat pump units are factory equipped with a liquid line
filter drier. Never install a liquid line filter drier in addition to There are a number of ways that the piping system design
factory installed driers due to risk of excess pressure drop can affect compressor reliability. Many compressors are
susceptible to refrigerant slugging and oil dilution.
and risk of improper installation. A bi-flow drier should be
Oversized liquid lines increase the amount of refrigerant in
used with heat pump systems.
a system which creates the potential for these problems.
Special consideration must be given to heat pump systems Undersized liquid lines can also create problems.
when there is a difference in elevation between the outdoor Undersized liquid lines can cause refrigerant to flash before
and indoor units. Due to the reversal of refrigerant flow from the expansion device. The result of a starved evaporator in
heating to cooling cycle, there is always a liquid and suction this situation can be loss of capacity, evaporator coil
lift to consider when sizing the refrigerant lines. frosting, or high superheat.

Page 8
Suction lines and vapor lines must also be carefully sized. HFC-410A
Oversized suction lines may result in refrigerant velocities Recommend adding oil to system based on the amount of
being too low to return oil to the compressor. Undersized refrigerant charge in the system. No need to add oil in
suction lines reduce capacity, cause increased refrigerant systems with 20 pounds of refrigerant or less. For systems
velocity sound and cause high superheat. over 20 pounds - add one ounce of every five pounds of
Long refrigerant lines have to be carefully planned. refrigerant.
Excessive line length can reduce system capacity and lead EQUIVALENT LENGTH
to reliability problems.
Each valve, fitting, and bend contributes to friction pressure
The largest penalty for pressure drop is in the suction line. drop because of the interruption of smooth flow. Because it
An acceptable pressure drop in the suction line is 5 PSI with can be difficult to calculate the pressure drop of each fitting
HFC-410A. In very long runs pressure drop can exceed it is more useful to use equate the pressure drop to an
these values. However, the most important function of the equivalent length of straight tubing for each fitting. This
suction line is oil return, so in very long runs the higher makes it easier to add up the entire length of line, including
pressure drop may be necessary. fittings and valves, as an equivalent length of straight pipe.
Pressure drop and line sizing tables are set up on the basis
The most important function of the liquid line is to deliver a of pressure drop per 100 feet of straight pipe. The
solid column of 100% liquid refrigerant to the expansion equivalent length of copper tubing for commonly used
device. Liquid lines are kept small to reduce the amount of valves and fittings can be found in table 7.
system charge. As long as the pressure drop in the liquid
line does not cause the refrigerant to flash, the liquid line PRESSURE DROP
diameter can be kept small. Adequate subcooling Refrigerant piping involves complex relationships in the
guarantees that the expansion device will see 100% liquid flow of refrigerant and oil. The flow of refrigerant involves
refrigerant. the interaction of many factors, including velocity, pressure,
Any pressure drop in the liquid line due to vertical lift must friction, density, viscosity and the work required to force the
also be taken into consideration. This pressure drop should flow. The nature of refrigerant flow is well understood
be added to the friction loss in the liquid line to figure the because of practical experience. Any flow through a pipe
total pressure drop of the liquid line. The maximum leads to pressure drop or friction losses. The smaller the
acceptable pressure drop in the liquid line is 35 psi for pipe the higher the pressure drop. Table 8 generally
HFC-410A. explains the effect of pressure drop in a refrigerant piping
system.
In order to keep installed cost down, the contractor should
use the smallest possible tubing that will yield acceptable Table 8. Location of Pressure Drop
friction losses in the system. Location of
Affect On System Performance
Pressure Drop
OIL MANAGEMENT
Significantly reduces system ca­
Small amounts of oil from the compressor are constantly Suction Line
pacity and efficiency
being circulated with the refrigerant throughout the system.
This oil must be returned to the compressor for proper Reduces system capacity and ef­
Hot Gas Lines
lubrication of bearings and contact surfaces. Suction and ficiency
vapor lines must be sized carefully to eliminate oil No penalty on system perfor­
management problems. mance as long as there is a solid
Liquid Line
For systems with the outdoor unit 5-50 feet above the column of liquid at the expansion
indoor unit, one trap must be installed at the bottom of the device
suction riser. For suction lifts between 50 and 100 feet Pressure drop is important from a performance standpoint.
(cooling only units; vapor lifts over 50 feet not allowed on The following general statements point out the effects of
heat pump), install a second trap halfway up the riser. For pressure drop in the various components of the
suction lifts over 100 feet, install traps at 1/3 intervals. refrigeration piping system.
Oil return is a major consideration since some oil is 1. Pressure drop in the suction line reduces capacity and
continually being circulated with the refrigerant. Oil must be increases power consumption. For air conditioning
returned to the compressor by entrainment with the systems, a one psi drop in the suction line reduces
refrigerant vapor. Minimum velocity must be approximately capacity approximately one percent. A suction line
800 feet per minute (fpm) in horizontal runs, and pressure drop of up to five psi for HFC-410A is
approximately1200 fpm in vertical suction risers. generally acceptable.

Page 9
 Table 9. Refrigerant Charge (Pounds) in 100 feet of Type L Copper Tubing

Line 3/8” 1/2” 5/8” 5/8” 3/4” 3/4” 7/8” 7/8” 1-1/8” 1-3/8” 1-5/8” 2-1/8
Size Liquid Liquid Liquid Suction Liquid Suction Liquid Suction Suction Suction Suction Suction
HFC−410A 3.1 5.8 9.2 0.4 13.8 0.6 19.2 0.8 1.3 2.0 2.9 5.0

2. Pressure drop in the liquid line produces no significant OEM split system condensing units and heat pumps (four
capacity loss as long as 100% liquid is delivered to the tons and under) match with line sets of varying lengths of up
expansion valve and the pressure available is to 50 feet (linear). These applications offer quick and simple
adequate to produce the required flow. Pressure drop installations that are trouble free if the line sets are properly
due to lift must be added to the friction losses to installed. On split commercial applications and residential
determine total pressure drop. At normal liquid installations beyond 50 feet, special design considerations
temperatures, HFC-410A pressure drops 0.43 psi per must be followed to assure satisfactory system
foot of vertical liquid lift. performance. An improperly designed system could result
One contributor to pressure loss in refrigerant lines is in a serious loss of capacity or even compressor failure.
elbows and fittings. Figure 3 illustrates how lines can be run The purpose of the liquid line is to convey a full column of
to avoid pressure losses. 100% liquid from the condenser to the metering device at
the evaporator without flashing. The amount of liquid line
ELBOWS AND FITTINGS PRODUCE PRESSURE DROP. pressure drop which can be tolerated is dependent on the
CAREFULLY ROUTE LINES TO AVOID OBSTACLES IN PATH OF number of degrees of liquid subcooling leaving the

ÄÄ
ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
ÄÄ
LINES.
condenser and the saturated condensing temperature. If
the condensing temperature and subcooling are known,

ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
ÄÄ ÄÄ the maximum allowable pressure drop can be calculated.

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ÄÄ ÄÄ All OEM equipment is designed so that the charge may be

ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
ÄÄ
ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
adjusted to provide adequate subcooling leaving the
outdoor unit. This will allow a 35 pound drop in the

ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
HFC-410A liquid line (including pressure drop due to
friction loss and vertical lift). Refrigerant charge may be
added to increase subcooling to overcome pressure drop
due to liquid lift. Heat pumps require special consideration
ACCEPTABLE HIGHER PRESSURE DROPS. when adding charge because both cooling and heating

ÄÄ
ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ modes must be considered. Consult the installation guide

ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
ÄÄ
for the specific unit you are working with.

ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
ÄÄ A major cause of compressor failure is liquid slugging. Due

ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
to the additional refrigerant required to fill the lines, the

ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
likelihood of slugging is greatly increased with lines over 50
feet in length. It is desirable to use the smallest liquid line
that will not result in refrigerant flashing due to pressure
drop. Table 9 shows that each incremental increase in
RECOMMENDED LOWER PRESSURE DROPS. liquid line size results in a 40 to 50 percent increase in liquid
to fill the line.
Figure 3. Pressure Drops The liquid line must not directly contact the vapor line. If the
refrigerant line plan results in a pressure drop of 20 psi or
Line Sizing in Detail more, the liquid line should be insulated in all places where
it passes through an environment (such as an attic) which
The first step in the design of a piping system is to layout the experiences temperatures higher than the subcooled
entire system (i.e. relative location of the condensing unit refrigerant (approximately 105°F to 115°F liquid at 95°F
and the evaporator, length of each segment of the piping ambient).
system, length of suction risers and liquid risers etc). Start
by making a sketch of the system including lengths of pipe, Refrigeration lines must not be buried in the ground unless
number of elbows, tees, valves, and any other irregular they are insulated and waterproofed. Un-insulated copper
piping and fittings needed. This information will be used to lines buried in wet soil or under concrete can cause serious
determine total equivalent length for calculating pressure capacity loss and erratic operation as well as early failure
drop due to friction. due to corrosion. See Appendix for more information.
The same methods apply to both A/C and heat pump Systems with buried refrigerant lines can experience
systems. A suction line sized to produce adequate velocity significant or total capacity loss if allowed to transmit heat to
for oil entrainment and pressure drop with minimum the surroundings. In addition, buried lines are susceptible
capacity reduction will function properly as a hot gas to corrosion which can shorten the life of the system. For
discharge line during a heating cycle. Also, if there is a this reason, buried lines must rest inside a sealed,
vertical difference in height between the outdoor and indoor watertight, thermally insulated conduit. The lines must not
units, there is always a vapor and liquid lift to consider in contact the soil for any reason and the conduit must be
sizing due to the reversal of refrigerant flow. designed so it cannot collect and retain water.

