Internet of Things (IoT) Technology Drivers:-

IoT(internet of things) Technology drivers are,

1. Wireless Sensor Network

2. Cloud Computing
3. Big Data Analytics
4. Communications Protocols
5. Embedded System

1. Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) :

A WSN comprises distributed devices with sensors which are used to
monitor the environmental and physical conditions. A wireless sensor
network consists of end nodes, routers and coordinators. End nodes
have several sensors attached to them where the data is passed to a
coordinator with the help of routers. The coordinator also acts as the
gateway that connects WSN to the internet.
Example –

• Weather monitoring system

• Indoor air quality monitoring system
• Soil moisture monitoring system
• Surveillance system
• Health monitoring system

2. Cloud Computing :
It provides us the means by which we can access applications as utilities over
the internet. Cloud means something which is present in remote locations.
With Cloud computing, users can access any resources from anywhere like
databases, webservers, storage, any device, and any software over the
internet.
Characteristics –

1. Broad network access

2. On demand self-services
3. Rapid scalability
4. Measured service
5. Pay-per-use

Provides different services, such as –

 • IaaS (Infrastructure as a service)
Infrastructure as a service provides online services such as physical
machines, virtual machines, servers, networking, storage and data
center space on a pay per use basis. Major IaaS providers are Google
Compute Engine, Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure etc.
Ex : Web Hosting, Virtual Machine etc.

• PaaS (Platform as a service)

Provides a cloud-based environment with a very thing required to
support the complete life cycle of building and delivering West web
based (cloud) applications – without the cost and complexity of buying
and managing underlying hardware, software provisioning and
hosting. Computing platforms such as hardware, operating systems
and libraries etc. Basically, it provides a platform to develop
applications.
Ex : App Cloud, Google app engine

• SaaS (Software as a service)

It is a way of delivering applications over the internet as a service.
Instead of installing and maintaining software, you simply access it via
the internet, freeing yourself from complex software and hardware
management.
SaaS Applications are sometimes called web-based software on
demand software or hosted software.
SaaS applications run on a SaaS provider’s service and they manage
security availability and performance.
Ex : Google Docs, Gmail, office etc.

3. Big Data Analytics :

It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data.
Collection of data whose volume, velocity or variety is simply too massive and
tough to store, control, process and examine the data using traditional
databases.
Big data is gathered from a variety of sources including social network videos,
digital images, sensors and sales transaction records.
Several steps involved in analyzing big data –
 1. Data cleaning
2. Munging
3. Processing
4. Visualization

Examples –

• Bank transactions
• Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles
• E-commerce and in Big-Basket
• Health and fitness data generated by IoT system such as a fitnesbands.

4. Communications Protocols :
They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity and
linking to applications. Communication protocols allow devices to exchange
data over the network. Multiple protocols often describe different aspects of a
single communication. A group of protocols designed to work together is
known as a protocol suite; when implemented in software they are a protocol
stack.
They are used in

1. Data encoding
2. Addressing schemes

5. Embedded Systems :
It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special tasks.
It includes microcontroller and microprocessor memory, networking units
(Ethernet Wi-Fi adapters), input output units (display keyword etc. ) and
storage devices (flash memory).
It collects the data and sends it to the internet.
Embedded systems used in
Examples –

1. Digital camera
2. DVD player, music player
3. Industrial robots
4. Wireless Routers etc.
Business Drivers:-
The Internet of Things (IoT) is driven by several key business factors:

1. **Operational Efficiency**: IoT enables businesses to streamline

operations by automating processes, reducing downtime, and
optimizing resource utilization through real-time monitoring and
control of devices and equipment.

2. **Cost Reduction**: By leveraging IoT technologies, organizations

can minimize costs associated with maintenance, energy
consumption, and inventory management by implementing predictive
maintenance, energy efficiency solutions, and inventory tracking
systems.

3. **Improved Customer Experience**: IoT allows businesses to offer

personalized and proactive services to customers by collecting and
analyzing data from connected devices, leading to enhanced
customer satisfaction and loyalty.

