JAVA SYNTAX NOTES

Arrays
1. Syntax

Declaring an Array

In Java, you can declare an array in the following ways:

2. Traversal

You can traverse an array using loops. Here are examples using a `for` loop and an enhanced `for-each`
loop:

Using Enhanced `for-each` Loop

3. Common Methods

Java arrays do not have built-in methods like lists in Java (e.g., `ArrayList`). However, Java provides the
`java.util.Arrays` class, which includes many useful methods for array manipulation.

`Arrays.toString()`

Converts the array to a string representation.

`Arrays.sort()`

Sorts the array in ascending order.

`Arrays.binarySearch()`

Performs a binary search on a sorted array.

`Arrays.copyOf()`
Copies the specified array, truncating or padding with zeros if necessary.

`Arrays.equals()`

Checks if two arrays are equal.

Strings
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1. Syntax

Declaring and Initializing Strings

In Java, strings are objects of the `String` class. Here are various ways to declare and initialize strings:
2. Traversal

You can traverse a string using loops. Here are examples using a `for` loop and an enhanced `for-
each` loop (though the latter is less common for strings):

Using `for` Loop

Using Enhanced `for-each` Loop (not typical, requires conversion to a character array)

3. Common Methods

The `String` class in Java provides many useful methods for string manipulation. Here are some of the
most commonly used methods:

`length()`

Returns the length of the string.

`charAt()`

Returns the character at the specified index.

`substring()`

Returns a new string that is a substring of the original string.

`contains()`

Checks if the string contains a specified sequence of characters.

`equals()`

Compares the string to the specified object.

`equalsIgnoreCase()`

Compares the string to another string, ignoring case considerations.

`compareTo()`

Compares two strings lexicographically.

`indexOf()`

Returns the index within the string of the first occurrence of the specified character or substring.

`lastIndexOf()`

Returns the index within the string of the last occurrence of the specified character or substring.

`replace()`

Returns a new string resulting from replacing all occurrences of old characters or substrings with new
ones.

`split()`

Splits the string into an array of substrings based on the specified delimiter.
`toLowerCase()`

Converts all characters in the string to lowercase.

`toUpperCase()`

Converts all characters in the string to uppercase.

StringBuilder
1. Syntax

Declaring and Initializing `StringBuilder`

2. Traversal

Traversing a `StringBuilder` can be done similarly to traversing a `String`, using loops to access each
character.

Using a `for` Loop

Using an Enhanced `for-each` Loop (requires conversion to a character array)

3. Common Methods

The `StringBuilder` class provides many useful methods for string manipulation. Here are some of the
most commonly used methods:

`append()`

Appends the specified string to this sequence.

`insert()`

Inserts the specified string at the specified position.

`replace()`

Replaces the characters in a substring of this sequence with characters in the specified string.

`delete()`

Removes the characters in a substring of this sequence.

`deleteCharAt()`

Removes the character at the specified position.

`reverse()`

Reverses the sequence of characters.

`charAt()`

Returns the `char` value at the specified index.

`setCharAt()`

Sets the `char` value at the specified index.

`substring()`

Returns a new `String` that contains a subsequence of characters currently contained in this sequence.

`length()`

Returns the length (character count).

`capacity()`

Returns the current capacity.

`setLength()`

Sets the length of the character sequence.

`ensureCapacity()`
Ensures that the capacity is at least equal to the specified minimum.

`trimToSize()`

Reduces the storage used for the character sequence to the sequence's current length.

Summary

 `StringBuilder` is used for mutable sequences of characters.

 It is not synchronized, making it suitable for single-threaded environments.
 It provides efficient methods for modifying the string content such as `append`, `insert`, `replace`,
`delete`, and more.
 Traversing and manipulating the content of `StringBuilder` is straightforward and similar to
working with strings.

String Buffer
1. Syntax

Declaring and Initializing `StringBuffer`

2. Traversal

Traversing a `StringBuffer` can be done similarly to traversing a `String`, using loops to access each
character.

Using a `for` Loop

Using an Enhanced `for-each` Loop (requires conversion to a character array)

3. Common Methods

The `StringBuffer` class provides many useful methods for string manipulation. Here are some of the most
commonly used methods:

`append()`

Appends the specified string to this sequence.

`insert()`

Inserts the specified string at the specified position.

`replace`
Replaces the characters in a substring of this sequence with characters in the specified string.

`delete()`

Removes the characters in a substring of this sequence.