Page 10
In all installations with lines over 50 feet, use only hard pressure of the liquid refrigerant drops below its saturation
copper refrigeration tubing (clean and dry). Soft copper is temperature, some of the liquid will flash into vapor to cool
prone to sagging in long horizontal runs. Elbows, Tees, the remaining liquid refrigerant to the new saturation
Couplings and other joints should be made of wrought temperature. This can occur in a liquid line if the pressure
copper and elbows should be long radius. For leak free drops enough due to either friction loss or vertical lift.
joints, properly clean tubing and fittings and use a brazing
Flash gas must be avoided in the liquid line. The only way to
material with a minimum 5% silver content sil-phos. To
know for sure that a solid column of liquid is present at the
prevent copper oxides from forming inside copper tubing it
expansion device is to check subcooling. A sight glass may
is necessary to bleed dry nitrogen through the tubing during
be full of liquid, but bubbles can still form past the sight
the brazing process.
glass. Flash gas at the expansion device can erode
damage a TXV, can cause noise, and may cause starvation
WARNING of the evaporator coil. The section on System Control
Danger of fire. Bleeding the refrigerant explains how to charge a unit using subcooling.
charge from only the high side may result
in the low side shell and suction tubing SIZING LIQUID LINES
being pressurized. Application of a Two factors must be considered when sizing liquid lines –
brazing torch while pressurized may pressure drop in the lines and pressure drop across the
result in ignition of the refrigerant and oil expansion device and distributor. The maximum pressure
mixture - check the high and low drop line the lines must be determined to ensure adequate
pressures before unbrazing. subcooling at the expansion device. See examples below.

WARNING EXAMPLE 1: MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE PRESSURE

DROP
When using a high pressure gas such as
dry nitrogen to pressurize a refrigeration A high efficiency HFC-410A unit operating at 12°F
or air conditioning system, use a regulator subcooling and 115°F (390 psi) liquid line service valve
that can control the pressure down to 1 or temperature, find the maximum allowable pressure drop in
2 psig (6.9 to 13.8 kPa). the liquid line. Refer to the pressure/ temperature chart in
the appendix. 115° F liquid line service valve temperature
The primary purpose of the liquid line is to ensure a solid minus 12°F subcooling equals 103°F sub-cooled liquid
column of liquid refrigerant at the expansion valve. temperature (330 psi – this is the pressure below which
Refrigerant velocity is not a consideration in the liquid line, subcooled liquid will begin to form flash gas), 390 psi liquid
since the oil will mix completely with the liquid refrigerant. line service valve pressure minus 330 psi subcooled
Pressure loss is a consideration in the liquid line. If the pressure equals 60 psi.

Page 11
 REFRIGERANT HFC-410A LIQUID LINE PRESSURE DROP/VELOCITY
At 45_F Evaporating Temperature and 125_F Condensing Temperature
HFC-410A LIQUID LINE PRESSURE DROP (pounds./100 Feet)
40 30 20 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.5 1.0 .9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2
30 30

25 25

20 20

15 15

12.5

10 10
COOLING CAPACITY (TONS)

COOLING CAPACITY (TONS)

9 9
8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1.5 1.5

1.0 1.0
.9 .9

.8 .8
.7 .7
40 30 20 15
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.5 1.0 .9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2
HFC-410A LIQUID LINE PRESSURE DROP (pounds./100 Feet)
To use this chart, first find capacity (tons) on left side of chart. To find pipe size, proceed right to smallest pipe size. Pressure drop (vertical line) and
velocity (diagonal lines) can then be determined for the pipe size selected. For example, for 10 ton unit, select 5/8 in. outside diameter. line.
NOTE—Shaded area denotes unacceptable velocity range.
Figure 4. HFC-410A Liquid Line

Page 12
 REFRIGERANT HFC-410A SUCTION LINE PRESSURE DROP/VELOCITY PER 100ft. OF LINE
At 45_F Evaporating Temperature and 125_F Condensing Temperature
HFC-410A SUCTION LINE PRESSURE DROP (pounds./100 Feet)
40 30 20 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.5 1.0 .9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2
30 30

25 25

20 20

15 15

12.5 12.5

10 10
COOLING CAPACITY (TONS)

COOLING CAPACITY (TONS)

9 9
8 3000fpm 8

7 7

6 6
2000fpm

5 5

1500fpm
4 4

3 1200fpm 3

2 2

1.5 600fpm 1.5

1.0 1.0
.9 .9

.8 .8
.7 .7
40 30 20 15
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.5 1.0 .9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2
HFC-410A SUCTION LINE PRESSURE DROP (pounds./100 Feet)
To use this chart, first find capacity (tons) on left side of chart. To find pipe size, proceed right to smallest pipe size. Pressure drop (vertical line) and
velocity (diagonal lines) can then be determined for the pipe size selected. For example, for 10 ton unit, select 1‐3/8 in. outside diameter. line.
NOTE—Shaded area denotes unacceptable velocity range.

Figure 5. HFC-410A Suction Line

Page 13
EXAMPLE 2 Solution: For a 10 ton system, 3/4 inch outside diameter
line with 2.5 psi per 100 feet drop is selected. Now,
Given: HFC-410A, 10-ton (single stage) condensing unit
calculate pressure drop due to friction and liquid lift to
on ground level with a 10 ton evaporator on the third level
determine if this is a good selection.
above ground and a total of 96 feet (linear) of piping. Unit is
charged with 10°F subcooling at 125°F condensing The pressure lost to two elbows must be added to the
temperature (446 psi HFC-410A liquid). See figure 6. equation. The total friction drop for 96 feet of 3/4 inch
outside diameter pipe plus (from table 7) 1.3 equivalent foot
per elbow = 98.6 equivalent feet.
53 FEET Figure 4 shows that, in a 10 ton system, we can expect 2.5
10 TON psi drop per 100 feet of 3/4 inch outside diameter copper.
EVAPORATOR
When we multiply 2.5/100 by 98 equivalent feet, we see
that the total friction loss is 2.47 psi.
FILTER/DRIER
3 FEET Now, we must add the pressure drop for vertical lift.
40 FEET HFC-410A pressure drop is 0.43 psi per foot of vertical lift.
Given: 10−Ton Evaporator When multiplied by 40 feet vertical lift we find that pressure
Find: Liquid Line Size drop due to lift = 17.2 psi.
10 TON Finally, we have added a filter drier to the liquid line which
Solution: Pressure drop
CONDENSING
UNIT
cannot exceed 35 psi. has 1 psi drop (this number provided by manufacturer).
Tubing Size: 3/4 inch copper Add the three components of pressure drop together to find
that the total pressure drop in this 3/4 inch line = 20.67 psi.
Two 90º long radius elbows @ 3/4 inch O.D. = 1.3 ft equivalent feet
each. Now, by comparing 20.67 psi to our maximum allowable
Total equivalent length = linear length + equivalent length of fittings.
pressure drop we find that this setup falls well within the
acceptable range. The 3/4 inch line, therefore, is a good
Total equivalent length = 98.6 feet. selection because it is well below the maximum allowable
2.5 psi x 98.6 feet = 2.47 psi pressure drop, is in a satisfactory velocity range, uses
Total friction losses =
100 feet minimum refrigerant and provides sufficient pressure at the
Total pressure drop = Total friction losses + lift losses + filter/drier. expansion valve.
Filter drop = 1 psi (by manufacturer) ALTERNATIVE PIPE SIZE
Lift losses = 40 feet x 0.43 psi per foot = 17.2 psi. Suppose 7/8 inch outside diameter line with 1.2 psi drop per
Total pressure drop – 17.2 psi + 2.47 psi + 1 psi = 20.67 psi. 100 feet had been selected. The total equivalent length is
computed by adding the linear length (96 feet.) plus the
Answer: 3/4 inch O. D. copper tubing can be used. Pressure loss
does not exceed maximum allowable pressure drop (6ºF to 7ºF equivalent length of the fittings (two 90° elbows at 1.5 feet
subcooling will be available at the expansion valve and velocity is each). The total equivalent length is 99 feet. The total
acceptable. friction drop would have been 1.2/100 multiplied by 99 feet
= 1.19 psi. When the pressure drop due to lift (17.2 psi) and
the filter drier (one psi) are added we find that the total
Figure 6. Liquid Line Sizing Example pressure drop for 7/8 inch line = 19.40 psi.
Find: Select line size from figure 4. Yet, 7/8 inch line is a less desirable choice. Why?
Figure 4 illustrates the relationship between liquid line The difference in pressure drop between 3/4 inch line and
sizing, pressure drop per 100 feet, velocity range and 7/8 inch line is only 1.27 psi. But, the larger line adds 5.4
tonnage. When using liquid line solenoid valves, velocities pounds more refrigerant into the system (see table 9 on
should not exceed 300 fpm to avoid liquid hammer when page 10). The risk of refrigerant slugging is increased and
closing. Enter figure 4 from left and extend to the right to the the smaller line will be less costly. The smaller line should
smallest tube size that will not exceed 300 fpm velocity. be used.

Page 14
 Because oil separates from the refrigerant in the
evaporator, the suction velocity must be adequate to sweep
53 FEET
10 TON
the oil along. Horizontal suction lines require a minimum of
EVAPORATOR 800 fpm velocity for oil entrainment. Suction risers require
1200 fpm minimum and preferably 1500 fpm regardless of
the length of the riser.
FILTER/DRIER
3 FEET Figure 5 illustrates the relationship between suction line
40 FEET sizing, pressure drop per 100 feet, velocity and cooling
tonnage. This chart is used to determine suction line
pressure drop which can then be used to determine suction
line capacity loss. This chart can also be used to determine
10 TON
suction line velocity to assure oil return to the compressor.
CONDENSING
UNIT Given: 10−Ton Evaporator Vertical lift does not significantly affect pressure drop.
10−Ton Condensing unit However, systems will lose approximately 1% capacity for
With 10ºF subcooling at 125ºF every psi of pressure drop due to friction in the suction line.
Length of line = 96 feet. This 1% factor is used to estimate the capacity loss of
Find: Liquid Line Size refrigerant lines. To use the 1% factor, first you must use
Solution: Pressure drop cannot exceed 35 figure 6 to estimate the pressure drop in the total equivalent
psi. length of the lines you choose.
Tubing Size: 7/8 inch copper for 10−ton The Engineering Handbook capacity ratings of OEM split
system
system equipment show the capacity when matched with a
Two 90º long radius elbows @ 7/8 inch O.D. = 1.5 foot equivalent particular indoor coil and 25 feet. of refrigerant line. These
feet each. capacity ratings have the loss for a 25 feet. refrigerant line
Total equivalent length = linear length + equivalent length of fittings. already deducted. When you use this manual to estimate
the capacity loss due to friction, you must calculate the
Total equivalent length = 99 feet.
pressure drop of the entire refrigerant line then subtract the
Total friction losses = 1.2 psi x 99 feet = 1.19 psi pressure drop of a 25 feet. line. See figure 8. Remember,
100 feet the objective is to hold refrigerant line capacity loss to a
Total pressure drop = Total friction losses + lift losses + filter/drier. minimum and maintain velocity for adequate oil return.
Filter drop = 1 psi (by manufacturer)
Lift losses = 40 feet x 0.43 psi per foot = 17.2 psi.
Total pressure drop – 17.2 psi + 1 psi + 1.19 psi = 19.40 psi.

