Nova School of Business and Economics

2020 – 2021 S1
Calculus II
Patrícia Xufre
Pedro Chaves

Midterm 3

• Date: November 23, 2020

• Duration: 1 hour and 30 minutes
• Instructions: 1: The test has three questions. 2: Write your number and absolutely nothing else in
this test, and hand it at the end. 3: Answer the test on the answer book, using the front and back of
each sheet, stating which question you are answering, never answering more than one question in
the same sheet, and not unstapling any sheet. 4: If you want to use any sheet of the answer book as
space for drafts, state it on the space for the question number. 5: Show all your work. 6: No written
support or calculators are allowed. 7: No individual questions about the exam will be answered. 8:
Break a leg (not literally)!

Nº:

1. (3 val) Consider the following problem:

𝑥 ≥ 0
2
ℙ: min𝑥,𝑦 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 3𝑦 s.t. { 𝑥+𝑦 ≥ 0
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ≤ 2

a. (0.5 val) Graphically represent the choice set of ℙ and justify why ℙ has solutions.
b. (1 val) Write 𝕂𝕂𝕋, the system of Karush – Kuhn – Tucker conditions of ℙ.
c. (0.75 val) Knowing that the two last constraints of ℙ are binding at one solution of 𝕂𝕂𝕋, find
it (do not forget that each solution of 𝕂𝕂𝕋 has decision variables and Lagrange multipliers).
d. (0.75 val) Using the Sufficiency Theorem, state and justify why the solution of 𝕂𝕂𝕋 you found
in c. is, excluding the Lagrange multipliers it involves, a solution of ℙ.

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2. (4 val) Consider the function 𝑓: ℝ ∖ {0} → ℝ defined by:

𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2

Also consider the following geometric representation of part of the graph of 𝑓 and region 𝐴:

Finally, consider function 𝐹: ℝ ∖ {0} → ℝ, such that 𝐹(1) = − ln 3 and 𝐹 ′ = 𝑓.

2 |𝑥|
a. (1.5 val) Show that 𝐹 is defined by 𝐹(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 2+2, not deriving this expression.

b. (0.75 val) Show that the area of 𝐴 is 2.

c. (0.75 val) Not explicitly finding it, show that ∃𝑐 ∈ [1,2]: 𝑓(𝑐) + 𝐹(1) − 𝐹(2) = 0.
d. (0.5 val) Using the graph of 𝑓, state and justify what is the point whose existence you ensured
in c.
e. (0.5 val) With no calculations, state and justify whether opt 𝑥 𝐹(𝑥) s. t. 1 < 𝑥 < 2 has
solutions.

3. (3 val) Consider two functions 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ and ℎ: ℝ2 → ℝ, such that:

• 𝑓 is positive 1 1
• 𝑓′(1) − 4 𝑓′ (4) = 28
• 𝑓 is continuous
1 1 𝑥+𝑦
• 𝑓(1) − 𝑓 ( ) = 16 • ℎ is defined by ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫𝑥𝑦 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
2 4

Also consider the following problem:

ℙ: opt 𝑥,𝑦 ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) s.t. 𝑥+𝑦 =1

a. (1 val) Using the Lagrangian method, write 𝔼, the system of 1st order conditions of ℙ, and solve
it (do not forget that each solution of 𝔼 has decision variables and Lagrange multipliers).

b. (1 val) State and justify whether the stationary point you found in a. is, excluding the Lagrange
multipliers it involves, an extremum point of ℙ and, if so, whether it is a minimizer or a maximizer.

c. (1 val) If the independent term of the constraint of ℙ changes from 1 to 1.5, how much does the
extreme of ℙ change, approximately?