`deleteCharAt()`

Removes the character at the specified position.

`reverse()`

Reverses the sequence of characters.

`charAt()`

Returns the `char` value at the specified index.

`setCharAt()`
Sets the `char` value at the specified index.

`substring()`

Returns a new `String` that contains a subsequence of characters currently contained in this sequence.

`length()`

Returns the length (character count).

`capacity()`

Returns the current capacity.

`setLength()`

Sets the length of the character sequence.

`ensureCapacity()`

Ensures that the capacity is at least equal to the specified minimum.

`trimToSize()`

Reduces the storage used for the character sequence to the sequence's current length.

Summary

 `StringBuffer` is used for mutable sequences of characters and is synchronized, making it thread-
safe.
 It is suitable for use in multi-threaded environments.
 It provides efficient methods for modifying the string content such as `append`, `insert`, `replace`,
`delete`, and more.
 Traversing and manipulating the content of `StringBuffer` is straightforward and similar to
working with strings.

ArrayList

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1. Syntax

Declaring and Initializing ArrayLists

ArrayLists are part of the `java.util` package. Here’s how you can declare and initialize them:
2. Traversal:

You can traverse an ArrayList using various loops. Here are examples using a `for` loop, an enhanced `for-
each` loop, and an iterator:

Using `for` Loop

Using Enhanced `for-each` Loop

3. Common Methods

The `ArrayList` class provides many useful methods for list manipulation. Here are some of the most
commonly used methods:

`add()`

Adds an element to the end of the list.

`add(index, element)`

Inserts the specified element at the specified position in the list.

`get()`

Returns the element at the specified position in the list.

`set()`

Replaces the element at the specified position in the list with the specified element.

`remove()`

Removes the element at the specified position in the list.

`size()`

Returns the number of elements in the list.

`contains()`

Returns `true` if the list contains the specified element.

`indexOf()`
Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in the list, or -1 if the list does not contain
the element.

`isEmpty()`

Returns `true` if the list contains no elements.

`clear()`

Removes all the elements from the list.

`toArray()`

Returns an array containing all the elements in the list.

HashMaps
1. Syntax

Declaring and Initializing HashMaps

HashMaps are part of the `java.util` package. Here’s how you can declare and initialize them:
2. Traversal

You can traverse a HashMap using various methods. Here are examples using `for` loop, enhanced `for-
each` loop, and iterator:

Using `for-each` Loop to Traverse Keys

Using `for-each` Loop to Traverse Entries

Using Iterator
3. Common Methods

The `HashMap` class provides many useful methods for map manipulation. Here are some of the most
commonly used methods:

`put()`

Associates the specified value with the specified key in the map.

`get()`

Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, or `null` if this map contains no mapping for the
key.

`remove()`

Removes the mapping for the specified key from this map if present.

`containsKey()`

Returns `true` if this map contains a mapping for the specified key.
`containsValue()`

Returns `true` if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value.

`size()`

Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.

`isEmpty()`

Returns `true` if this map contains no key-value mappings.

`clear()`

Removes all of the mappings from this map.

`keySet()`

Returns a `Set` view of the keys contained in this map.

`values()`

Returns a `Collection` view of the values contained in this map.

`entrySet()`

Returns a `Set` view of the mappings contained in this map.

HashSets:
1. Syntax

Declaring and Initializing HashSets

HashSets are part of the `java.util` package. Here’s how you can declare and initialize them:

2. Traversal

You can traverse a HashSet using various methods. Here are examples using an enhanced `for-each` loop
and an iterator:
Using Enhanced `for-each` Loop

Using Iterator

3. Common Methods

The `HashSet` class provides many useful methods for set manipulation. Here are some of the most
commonly used methods:

`add()`

Adds the specified element to this set if it is not already present.

`remove()`

Removes the specified element from this set if it is present.

`contains()`

Returns `true` if this set contains the specified element.

`size()`

Returns the number of elements in this set.

`isEmpty()`

Returns `true` if this set contains no elements.

`clear()`

Removes all of the elements from this set.

`iterator()`

Returns an iterator over the elements in this set.

`toArray()`

Returns an array containing all of the elements in this set.

`addAll()`

Adds all of the elements in the specified collection to this set if they're not already present.

`removeAll()`

Removes from this set all of its elements that are contained in the specified collection.

`retainAll()`

Retains only the elements in this set that are contained in the specified collection.

`clone()`
Returns a shallow copy of this `HashSet` instance.