Answer: 7/8 inch O. D. copper tubing can be used. Pressure loss

does not exceed maximum allowable pressure drop (6ºF to 7ºF
subcooling will be available at the expansion valve and velocity is
acceptable.

Figure 7. Liquid Line Sizing Example (Alternative)

SIZING SUCTION AND VAPOR LINES
The purpose of the suction line is the return of refrigerant Figure 8. How to Find Capacity Loss
vapor and oil from the evaporator to the compressor. The CONSIDERATIONS
sizing of vertical risers is extremely important. Movement of
oil droplets up the inner surface of the tubing is dependent When an evaporator is located above or on the same level
on the mass velocity of the gas at the wall surface. as the condensing unit, the suction line must rise to the top
of the evaporator. See figure 9. This helps prevent liquid
The larger the pipe the greater the velocity required at the from migrating to the compressor during the off cycle. Traps
center of the pipe to maintain a given velocity at the wall should also be installed at the bottom of all vertical risers.
surface.
In air conditioning systems, horizontal suction lines should
Suction line design is critical. The design must minimize be level or slightly sloped toward the condensing unit. In air
pressure loss to achieve maximum unit efficiency and yet conditioning and heat pump systems, pipe must avoid dips
provide adequate oil return to the compressor under all or low spots that can collect oil. For this reason, hard copper
conditions. should be used, especially on long horizontal runs.

Page 15
 Suction line velocity should not exceed 2000 fpm in order to
avoid possible noise complaints. This rule may be slightly
exceeded when added velocity is required to entrain oil
vertically.
7/8 inch outside diameter line with 6.2 psi per 100 feet
pressure drop and 1850 fpm velocity is selected. Now
calculate pressure drop due to friction loss to determine if
this is a good selection.
65 feet of pipe, plus eight elbows (1.5 equivalent feet each,
from table 7) = 77 feet equivalent length.
When we multiply 6.2/100 by 77 equivalent feet, we see
that the total friction loss is 4.77 psi.
7/8 inch line appears to meet the requirements in figure 5.
Figure 9. Suction Line Piping Indoor Coil above Find the capacity loss in 7/8 in. line to determine net
Outdoor Unit or Same Level capacity.
To aid in the return of oil, a trap should be installed at the Air Conditioning and Heat Pump system capacities are
bottom of any suction riser (remember, a heat pump vapor based on matched systems with 25 equivalent feet of
line can act as a suction riser when refrigerant flow is refrigerant line operating at ARI conditions. As figure 8
reversed). shows, the pressure drop in 25 feet of line must be
subtracted from the total equivalent length.
When selecting suction/vapor line sizes, the following
points must be remembered: The pressure drop in 25 feet of 7/8 inch line is:
1. Velocity must be maintained in order to provide 6.2/100 multiplied by 25 = 1.55 psi
adequate oil return to the compressor. The additional pressure drop for the line is:
2. Capacity loss must be held within the job requirements.
4.77 psi minus 1.55 psi = 3.22 psi
Field installed components, such as suction line driers,
mufflers, etc. contribute to both pressure drop and capacity The capacity loss (figure 8) is:
loss. The resultant pressure drop must be considered (see 0.01 x 3.22 x 60,000 = 1932 Btuh or approximately 3.2%.
manufacturer's data for pressure drop information).
EXAMPLE 2: ALTERNATIVE PIPE SIZE
SIZING PROCEDURE
Suppose 3/4 inch outside diameter line with a pressure
Before selecting pipe size, make a sketch of the layout
drop of 14 psi per 100 feet had been selected. 65 feet of
complete with fittings, driers, valves etc. Measure the linear
pipe, plus eight elbows (1.3 equivalent feet each) = 75.4
length of each line and determine the number of elbows,
feet equivalent length. The total friction drop would be
tees, valves, driers etc. Add equivalent length of fittings
14/100 multiplied by 75.4 = 10.56 psi.
(table 4) to linear length of pipe to get total equivalent length
used in determining friction loss. The pressure drop in 25 feet of 3/4 inch line is:

EXAMPLE 1: SUCTION LINE SIZING PROCEDURE 14/100 multiplied by 25 = 3.5 psi

Given: Five ton HFC-410A (60,000 Btuh) condensing unit The additional pressure drop for the line is:
on same level with condenser, with 65 feet of piping and 10.56 psi minus 3.5 psi = 7.06 psi
eight elbows (as in figure 9).
The capacity loss (figure 8) is:
Find: Select tube size from figure 5.
0.01 x 7.06 x 60,000 = 4236 Btuh or approximately
Figure 5 illustrates the relationship between suction line 7.06%.
sizing, pressure drop per 100 feet, velocity range and
tonnage. This is a poor selection for two reasons:
Solution: Enter figure 5 from left (tons capacity) and extend 1. The high velocity may cause excess suction line noise.
to the right to the smallest tube size with velocity less than 2. The capacity loss may not be acceptable if the system
2000 fpm. is designed with close tolerance.

Page 16
EXAMPLE 3: SUCTION LINE SIZING PROCEDURE The capacity lost in the total equivalent length of the
Given: 7-1/2 ton condensing unit with evaporator lower refrigerant line (using figures 6 and 8) = 1% x (1.4 – 0.3) x
than condenser, with 112 feet of piping and four elbows. 90,000.
The piping includes 20 feet of vertical lift and 92 feet of Btuh lost = 0.01 x (1.1) x 90,000
horizontal run. Btuh lost = 990
Capacity loss for the line selected is approximately 1.1%.
The conditions in this example will allow either 1-1/8 inch or
1-3/8 inch suction line to be used since capacity loss is
minimized and velocity is sufficient to return oil to the
compressor.
EXAMPLE 5: SUCTION SIZING WITH VARIABLE
CAPACITY — TWO STAGE CONDENSING UNIT
Some variable capacity installations may use a single
suction riser for minimum load conditions without serious
penalty at design load. OEM units with two-stage
compressors have approximately 67% capacity at low
Figure 10. Indoor Coil Below Condenser stage and normally do not require double suction risers
Find: Select tube size from figure 5. Given: 15 ton two-stage condensing unit with a single 15
ton (dual circuit) evaporator.
Solution: 1-1/8 inch outside diameter line with 3.5 psi per
100 feet pressure drop and 1650 fpm velocity is selected. High Stage Capacity = 15 tons and,
Now, calculate pressure drop due to friction to determine if Low Stage Capacity = 9 tons.
this is a good selection. The system is plumbed with the evaporator 60 feet below
From table 7, four elbows at 1.8 equivalent feet each = 7.2 the condensing unit and 40 feet horizontally away from the
equivalent feet. When added to the 112 feet of pipe, the condensing unit. A trap is plumbed at the bottom of the
total equivalent feet becomes 119.2 feet (round up to 120 riser. The trap is composed of 90° elbows.
feet). Find: Determine if single suction riser is suitable or if double
When we multiply 3.5/100 by 120 equivalent feet, we see suction riser must be used.
that the total friction loss is 4.2 psi. TWO STAGE SIZING EXAMPLE
Use figure 5 to calculate the pressure drop in 25 feet of
1-1/8 inch line. When we multiply 3.5/100 by 25 feet, we see
that the friction loss is 0.88 psi.
The capacity lost in the total equivalent length of the
refrigerant line (using figures 6 and 8) = 1% x (4.2 – 0.88) x
90,000.
Btuh lost = 0.01 x (3.32) x 90,000
Btuh lost = 2988
Capacity loss for the line selected is approximately 3.3%.
Figure 11. Two Speed Sizing Example
The preceding calculation shows that this is a workable
Solution: Select the line size based on full unit capacity (15
system but will result in a loss of capacity and efficiency.
tons) 1-3/8 inch outside diameter line with 4.4 psi per 100
EXAMPLE 4: ALTERNATIVE PIPE SIZE feet pressure drop and 1950 fpm velocity (at full capacity) is
selected. Then determine the equivalent length of the
Using the same (7-1/2 ton) example, this time select 1-3/8 segment to calculate the pressure drop.
inch outside diameter line. 1-3/8 inch outside diameter line
60 feet of pipe (vertical), plus 40 feet of pipe (horizontal),
with 1.1 psi per 100 feet pressure drop has 1100 fpm
plus four 90° elbows (2.8 equivalent feet each) = 111.2
velocity. Now calculate pressure drop due to friction loss to
equivalent feet length (round to 111).
determine if this is a better selection.
From figure 5, 1-3/8 inch outside diameter suction line with
From table 7, four elbows at 2.4 equivalent feet each = 9.6 15 tons capacity has 4.4 psi drop per 100 feet. When we
equivalent feet. When added to the 112 feet of pipe, the multiply 4.4/100 by 111 equivalent feet, we see that the total
total equivalent feet becomes 121.6 feet (round up to 122 friction loss is 4.9 psi.
feet).
Use table 7 to calculate the pressure drop in 25 feet of 1-3/8
When we multiply 1.1/100 by 122 equivalent feet, we see inch line. When we multiply 4.4/100 by 25 feet, we see that
that the total friction loss is 1.4 psi. the friction loss is 1.1 psi.
Use figure 5 to calculate the pressure drop in 25 feet of The capacity lost in the total equivalent length of the
1-3/8 inch line. When we multiply 1.1/100 by 25 feet, we see refrigerant line (using figures 6 and 8) = 1% x (4.9 – 1.1) x
that the friction loss is 0.3 psi. 180,000.