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Midterm 3

Solution Topics

1.
a.
• Explain why 𝑓 is continuous
• Explain why 𝑋 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 : 𝑥 ≥ 0 ∧ 𝑦 ≥ −𝑥 ∧ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 2} is compact
• Conclude that Weierstrass’s theorem applies to ℙ, which implies that 𝑓 has global minimizers in 𝑋
b.
• Write the general expression of the lagrangian function of ℙ: ℒ(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 ) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 + 𝜆1 (−𝑥 − 𝑦) +
𝜆2 (2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
• Write the Karush – Kuhn – Tucker conditions of ℙ:
2𝑥 − 𝜆1 − 2𝜆2 𝑥 ≥ 0 ∧ 𝑥 ≥ 0 ∧ 𝑥(2𝑥 − 𝜆1 − 2𝜆2 𝑥) = 0
3 − 𝜆1 − 2𝜆2 𝑦 = 0
𝕂𝕂𝕋:
𝑥+𝑦 ≥ 0 ∧ 𝜆1 ≥ 0 ∧ 𝜆1 (−𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0
{ 𝑥 + 𝑦2
2
≤ 2 ∧ 𝜆2 ≤ 0 ∧ 𝜆2 (2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 0
c.
𝑥+𝑦 = 0
• Solve the system of equations { and conclude that (𝑥 ∗ , 𝑦 ∗ ) = (1, −1)
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 2
2 − 𝜆1 − 2𝜆2 = 0 5 1
• Solve the system of equations { and conclude that (𝜆1∗ , 𝜆∗2 ) = (2 , − 4)
3 − 𝜆1 + 2𝜆2 = 0
5 1
• Confirm that (1, −1, , − ) is a solution of 𝕂𝕂𝕋
2 4

d.
• Show that 𝑓 is differentiable e convex
• Explain why the greater or equal constraint function is differentiable and concave
• Show that the lower or equal constraint function is differentiable and strictly convex
• Conclude that the sufficiency theorem applies to ℙ, which implies that (𝑥 ∗ , 𝑦 ∗ ) = (1, −1) is a global
minimizer of ℙ

2.
a.
𝑥 4 −𝑥 3 +4𝑥 2 +2𝑥+4 −𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 +2𝑥+4
• Show, using the division and factorization of polynomials, that =1+
𝑥 4 +2𝑥 2 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 +2)
−𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 +2𝑥+4 1 2 2𝑥
• Show, using the partial fractions method, that 1 + 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 +2)
= 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 +2
1 2 2𝑥 |𝑥| 2
• Show, using the direct antiderivation method, that ∫ (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 +2) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 2 +2 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 |𝑥|
• Show, using the fact that 𝐹(1) = − ln 3, that 𝐹(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 2 +2

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b.
2
• Explain why the area of 𝐴 is ∫1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
• Show that ∫1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2
c.
• Explain why 𝑓 is continuous in [1,2], which implies that the mean value theorem for integral applies to 𝑓 in
2
[1,2], ensuring that ∃𝑐 ∈ [1,2]: ∫1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑐)
2
• Show that ∫1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑐) ⇔ 𝑓(𝑐) + 𝐹(1) − 𝐹(2) = 0
𝑐 ∈ [1,2]
d. State that { 2 ⇔ 𝑐 = √2
∫1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑐)
e.
• Explain why 𝐹 is differentiable and ]1,2[ is open, which implies that any solution of the problem is a
stationary point of 𝐹
• Explain why 𝐹 has no stationary points in ]1,2[
• Conclude that the problem has no solutions

3.
a.
𝑥+𝑦
• Write the general expression of the lagrangian function of ℙ: ℒ(𝜆, 𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫𝑥𝑦 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜆(1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦)

• Write the system of 1st order conditions of ℙ:

1−𝑥−𝑦 = 0
𝔼: {−𝑦𝑓(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 𝜆 = 0
−𝑥𝑓(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 𝜆 = 0
1 1
• Using the fact that ∀(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 , 𝑓(𝑥𝑦) > 0, show that the solution set of 𝔼 is {(16, 2 , 2)}

b.
0 −1 −1
1
𝐻ℒ (16, 2 , 2) = [−1 28 28 − 𝑓 (4)] ̅ (16, 1 , 1) =
1 1
• Show that or that 𝐻
2 2
1
−1 28 − 𝑓 (4) 28
0 1 1
1
1 28 28 − 𝑓 ( )
[ 4 ]
1
1 28 − 𝑓 ( ) 28
4
1 1 1 1 1 1
• ̅ (16, , )| < 0, which implies that ( , ) is
Show that 2𝑚 + 1 = 3 and that |𝐻ℒ (16, , )| < 0 or that |𝐻
2 2 2 2 2 2
a minimizer of ℙ
c.
• Write the general expression of the lagrangian function of ℙ, with the independent term of the constraint
𝑥+𝑦
of ℙ as a parameter: ℒ(𝑏, 𝜆, 𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫𝑥𝑦 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜆(𝑏 − 𝑥 − 𝑦)
1 1
• Show that ℒ𝑏′ (1,16, 2 , 2) = 16
• Conclude that Δ0.5 𝑓 ∗ (1) = 8