Page 17
Btuh lost = 0.01 x (3.8) x 180,000 How Double Suction Risers Work
Btuh lost = 6840 Figure 12 shows a typical double suction riser installation. A
trap is installed between the two risers as shown. During
Capacity loss for the line selected is approximately 3.8%. partial load operation (figure 13) when gas velocity is not
sufficient to return oil through both risers, the trap gradually
LOW STAGE CAPACITY fills with oil until the second riser is sealed off. When this
occurs, the vapor travels up the first riser only. With only the
1-3/8 inch line appears to be appropriate for this system
first riser being used, there is enough velocity to carry the
operating at full (15 ton) capacity. Now we must check the
oil. This trap must be close coupled to limit the oil
low stage (9 ton) capacity to determine if 1-3/8 inch line is
holding capacity to a minimum. Otherwise, the trap could
appropriate.
accumulate enough oil on a partial load to seriously lower
OEM two stage units operate at approximately 60% the compressor crankcase oil level.
capacity when operating on low stage: The second suction riser must enter the main suction line
15 tons x 0.6 = 9 tons (if an engineering data sheet is from the top to avoid oil draining down the second riser
available use the actual capacities rather than this during a partial load. See figure 13.
approximation). TYPICAL DOUBLE SUCTION RISER
Nine tons capacity when used with 1-3/8 inch pipe (figure 5) DOUBLE SUCTION
RISER
indicates a velocity of 1350 fpm. This is sufficient to return CONDENSING
oil to the compressor and meets the requirement of UNIT WITH
HOT GAS
maintaining at least 1200 fpm in vertical risers. BYPASS
When comparing high stage to low stage performance in HORIZONTAL SUCTION LINE IS SIZED
TO HANDLE TOTAL LOAD.
this case we find that a single 1-3/8 inch suction riser may
be used and double suction risers are not required. IN THE VERTICAL PORTION OF THE LINE,
A SMALLER LINE IS SIZED TO HANDLE
THE REDUCED CAPACITY.
EXAMPLE 1: SUCTION SIZING VARIABLE CAPACITY THE REMAINING LINE IS SIZED TO
– HOT GAS BYPASS HANDLE THE REMAINING CAPACITY EVAPORATOR

There are two basic types of hot gas bypass kits. The most
desirable is the type that feeds the hot gas from the Figure 12. Typical Double Suction Riser
compressor discharge line to a side tap on the distributor in TYPICAL SIZING
the evaporator coil. When installed in this manner, full flow DOUBLE SUCTION RISERS
of suction gas is maintained in the suction line and suction 5 TON Based on Figure 4
piping should follow standard procedures as outlined in the 2 STAGE
OUTDOOR
previous sections. UNIT
The second type of hot gas bypass is installed and 3 TON (3/4IN.)
connected within the condensing unit. This is known as a INDOOR
run-around hot gas bypass in that hot compressor 2 TON (5/8IN.) COIL
discharge gas and liquid from the liquid line are circuited to 3/4IN. - SIZING BASED ON MINIMUM LOAD.
the hot gas bypass valve and directly into the suction line. 5/8IN. - SIZING BASED ON REMAINING LOAD.
This method reduces flow through the evaporator and
suction line. Special handling of suction risers is required. Figure 13. Typical Sizing - Double Suction Riser
Sample Calculation
Refer to OEM instructions for proper installation of the hot
gas bypass kit. Given: Ten ton condensing unit with hot gas bypass
(runaround type) or mechanical unloaders capable of 65%
When to Use Double Suction Risers unloading. Matched evaporator is located below
condensing unit. Piping will require 57 (linear) feet of pipe
If a condensing unit can unload more than 50% either by a (figure 14). Construction without double suction risers will
hot gas bypass (run-around cycle) or other mechanical only require 2 elbows.
means, double suction risers may be required.
Find:
If the condensing unit unloads less than 50%, suction lines 1. Select tube sizes for horizontal runs and risers (figure
can be generally sized in accordance with the previous 5).
sections. If the suction velocity is high enough to entrain oil
when the unit is operating at reduced capacity, double 2. Determine if double suction risers are needed.
suction risers are generally not required. 3. Size double suction riser for proper system
performance.
In general, double suction risers are required any time the
minimum load on the compressor does not create sufficient Solution: Size each segment based on the tons of
velocity in vertical suction risers to return oil to the refrigerant that will flow in the segment.
compressor. Double suction risers are also generally Full load capacity = 10 tons. Minimum load capacity is 35%
required any time the pressure drop or velocity in a single of 10 tons = 3.5 tons. The difference between full capacity
suction riser is excessive. and part load capacity is 6.5 tons.

Page 18
From figure 5, select a pipe size for full load capacity. 1-3/8
inch outside diameter pipe with 2.0 psi drop per 100 feet
and 1450 fpm velocity is selected. Now, by using figure 5,
find the velocity for the selected pipe size at part load
capacity. The part load velocity is approximately 400 fpm.
400 fpm is not sufficient to return oil in horizontal runs and
vertical risers.
Slope

DOUBLE SUCTION RISER EXAMPLE

DOUBLE SUCTION
40 FT.
RISER
10 TON
CONDENSING
UNIT WITH HOT
GAS
BYPASS
B 15 FT.

A
EVAPORATOR

2 FT.

Figure 14. Double Suction Riser

If we tried to size this system by simply reducing the riser
size to 1-1/8 inch, we would find the velocity in the riser to be
excessive (2050 fpm) when the system is operating at full
capacity. As a result of these obstacles, this system will
Figure 15. Double Suction Riser Construction
require construction of double suction risers. Construction
of double suction riser will require five elbows and two tees Use the total equivalent length of each riser to compute the
total for a system. pressure drop of each riser. For the large (B) riser, 1-1/8
inch outside diameter suction line with 6.5 tons capacity
has 2.6 psi drop per 100 feet. When we multiply 2.6/100 by
Size small riser — Riser carrying smallest part of load
31.2 equivalent feet, we see that the total friction loss is 0.8
The unit produces 3.5 tons capacity at minimum load. psi.
Select from figure 5 a 7/8 inch outside diameter line For the small (A) riser, 7/8 inch outside diameter suction
(smallest line with acceptable velocity). When operating at line with 3.5 tons capacity has 3.2 psi drop per 100 feet.
3.5 tons capacity, this line will operate at 1450 fpm and will When we multiply 3.2/100 by 21 equivalent feet, we see
produce 3.2 psi drop per 100 feet. that the total friction loss is 0.7 psi.
The total pressure drop for the riser is equal to the average
Size larger riser — Riser carrying largest part of load of the pressure drop in both risers:
The larger line carries 6.5 tons capacity at full load. Select 0.8 (B riser pressure drop) + 0.7 (A riser pressure drop) =
from figure 5 a 1-1/8 inch outside diameter line (smallest 1.5
line with acceptable velocity). When operating at 6.5 tons 1.5 ÷ 2 = 0.75 (average pressure drop through A and B
capacity, this line will operate at 1450 fpm and will produce risers).
2.6 psi drop per 100 feet.
Find the pressure drop for the horizontal run of pipe. 1-3/8
inch pipe at 10 tons of capacity has 2.0 psi drop per 100
Putting the Segments Together feet. When we multiply 2.0/100 by 61 equivalent feet, we
see that the total friction loss is 1.22 psi.
Next, we must determine if the line sizes we selected will
result in satisfactory pressure drop between the The pressure drop through the risers is added to the
condensing unit and the evaporator. pressure drop through the horizontal run to find the total
pressure drop for the system:
Start by finding the total equivalent feet of the large (B) riser.
15 feet of pipe, plus two tees (branch side of tee at 4.5 1.22 psi (horizontal run) plus 0.75 psi (avg. riser) = 1.97 psi.
equivalent feet each), plus four elbows (1.8 equivalent Use figure 5 to calculate the pressure drop in 25 feet of
feet), plus one tee (line side of tee at 1.0 equivalent feet) = 1-3/8 inch line. When we multiply 2.0/100 by 25 feet, we see
21.0 equivalent feet length. that the friction loss is 0.5 psi.

Page 19
The capacity lost in the total equivalent length of the for a positive return of oil to the crankcase so that oil does
refrigerant line (using figures 5 and 8) = 1% x (1.97 – 0.5) x not become trapped in the accumulator. The liquid
120,000. refrigerant and oil must be metered back to the compressor
at a controlled rate to avoid damage to the compressor.
Btuh lost = 0.01 x (1.47) x 120,000
The actual refrigerant holding capacity needed for a suction
Btuh lost = 1764 accumulator is governed by the requirements of the
Capacity loss for the line selected is approximately 1.5%. particular application, and should be selected to hold the
maximum liquid refrigerant flood back anticipated.
Two Stage Applications One of the most critical areas of heat pump application is
Many two stage applications will require a reduction in the proper control of liquid refrigerant under low ambient
suction riser size to maintain adequate velocity for oil return heating conditions. System design must maintain a delicate
at low stage. For example, a 5-ton two stage system will balance between sufficient flooding to adequately cool the
normally use a 1-1/8 inch suction line (figure 5). A suction compressor, while avoiding excessive flooding which
riser in this system may be reduced to 7/8 inch pipe size would adversely affect lubrication. When coil defrost is
while the horizontal runs may use 1-1/8 inch pipe size. required, the compressor is exposed to sudden surges of
liquid that can create extreme stresses in the compressor.
Figure 6 shows the tradeoffs that will result from downsizing
the riser. The disadvantage is that the riser will exceed The accumulator can act as a reservoir for refrigerant
2000 fpm when operating at full capacity (potential for during the heating cycle when system imbalance or an
sound transmission). In addition, the pressure drop in the overcharge from field service result in excessive liquid
smaller line will result in significantly greater pressure drop refrigerant in the system, storing the refrigerant until
(capacity loss). The advantage is that the smaller line will needed and feeding it back to the compressor at an
guarantee sufficient velocity for oil return when operating at acceptable rate.
reduced capacity. Major movements of refrigerant take place at the initiation
If, by reducing the riser pipe size, the pressure drop and termination of a defrost cycle, and while it is not
(capacity loss) becomes unacceptable, the system must be necessary or even desirable to stop this movement, it is
designed with double suction risers. essential that the rate at which the liquid refrigerant is fed
back to the compressor be controlled. Again the
Accumulators accumulator can effectively maintain the crankcase
temperature at acceptable limits.
Accumulators have to pipe in between the reversing valve
and compressor on heat pumps, which usually do not have
room, especially in the under 5-ton units. Accumulator
System Control
sizing should be based on total system charge. A good rule To operate at rated capacity and efficiency, all air
of thumb is to select an accumulator that can accommodate conditioning and heat pump systems must be properly
2/3 of the total system charge. charged. Most equipment manufactured in recent years
Accumulators are not normally required on cooling only depends on subcooling to attain rated capacity and
systems with a non bleed TXV and crankcase heater. efficiency. See definition of subcooling in glossary of terms.
A unit can operate at what appears to be normal pressure
Suction line size may be increased to minimize pressure and temperature, and if the refrigerant charge does not
drop, provided that velocities are adequate. Liquid line provide the proper subcooling for the application, as much
sizes should never be increased or decreased. Larger as 8 to 10% of its capacity can be lost without any reduction
liquid lines will add unnecessary charge to the system. in power consumption.
If liquid refrigerant is allowed to flood through an air Some OEM equipment is designed to operate at peak
conditioning system and return to the compressor before efficiency with less than 10°F subcooling. Yet, if the
being evaporated, it may cause damage to the compressor refrigerant incurs much restriction, such as that
due to liquid slugging, loss of oil from the crankcase, or experienced in vertical lift, less subcooling may not be
bearing washout. To protect against this condition on adequate and a loss of capacity will be experienced.
systems vulnerable to liquid damage, a suction
accumulator may be necessary. OEM equipment is designed so the refrigerant charge may
be adjusted in order to obtain 6-8°F subcooling on
Flooding typically can occur on heat pumps at the time the HFC-410A units.
cycle is switched between heating and cooling, reversal
Many charging methods are available (charts, superheat,
before and after defrost, and during low ambient heating
approach, sight glass) but none of these methods will
operation. Flooding can also occur during normal pressure
assure you of a solid column of liquid at the expansion
equalization at system shut off, especially in systems with
valve. A favorite of the service technician has been the sight
large refrigerant charges. This is true for both heat pumps
glass. It will show that a solid column of liquid is present, but
and air conditioners.
it will not provide information regarding subcooling. A
The accumulator's function is to intercept liquid refrigerant common problem with a sight glass in a long line system is
before it can reach the compressor crankcase. It should be that flash gas can form after the sight glass and before the
located in the compressor suction line between the expansion valve. The sight glass should not be used to
evaporator and the compressor, and must have provisions determine proper system charge.

Page 20
HOW TO CHARGE A UNIT USING SUBCOOLING In order to obtain proper results, it is important that you
block equal sections of the coil with cardboard, plastic
1. Indoor temperature must be between 70°F and 80°F.
sheet or similar material. On formed (wrap around) coils,
2. Measure liquid line temperature with temperature the blockage should be applied totally covering the coil from
sensor. top to bottom and then extending from side to side.
3. Hook up gauges to liquid and suction lines.
4. Turn on unit (cooling mode if heat pump – high stage OUTDOOR COIL SHOULD BE BLOCKED ONE SIDE AT A
TIME WITH CARDBOARD OR PLASTIC SHEET UNTIL
if two stage compressor) and operate long enough for PROPER TESTING PRESSURES ARE REACHED.
pressure to stabilize (at least five minutes).
5. Read condensing temperature from gauge and read
liquid line temperature from the thermometer.
6. To achieve 10°F subcooling, liquid line should be 10°F
cooler than condensing temperature. The amount of
subcooling will vary with outdoor temperature.
Add refrigerant to make liquid line cooler.
NOTE — If system is grossly overcharged, liquid line will
get warmer as refrigerant is added.
NOTE — After checking charge, if suction pressure is
excessively low, do not add charge. Check filters, air
volume and check for restrictions in system (i.e., strainers,
driers, expansion valve, etc.).
Recover refrigerant to make liquid line warmer.

LOW AMBIENT CHARGING (BELOW 70°F OUTDOOR CARDBOARD OR PLASTIC

TEMPERATURE.) SHEET
Airflow will need to be restricted in order to boost liquid line
pressure above 400 psig for HFC-410A. Figure 16. Blocking Outdoor Coil
Table 10. Low Ambient Cooling Recommendations
Low Ambient Operation with
Low Ambient Operation Low Ambient Operation with Low Ambient Kit, field
Product Family Without Low Ambient Kit Low Ambient Kit added and supplied Outdoor Fan Speed
Installed field installed Freezestat Control* and Freezestat
Added
A/C or Kits not available. Operation
RFC
Heat Down to 60ºF below Down to 60ºF is not .....
Metering
Split System Pump recommended.
Residential and A/C Down to 50ºF Down to 30ºF Down to 0ºF
Commercial
Expansion Heat Cooling Operation Below 30ºF
Down to 50ºF Down to 30ºF
Pump is not recommend.
* Requires ball bearing motor construction. Outdoor fan motor may have to be changed in some instances.

VIBRATION AND NOISE System Operation

Regardless of how well a condensing unit is isolated, some
noise and vibration will be transmitted through the LOW AMBIENT COOLING
refrigerant piping. But this effect can be minimized with All OEM equipment is designed for low ambient cooling
proper design and support of the piping. operation down to 50°F. Low ambient cooling operation
below 50°F requires the addition of OEM low ambient
On residential units a coil of tubing in the condensing unit control kits and a crankcase heater. Cooling operation
may provide adequate protection against vibration. below 30°F requires OEM low ambient control kit plus a
variable speed controller on the outdoor fan(s). Table 10
Noise can be caused by gas flow, fans, compressor, and refers to line lengths over 50 feet.
mounting. Sometimes a combination of gas flow and piping
will create a resonant frequency which can amplify sound OEM low ambient kits are available for all OEM (expansion
and vibration. OEM has designed the systems to minimize valve equipped) units. These kits may need to be installed
this effect. and may need to be supplemented with field installed
equipment when applied to systems with long refrigerant
When piping passes through walls or floors, ensure that lines. Field installed equipment may include any or all of the
piping does not touch any structural members and is following: solenoid valve installed in the liquid line at the
properly supported by hangers. Otherwise vibration can be evaporator, pump-down controls, accumulator, additional
transmitted into the building. crankcase heaters or capacity unloading.

Page 21
Factory supplied low ambient kits may include low ambient Table 12. Recommended Hose Pressure Capabilities.
thermostat, low pressure switch, relays or any combination Minimum 700-psig service
of the above. The variable speed controller, freezestat, and High-pressure Hoses
pressure rating
crankcase heater are available through OEM Dealer
Service Centers. High-pressure manifold 700 psig on the high side
gauge sets Minimum 180 psig low side
The operation of each kit can vary somewhat between 550-psig low-sided retard
cooling and heat pump units. Refer to the low ambient kit for
specific information. High-pressure recovery
See manufacturer's
units
recommendations.
Generally, the low ambient kits are wired to accomplish the
following: Low pressure switches are installed to sense
The recovery cylinder ser­
head pressure and cycle the condenser fan. The fan is High-pressure recovery vice pressure rating must
cycled in order to keep head pressure high during low tanks be 400 psig, DOT 4BA400,
ambient operation. Variable speed controllers may require or DOT 4BW400.
ball bearing fan motors for proper operation at low speed.
Proper joint brazing and maintenance becomes even more
If low ambient operation is required and the outdoor unit is critical with HFC-410A. When servicing HFC-410A system,
exposed to high prevailing winds, a permanent wind barrier the contractor must make sure to use components
specifically designed for HFC-410A.
should be constructed to protect the outdoor coil. In cooling
operation, high prevailing winds can significantly reduce Special service equipment required for working with
HFC-410A includes:
head pressure. In heat pumps, high prevailing winds can
reduce the effectiveness of the defrost cycle. Use the It is recommended that charging with HFC-410A be done in
minimum installation clearances (provided in Engineering the liquid phase. Use a commercial-type metering device in
the manifold hose. Charge into the suction line with the
Handbook) as a guide when constructing a wind barrier.
compressor running. See OEM installation instructions for
Wind barriers should extend vertically to the height of the more details on proper charging procedures.
coil.
HFC-410A systems use POE oils. POE oils absorb
moisture very quickly. Keep oil containers tightly closed.
Appendix A Expose the system to atmosphere as little as possible.
The filter driers uses with HFC-410A systems are designed
with higher working pressures and desiccant materials that
HFC-410A REFRIGERANT are compatible with POE oils and HFC refrigerants.
Change the filter drier anytime the system is opened to the
HCFC-22 refrigerant has been phased out. Aftermarket atmosphere.
HCFC-22 will be available until 2020. HFC-410A is the
HFC-410A systems manufactured by OEM are either
refrigerant of choice to replace HCFC-22 in residential and expansion valve systems or fixed orifice. Proper refrigerant
light commercial air conditioning equipment. charge for TXV systems should be checked by the
approach method. Proper refrigerant charge for orifice
HFC-410A is a near-azeotropic mixture of R-32 and R-125 systems should be checked by the subcooling method.
refrigerants. HFC-410A operates at 50% higher pressure The maximum liquid line pressure drop in HFC-410A
than HCFC-22. Due to the higher pressure, OEM has systems is 35 PSI, which equates to six degrees of
upgraded system components in HFC-410A systems. subcooling. The recommended suction line pressure drop
HFC-410A must not be used to retrofit existing HCFC-22 is five PSI, which equates to two degrees of saturated
equipment. HFC-410A can only be used in equipment suction temperature.
designed for HFC-410A. PIPING INSTALLATION
Refrigerant lines must not transmit equipment vibration to
any part of the structure. Lines should be supported by
Operating pressure points are different for HCFC-22 and isolation hangers. See figure 17. In no case should
HFC-410A: refrigeration lines be left unsupported and free to touch the
structure at any point. Where lines pass through roofs,
Table 11. Head Pressures walls, floors or sills, or where they come in contact with duct
work, they should be properly isolated. If outside, the
50F Evaporator
isolation material should be properly waterproofed.
/ 115F Condens­ HCFC-22 HFC-410A
er The piping must be supported securely at the proper
places. All piping should be supported with hangers that
Suction Pressure 84 psig 143 psig can withstand the combined weight of pipe, fittings,
refrigerant and insulation. The hangers must be able to
Head Pressure 243 psig 390 psig keep the pipe in proper alignment, thus preventing any
droop.

Page 22
LINE SET INSTALLATION
IMPORTANT — Refrigerant lines must not contact structure.

Line Set Isolation — The following illustrations are REFRIGERANT LINE SET — INSTALLING
examples of proper refrigerant line set isolation: VERTICAL RUNS (NEW CONSTRUCTION SHOWN)
NOTE — Insulate liquid line when it is routed through areas where the
surrounding ambient temperature could become higher than the
REFRIGERANT LINE SET — TRANSITION temperature of the liquid line or when pressure drop is equal to or
FROM VERTICAL TO HORIZONTAL greater than 20 psig.
ANCHORED HEAVY NYLON
WIRE TIE OR AUTOMOTIVE AUTOMOTIVE IMPORTANT — Refrigerant lines must not contact wall
MUFFLER‐TYPE HANGER MUFFLER‐TYPE HANGER
OUTSIDE WALL LIQUID LINE
VAPOR LINE

WALL WIRE TIE

STUD
INSIDE WALL

STRAP
STRAP LIQUID LINE TO WOOD BLOCK
BETWEEN STUDS NON-CORROSIVE
VAPOR LINE METAL SLEEVE
WIRE TIE
LIQUID LINE

NON-CORROSIVE
METAL SLEEVE WOOD BLOCK
VAPOR LINE - WRAPPED WIRE TIE
IN ARMAFLEX
STRAP

REFRIGERANT LINE SET — INSTALLING

HORIZONTAL RUNS SLEEVE
To hang line set from joist or rafter, use either metal strapping materi­
al or anchored heavy nylon wire ties.

WIRE TIE (AROUND

VAPOR LINE ONLY) VAPOR LINE WRAPPED
WITH ARMAFLEX
8 FEET (2.43 METERS)
OUTSIDE
STRAPPING WALL
MATERIAL (AROUND LIQUID
VAPOR LINE ONLY) LINE
FLOOR JOIST OR
ROOF RAFTER
TAPE OR
WIRE TIE

8 FEET (2.43 METERS)

PVC CAULK
PIPE
NON-CORROSIVE
METAL SLEEVE FIBERGLASS
INSULATION

TAPE OR STRAP THE VAPOR LINE TO THE

WIRE TIE JOIST OR RAFTER AT 8 FEET (2.43
METERS) INTERVALS THEN STRAP NOTE — Similar installation practices should be used if line set
THE LIQUID LINE TO THE VAPOR LINE. is to be installed on exterior of outside wall.

FLOOR JOIST OR WARNING — Polyol ester (POE) oils used with HFC-410A
ROOF RAFTER refrigerant absorb moisture very quickly. It is very important that the
refrigerant system be kept closed as much as possible. DO NOT
remove line set caps or service valve stub caps until you are ready
to make connections.

Figure 17. Line Set Installation

Page 23
 Given: Ten ton commercial (single stage) condensing unit
on ground with three evaporators above condenser. See
INSTALL UNIT AWAY FROM
figure 19.
WINDOWS
Find: Select tube size from figure 4.
Solution: Size each segment based on the tons of
refrigerant that will flow in the segment.
Segment A to B
First solve segment A to B (10 tons). Figure 4 indicates that,
for a 10-ton system, 3/4 inch outside diameter liquid line
should be selected (smallest liquid line with acceptable
velocity). Figure 4 also indicates that 3/4 inch line carrying
10 tons of capacity has 2.5 psi drop per 100 feet. Then
determine the equivalent length of the segment to calculate
the pressure drop.
TWO 90° ELBOWS INSTALLED IN LINE SET Twenty one feet of pipe, plus three 90° elbows (1.3 foot
WILL REDUCE LINE SET VIBRATION.
each, from table 7), plus one tee (line side of tee at 0.9
equivalent feet each, from table 7) = 25.8 equivalent feet
Figure 18. Outdoor Unit Placement length (round up to 26 equivalent feet).
COMPLEX LIQUID LINE SIZING When we multiply 2.5/100 by 26 equivalent feet, we see
Example 1 – Liquid Sizing with Multiple Evaporators that the total friction loss is 0.7 psi.

Occasionally, more than one evaporator may be connected Now, we must add the pressure drop for vertical lift.
to one condensing unit. The line sizing method shown here HFC-410A pressure drop is 0.43 psi per foot of vertical lift.
is for a system with multiple evaporators operating When multiplied by 10 feet vertical lift we find that pressure
simultaneously. drop due to lift = 4.3 psi.

In this example, all the evaporators are located above the When the two components of pressure drop are added
condensing unit. All evaporators experience the effects of together we find that the total pressure drop in this 3/4 inch
liquid lift. The system is equipped with a 2-ton, 5-ton and line = 5 psi.
3-ton evaporator in order from top to bottom. Segment B to C
B to C has a capacity of three tons. Figure 4 indicates a
three ton system should use 1/2 inch outside diameter line
(smallest line with acceptable velocity). Now, determine the
equivalent length of the segment to calculate the pressure
drop.
Two feet of pipe, plus one tee (branch side of tee at 2.0
equivalent feet each) = 4.0 equivalent feet length.
From figure 4, 1/2 inch outside diameter liquid line with
three tons capacity has 2.5 psi drop per 100 feet. When we
multiply 2.5/100 by four equivalent feet, we see that the
total friction loss is 0.1 psi.
Vertical lift = 0.
In this segment, the only component of pressure drop is the
equivalent length; 0.1 psi.
Segment B to D
B to D has a capacity of seven tons. Select from figure 4 a
5/8 inch outside diameter line (smallest line with acceptable
velocity). Then determine the equivalent length of the
segment to calculate the pressure drop.
10 feet of pipe, plus one tee (line side of tee at 0.8
equivalent feet) = 10.8 equivalent feet length (round up to
Figure 19. Liquid Plumbing 11 equivalent feet).

Page 24
From figure 4, 5/8 inch outside diameter liquid line with 7 S Total pressure drop A to F = A to B plus B to D plus D
tons capacity has 3.5 psi drop per 100 feet. When we to F.
multiply 3.5/100 by 11 equivalent feet, we see that the total S Total pressure drop = 5 + 4.7 + 5.1 = 14.8
friction loss is 0.39 psi. (Acceptable).
Now, we must add the pressure drop for vertical lift.
HFC-410A pressure drop is 0.43 psi per foot of vertical lift. Complex Suction Line Sizing
When multiplied by 10 feet vertical lift we find that pressure When a single condenser is connected to more than one
drop due to lift = 4.3 psi. evaporator, there are additional rules which must be
When the components of pressure drop are added together followed when designing the refrigerant piping. These rules
we find that the total pressure drop in this 5/8 inch line = 4.7 apply to separate coils in separate air handlers as well as to
psi. split coils in a single air handler.
Segment D to E First, the total evaporator load must at least equal the
S D to E has a capacity of five tons. Select from figure 4 condensing unit capacity. Next, when evaporators in
a 1/2 inch outside diameter line (smallest line with different levels are connected to a single main, the suction
acceptable velocity). Then determine the equivalent line from each coil must rise to the top of that coil before
length of the segment to calculate the pressure drop. joining the main. Finally, all connections to a suction main
S Forty feet of pipe, plus one tee (branch side of tee at 2.0 must loop over and enter the top of the main to avoid the
equivalent feet each) = 42 equivalent feet length. gravity draining of oil into the suction risers during off
cycles.
S From figure 4, 1/2 inch outside diameter liquid line with
five tons capacity has 6.2 psi drop per 100 feet. When
we multiply 6.2/100 by 42 equivalent feet, we see that
the total friction loss is 2.6 psi.
S Vertical lift = 0.
S In this segment, the only component of pressure drop
is the equivalent length; 2.6 psi.
Segment D to F
S D to F has a capacity of two tons. Select from figure 4
a 3/8 inch outside diameter line (smallest line with
acceptable velocity). Then determine the equivalent
length of the segment to calculate the pressure drop.
S Twelve feet of pipe, plus one 90° elbow (0.8 equivalent
feet each) = 12.8 equivalent feet length (round up to 13 Figure 20. Vapor Piping Indoor Coils above and
equivalent feet). below Main
S From figure 4, 3/8 inch outside diameter liquid line with Example 2 – Suction Sizing with Multiple Evaporators
2 tons capacity has 6 psi drop per 100 feet. When we
multiply 6/100 by 13 equivalent feet, we see that the On systems with multiple evaporators operating
total friction loss is 0.78 psi. simultaneously connected to a single condensing unit,
suction lines are sized similar to the method used for sizing
S Now, we must add the pressure drop for vertical lift. liquid lines. Each line segment is sized based on the tons of
HFC-410A pressure drop is 0.43 psi per foot of vertical refrigerant flowing in the segment.
lift. When multiplied by 10 feet vertical lift we find that
pressure drop due to lift = 4.3 psi. In this example, all the evaporators are located above the
S When the components of pressure drop are added condensing unit so that none of the evaporators experience
together we find that the total pressure drop in this 3/8 the effects of suction lift. The system is equipped with a 2
inch line = 5.1 psi. ton, 5 ton and 3 ton evaporator in order from top to bottom.
Putting the Segments Together
Next, we must determine if the line sizes we selected will
result in satisfactory pressure drop between the
condensing unit and each evaporator. To do this we simply
add the total pressure drop of each line segment between
the condensing unit and each evaporator. Remember the
total pressure drop between the condensing unit and
evaporator should be less than 30 psi.
S Total pressure drop A to C = A to B plus B to C.
S Total pressure drop = 5 + 0.1 = 5.1 (Acceptable).
S Total pressure drop A to E = A to B plus B to D plus B
to C.
S Total pressure drop = 5 + 4.7 + 2.6 = 12.3
(Acceptable).

Page 25
Given: 10 ton condensing unit with three evaporators, Determine the equivalent length of the segment to calculate
higher than condenser, operating simultaneously. the pressure drop.
Two feet of pipe, plus one tee (branch side of tee at 3.5
equivalent feet each), plus six elbows (1.25 equivalent feet
each) = 13 equivalent feet length.
From figure 5, 3/4 inch outside diameter suction line with
three tons capacity has 5.5 psi drop per 100 feet. When we
multiply 5.5/100 by 13 equivalent feet, we see that the total
friction loss is 0.72 psi.
Segment B to D
B to D has a capacity of seven tons. Select from figure 5 a
1-1/8 inch outside diameter line (smallest line with
acceptable velocity). Then determine the equivalent length
of the segment to calculate the pressure drop.
Ten feet of pipe, plus one tee (line side of tee at 1.5
equivalent feet each) = 11.5 equivalent feet length.
From figure 5, 1-1/8 inch outside diameter suction line with
seven tons capacity has 2.0 psi drop per 100 feet. When we
multiply 2.0/100 by 11.5 equivalent feet, we see that the
total friction loss is 0.35 psi.
Segment D to E
Figure 21. Suction Plumbing for Multiple Indoor Coils D to E has a capacity of five tons. Select from figure 5 a 7/8
Find: Select tube size from figure 5. inch outside diameter line (smallest line with acceptable
velocity). Then determine the equivalent length of the
Solution: Size each segment based on the tons of segment to calculate the pressure drop.
refrigerant that will flow in the segment.
Segment A to B Forty feet of pipe, plus one tee (branch side of tee at 3.5
equivalent feet each), plus six elbows (1.5 equivalent feet
First solve segment A to B (10 tons). Select from figure 5 a each) = 52.5 equivalent feet length.
1-3/8 inch outside diameter line (smallest suction line with
acceptable velocity). Then determine the equivalent length From figure 5, 7/8 inch outside diameter suction line with 5
of the segment to calculate the pressure drop. tons capacity has 6.2 psi drop per 100 feet. When we
multiply 6.2/100 by 52.5 equivalent feet, we see that the
21 feet of pipe, plus three 90° elbows (2.4 equivalent feet total friction loss is 3.25 psi.
each), plus one tee (line side of tee at 1.8 equivalent feet
each) = 30 equivalent feet length. Segment D to F
From figure 5, 1-3/8 inch outside diameter suction line with D to F has a capacity of two tons. Select from figure 5 a 5/8
10 tons capacity has 2.0 psi drop per 100 feet. When we inch outside diameter line (smallest line with acceptable
multiply 2.0/100 by 30 equivalent feet, we see that the total velocity). Then determine the equivalent length of the
friction loss is 0.6 psi. segment to calculate the pressure drop.
Vertical lift or drop has no effect on pressure in a vapor line.
12 feet of pipe, plus seven 90° elbow (1.3 equivalent feet
Segment B to C each) = 21.1 equivalent feet length.
B to C has a capacity of three tons. Select from figure 5 a 3/4 From figure 5, 5/8 inch outside diameter suction line with
inch outside diameter line (smallest line with acceptable two tons capacity has 6.8 psi drop per 100 feet. When we
velocity yet with minimum capacity loss). Note figure 5 multiply 6.8/100 by 21.1 equivalent feet, we see that the
shows that 3/4 inch line has significant pressure drop per total friction loss is 1.44 psi. Here also, the pressure drop
100 feet when combined with 3-ton capacity. If segment B and resulting capacity loss are approaching significant
to C were much longer, the pressure drop would levels.
significantly reduce capacity and a larger (7/8 inch) line
would have to be selected.

Page 26
 RFCII REFRIGERANT FLOW THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVE
CONTROL DEVICE (Air Conditioning System Shown)
SENSING BULB
CAPILLARY TUBE
LIQUID LINE SUCTION LINE

STRAINER IS PROVIDED TO
PROTECT ORIFICE FROM
FOREIGN MATTER

LIQUID LINE IN VAPOR LINE

RFC II METERING
DEVICE CUTAWAY
EXPANSION FLARE
VALVE FLARE FITTING
RFC II
METERING DEVICE FITTING
UP‐FLOW
COIL
ILLUSTRATED

EQUALIZER LINE

RFCIV REFRIGERANT FLOW

RFCIII REFRIGERANT FLOW CONTROL DEVICE
CONTROL DEVICE
ORIFICE
BODY
ORIFICE
BODY DISTRIBUTOR
DISTRIBUTOR

“BULLET”
“BULLET” ORIFICE
ORIFICE
SEAL
NUT SWEAT
CONNECTION
FLARE
NUT

RFCIII REFRIGERANT FLOW CONTROL DEVICE

STRAINER COOLING MODE

LIQUID LINE

LIQUID LINE
CONNECTOR
CONNECTOR/ ORIFICE FRONT-SEATED
STRAINER REFRIGERANT FLOWS THROUGH DISTRIBUTOR
CENTER OPENING ONLY
HEATING MODE
CONNECTOR/
STRAINER DISTRIBUTOR
LIQUID LINE
CONNECTOR

LIQUID LINE

STRAINER ORIFICE BACK-SEATED

REFRIGERANT FLOWS AROUND ORIFICE
AND THROUGH CENTER OPENING

Figure 22. Metering Devices

Page 27
Putting the Segments Together If the line segments to these evaporators were significantly
longer resulting in excessive capacity loss, larger suction
Next, we must determine if the line sizes we selected will lines could be selected as long as satisfactory velocities for
result in satisfactory pressure drop between the oil entrainment were maintained.
condensing unit and each evaporator. To do this we simply
add the total pressure drop of each line segment between
the condensing unit and each evaporator. Then we convert
DISTRIBUTOR
the pressure drop into a capacity loss for each coil. ASSEMBLY
Remember, there is approximately 1% loss in capacity for
each pound of pressure lost to the line.
2-ton evaporator: TEFLON WASHER SENSING
(SUPPLIED WITH KIT) BULB
S Total pressure drop A to F = A to B plus B to D plus D (ATTACH TO
to F. SUCTION LINE)
S If 5/8 inch outside diameter line is used from D to F: STUBBED
END OF VALVE
S Total pressure drop = 0.6 + 0.35 + 1.44 = 2.39
S 1% capacity loss for each pound pressure drop
S 0.01 x 2.39 x 24,000 = 574 Btuh lost if 5/8 inch line is EXPANSION
used. VALVE
(LB−85663A−E Shown)
3-ton evaporator:
S Total pressure drop A to C = A to B plus B to C.
S Total pressure drop = 0.6 + 0.72 = 1.32 psi
S 1% capacity loss for each pound pressure drop
S 0.01 x 1.32 x 36,000 Btuh = 475 Btuh lost.
5-ton evaporator: TEFLON WASHER
(SUPPLIED WITH KIT)
S Total pressure drop A to E = A to B plus B to D plus D CONNECT
to E. LIQUID LINE
S Total pressure drop = 0.6 + 0.35 + 3.25 = 4.2 psi SET HERE

S 1% capacity loss for each pound pressure drop

S 0.01 x 4.2 x 60,000 Btuh = 2520 Btuh lost.
EQUALIZER CONNECTION
When deciding which line should be used from D to F, (SECURE TO EQUALIZER
compare the capacity loss to the capacity required. Use the PORT ON SUCTION LINE)
larger line size only if the additional capacity is needed to
satisfy the job requirements. Figure 23. Typical Residential Applications

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 Table 13. Operating Temperatures
HCFC­22 Temperature (°F) ­ Pressure (Psig)
°F Psig °F Psig °F Psig °F Psig
­40 0.6 22 45.5 50 84.7 105 212.9
­30 0.9 24 47.9 55 93.3 110 228.6
­20 10.2 26 50.3 60 102.4 115 245.2
­10 16.6 28 52.7 65 112.2 120 262.5
0 24.1 30 55.2 70 122.5 125 280.7
10 32.9 32 57.8 75 133.4 130 299.7
12 34.9 34 60.5 80 145.0 135 319.6
14 36.9 36 63.3 85 157.2 140 340.3
16 39.0 38 66.1 90 170.0 145 362.0
18 41.1 40 69.0 95 183.6 150 384.6
20 43.3 45 76.6 100 197.0 155 406.3

Table 14. Operating Temperatures

HFC-410A Temperature (°F) - Pressure (Psig)
°F Psig °F Psig °F Psig °F Psig
32 100.8 64 181.6 96 299.4 126 451.8
34 105.0 66 187.7 98 308.2 128 463.5
36 109.2 68 194.1 100 317.2 130 475.6
38 113.6 70 200.6 102 326.4 132 487.8
40 118.0 72 207.2 104 335.7 134 500.2
42 122.6 74 214.0 106 345.3 136 512.9
44 127.3 76 220.9 108 355.0 138 525.8
46 132.2 78 228.0 110 365.0 140 539.0
48 137.1 80 235.3 112 375.1 142 552.3
50 142.2 82 242.7 114 385.4 144 565.9
52 147.4 84 250.3 116 396.0 146 579.8
54 152.8 86 258.0 118 406.7 148 593.8
56 158.2 88 266.0 120 417.7 150 608.1
58 163.9 90 274.1 122 428.8 152 622.7
60 169.6 92 282.3 124 440.2 154 637.5
62 195.5 94 290.8 126 451.8 156 652.4

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Appendix B — XC25 / XP25 Line Set Requirements
The XC/XP25 is a variable capacity cooling and heat pump S Vertical vapor riser must be sized to the vapor riser
system utilizing variable speed compressor technology. listed in the table 15.
With the variable speed compressor and variable pumping S Up to 50 Linear Feet: use rated line sizes listed in unit
capacity, additional consideration must be given to specifications or installation instructions.
refrigerant piping sizing and application. The guidelines
S Between 51 ­ 150 Linear Feet: Crankcase heater and
below are to be used exclusively for the XC/XP25 systems. non­bleed port TXV factory installed. No additional
COOLING AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS (HFC­410A) components required. Use tables 15 and 16 to
S Total equivalent length equals 180 feet (piping and all determine the correct liquid and vapor line sizes.
fittings included). S Over 150 Linear Feet: not recommended.
NOTE — Length is general guide. Lengths may be more or S Additional oil is not required for systems with line
less, depending on remaining system design factors. lengths up to 150 feet except for the XP25-048 and
S Maximum linear (actual) length = 150 feet. XP25-060, which will required 2 ounces of oil for every
10 feet beyond 100 feet.
S Maximum linear liquid lift = 60 feet.
NOTE —­ Maximum lifts are dependent on total length, SUCTION TRAPS
number of elbows, etc. that contribute to total pressure For systems with the outdoor unit 5 ­ 60 feet above the
drop. indoor unit, one trap must be installed at the bottom of the
S Maximum length vapor riser equals 60 feet. suction riser.
Table 15. XC/XP25 Piping Guidelines
Preferred
Maximum Vapor Line
Maximum Total Maximum Linear Maximum Vapor Required Vapor
Model Linear Liquid Sizes for
Equivalent Length (ft) (actual) Length (ft) Riser (ft) Riser Size
Lift (ft) Horizontal
Runs
­024 180 150 60 60 7/8” 5/8”
­036 180 150 60 60 7/8” 3/4”
­048 180 150 60 60 7/8” 7/8”
­060 180 150 60 60 7/8” 7/8”

Table 16. Liquid Line Diameter Selection Table

Total Linear Length (feet)
Unit Line Size
25 50 75 100 125 150
5/16” 25 50 55 48 40 33

Max. Elevation
­024
3/8” 25 50 60 60 60 60
3/8” 25 50 60 56 51 45

(ft)
­036
1/2” 25 50 60 60 60 60
3/8” 25 50 50 41 31 22
­048
1/2” 25 50 60 60 60 60
3/8” 25 50 36 22 8 NR
­060
1/2” 25 50 60 60 60 59
Note ­ Shaded rows indicate rated liquid line size
1. Find your unit on the left side of the table.
2. Start with the rated liquid line size (shaded row) on the outdoor unit
3. Select the actual Total Linear Length of your system shown at the top of the table.
4. The elevation listed in the table is the maximum allowed for the liquid line listed.
5. Select or consider the larger liquid line size shown in the table if the elevation does not meet your requirements.

Page 30
Glossary of Terms elbow Wrought copper 90° or 45° elbows. Only long radius
elbows should be used as fittings in long refrigerant lines
used with OEM equipment.
accumulator A tank located in the suction line just ahead of
the compressor. The purpose of the accumulator is to entrainment The process of moving oil along the inside
prevent liquid from entering the compressor. surface of a refrigerant vapor line. Oil droplets/film attach to
the inner surface of the pipe. The refrigerant velocity must
ambient The temperature of the air surrounding an object. be sufficient to sweep the oil along (entrain the oil) so it may
For a liquid line passing through an attic, the ambient can be returned to the compressor.
approach 180°F. OEM cooling and heat pump equipment is expansion valve See Thermostatic Expansion Valve.
designed to provide adequate cooling when the outdoor
ambient is 115°F. equivalent length (total equivalent length) Wrought
copper fittings, filter driers and other devices placed in the
bypass See Hot Gas Bypass. refrigerant line add restriction to the line. The restriction
added to the line is expressed in terms of equivalent feet.
bypass valve A valve used in hot gas bypass systems. The The total equivalent length of a line is equal to the length of
valve is plumbed so that when the unit is operating at the pipe plus the equivalent length of all the fittings, filter
reduced capacity, liquid refrigerant and hot gas are driers, etc. placed in the line.
metered into the suction line. See also Hot Gas Bypass.
evaporator A heat transfer device (coil) which adds heat to
capillary tube (cap tube) Refrigerant metering device liquid refrigerant, increases its temperature, adds latent
consisting of one or more small diameter tubes feeding heat to the refrigerant converting the liquid into gas, then
liquid refrigerant into the evaporator. Cap tubes must never superheats the gas.
be used in long refrigerant line applications as they provide filter drier A device placed in the liquid or suction
fair to poor refrigerant control in extreme conditions. refrigerant lines to filter contaminants from the system and
protect the expansion valve and compressor from potential
capacity (capacity loss) A measure of the quantity of
damage.
refrigeration available, measured in Btu per hour or watts.
flash gas in a liquid refrigerant line, liquid which has lost
capacity reduction Air conditioning and heat pump temperature and pressure to the point that gas bubbles
systems designed to operate at reduced capacity. OEM begin to form significantly reducing the efficiency of the
two stage equipment is designed to operate at 60% of full system. Flash gas can form as a result of friction losses or
capacity during low stage operation. Some commercial running the liquid line through areas with extremely high
systems use hot gas bypass as a form of capacity ambients or both.
reduction. A form of capacity reduction is used in almost all friction loss See Pressure Drop.
zoning systems.
hammer See Liquid Hammer.
column of liquid A length of liquid refrigeration line hot gas bypass A form of capacity reduction. The system
completely filled with 100% liquid (no bubbles). diverts hot discharge gas and liquid into the suction line
condenser A heat transfer device which removes heat bypassing the evaporator coil. The most desirable form of
from refrigerant gas, reduces its temperature, removes hot gas bypass is the type which feeds hot gas into a side
latent heat from the refrigerant converting the gas into tap on the distributor on the evaporator coil.
liquid, then subcools the liquid. indoor coil The name given to the coil in the indoor unit in
heat pump systems.
condensing temperature The temperature in the
condenser coil below which latent heat is removed and gas lift A measure of the upward vertical distance liquid
is converted into liquid. refrigerant must travel in order to reach the coil measured in
feet. The weight of the liquid refrigerant reduces the liquid
distributor A manifold or multi-port fitting located at the line pressure 1/2 psi per foot. In air conditioning systems, lift
outlet of an expansion valve designed to feed multiple is a factor only if the evaporator is located above the
circuits through the evaporator. condenser. In heat pump systems, lift is always a factor due
to the system's ability to reverse refrigerant flow.
double suction riser A type of suction riser used in
line size The outside diameter (O.D.) of copper pipe used
capacity reduction systems to improve oil entrainment
in refrigeration.
during reduced capacity operation. A double suction riser
consists of a small riser sized for the capacity of the system liquid hammer An audible sound heard in liquid refrigerant
when operating at reduced capacity. A second larger riser lines when solenoid valves close. The noise is a result of
is plumbed in parallel with the small riser to handle the liquid refrigerant traveling at high velocity then stopping
increased flow when the system is operating at full abruptly when the valve closes.
capacity. low ambient (temperature) The use of the compressor for
cooling when outdoor temperature is below 50°F. Field
drier See Filter Drier. installed kits are required to protect the compressor and
drop 1) A measure of the downward vertical distance ensure proper operation in the event low ambient cooling
(measured in feet) liquid refrigerant must travel in order to below 50° F is required.
reach the coil. The weight of the liquid refrigerant increases main In systems with multiple refrigerant lines, the name
the liquid line pressure 1/2 pound per foot. 2) See pressure given to the line which feeds or collects refrigerant from
drop. multiple smaller refrigerant lines.

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maximum allowable pressure drop The amount of saturation temperature The temperature at which a gas
pressure drop a liquid line can experience before flash gas begins to turn into liquid.
will begin to form. This number can be calculated if the
amount of sub-cooling leaving the condenser is known by sight glass A glass window type device placed in a liquid
subtracting the liquid temperature from the saturated liquid line and used for visual inspection of the liquid. It can also
temperature then converting the results into a pressure on be used to determine the point at which all gas bubbles are
the HFC-410A saturation chart. The difference in pressure removed from the liquid line. A sight glass is not a good
between saturated liquid temperature and the liquid indicator of subcooling and cannot be used to determine
temperature is equal to the maximum allowable pressure charge.
drop. sil-phos Brazing material composed of silver,
If the outdoor unit is charged to operate with 10°F phosphorous, and copper and used for brazing joints of
subcooling at 115°F saturated liquid temperature, the copper pipe.
maximum allowable pressure drop will be 30 psi. slug A column of liquid refrigerant returned to the
metering (metering device) Any device which regulates compressor in the suction line. A slug which enters the
the flow of liquid refrigerant into an evaporator. compressor can cause permanent compressor damage
due to non-compressibility of liquids.
migrate (migration) The tendency of refrigerant gas to
slowly travel to the coldest part of the piping system during solenoid valve An electromechanical valve located in the
the off-cycle and condense and collect as liquid. refrigerant lines and used to shut-off refrigerant flow.
miscibility The ability of two or more substances to mix, split-coil A single evaporator or condenser coil which is
and form a single homogeneous phase. plumbed so that a single coil can serve two or more
multiple evaporators A single condenser operating with independent refrigeration circuits.
several evaporators at the same time. subcooling Cooling of refrigerant liquid below its saturated
non-recycling pump-down control See Pump Down temperature while holding it at saturated pressure.
Control.
suction riser See Riser.
oil trap A small U bend typically located in the suction line
where it exits the indoor coil. Short radius elbows should be superheat Heating of refrigerant gas above its saturated
used on oil traps to keep the oil volume as small as possible. temperature while holding it at saturated pressure.
outdoor coil The name given to the coil in the outdoor unit thermometer well A device located in the liquid line of most
in heat pump systems. OEM equipment which allows a thermometer to be inserted
into the liquid line. The well is used for accurately
pressure drop (pressure loss) The loss of refrigerant
measuring the temperature of the liquid line for charging
pressure experienced in copper pipe, usually expressed in
purposes.
terms of pounds (psi) per 100 feet.
pump-down control A field installed kit consisting of a thermostatic expansion valve (TXV) An extremely
solenoid valve located in the liquid line before the precise type of expansion device which regulates
expansion valve. At the end of a cooling cycle, the controls refrigerant flow into the evaporator based on the amount of
close the valve. The compressor continues to run until all superheat at the TXV bulb location. An expansion valve is
refrigerant is returned into the condenser where it is stored desirable in long line set applications because it can
as a liquid. The valve remains closed until the next cooling maintain control of superheat in extremes of operating
demand. conditions.
RFC (refrigerant flow control device) OEM' trademark trap See Oil Trap.
protected name for various types of refrigerant metering two stage Condensing (or heat pump) outdoor units
devices with fixed orifice size - equipped with a two stage compressor. Generally, the
RFC: Liquid line serves as the expansion device. It has a compressor operates at 60% capacity on low stage and
precisely sized inside diameter and length which matches 100% capacity on high stage.
the capacity of the condensing unit and evaporator.
TXV See Thermostatic Expansion Valve.
RFCII: Fixed orifice for air conditioners located at
evaporator. unload (unloading) See Capacity Reduction.
RFCIII: Floating bullet type orifice for heat pump coils which Vapor line Term used with heat pumps to describe the
front seats for cooling and back seats for heating. discharge hot gas line in heating mode and the suction line
RFCIV: Fixed bullet orifice for air conditioners. in cooling mode. In either mode the line carries refrigerant
in a vapor form.
riser The name of any length of refrigerant pipe which
transports refrigerant vertically upward. variable capacity See Capacity Reduction.
run-around hot gas bypass A type of hot gas bypass
system that diverts hot discharge gas and liquid directly into velocity A measure of the speed at which refrigerant
the suction line inside the condensing unit. Although this travels through a pipe, usually expressed in feet per minute.
type of system requires no piping external to the unit, it is
less desirable than feeding into a side tap on the distributor wrought copper Hammered refrigeration grade copper
on the evaporator coil. used in refrigerant fittings.

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