4. **New Revenue Streams**: IoT opens up opportunities for

businesses to create new revenue streams by offering value-added
services, developing subscription-based models, or monetizing data
collected from connected devices.

5. **Data-driven Decision Making**: With IoT, businesses can access

vast amounts of real-time data from connected devices, enabling
them to make data-driven decisions, identify trends, and respond
quickly to market changes.
 6. **Competitive Advantage**: Adopting IoT technologies can provide
a competitive edge by enabling businesses to innovate faster, improve
product quality, and deliver differentiated offerings compared to
competitors.

7. **Regulatory Compliance**: IoT solutions can help businesses

comply with industry regulations and standards by providing accurate
data tracking, reporting, and audit trails.

Overall, the integration of IoT into business operations can lead to increased
efficiency, reduced costs, enhanced customer satisfaction, and the creation of
new revenue opportunities, ultimately driving business growth and
competitiveness.

TYPICAL IOT APPLICATIONS:-

Agriculture: The ever-increasing world population drives up the demand for

agricultural products. However, the migration of young people to big cities
destabilizes the human resource required for agricultural development. IoT
and related technologies can be pivotal in automating farming processes and
fulfilling food demand.
Consumer Applications: The Internet of Things makes people’s lives easier by
monitoring and managing their lifestyles. There is a massive market for
intelligent electronics, watches, television systems, health tracking, and virtual
reality. In addition, IoT is leading the market with applications such as home
security and personal asset tracking.

Healthcare: Wearable IoT devices provide a range of benefits to patients and

healthcare providers alike. By extension, IoT enables healthcare professionals
to monitor patients remotely. The devices can automatically collect patients’
health vitals like blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, and more.
Insurance: IoT is altering traditional business models like insurance. It
simplifies and accelerates the claim and underwriting process. Besides
reducing costs, digital networking via IoT generates additional revenues.
Cross-selling and more significant customer interaction become a strategic
component for insurers.
Manufacturing: The Internet of Things creates a more technically-driven
environment for manufacturing industries. It can automatically track
development cycles, facilitate the production flow, and manage inventories.
Retail: IoT devices can collect vital data on a product’s shopping lifecycle.
Once this data is processed and analyzed, retail managers can make valuable
decisions to improve retail operations and the customer experience.
Transportation: IoT applications integrate personal and commercial vehicles
by improving communication and information distribution. Besides
connecting consumers and goods, it offers benefits such as route
optimization, automobile tracking, weather monitoring, distance coverage, and
more.
Utilities/Energy: A grid can have IoT capabilities with intelligent meters,
receivers, sensors, and energy boxes communicating. IoT applications in
utilities generate revenue, improve efficiency, and conserve resources. Utility
providers can keep up with the rising demand by optimizing energy and
distribution with the help of IoT.
Traffic Monitoring: Intelligent traffic monitoring helps improve decision-
making and achieve urban growth. An IoT-based system collects, processes,
and analyzes real-time traffic data to provide updates on traffic incidents and
congestion. In addition, early warning messages save commute time during
peak hours.
Hospitality: Many hotels allow guests to control air conditioning, heating, or
ventilation from a central location. Television control and greeting devices are
also common. Moreover, Internet of Things devices alert the staff about
various appliances’ operating status. As a result, technicians can fix critical
appliances even before any major functionality loss occurs.
Water Supply: Water scarcity is a reality. IoT applications have a potential
solution to monitor, control, and regulate the quality and usage of water.
Besides, it also maintains associated equipment such as pumps, pipes, etc.
Smart water technology connects water systems with people.

Fleet Management: IoT enables predictive fleet maintenance by boosting

visibility, efficiency, and manageability. It helps to monitor cargo better and
improves driver operation. In addition, IoT devices can predict maintenance
and help replace parts before the issue gets too expensive.

Smart Pollution Control: IoT devices and attached sensors are stationed at
key city locations. They monitor pollution levels and periodically upload data
to the IoT cloud. The system then processes the information to trigger public
actions such as diversions or road closures.

Smart Cities: A smart city has better public utilities, infrastructure, services,
and more. Smart meters allow utility companies to regulate energy flow
efficiently, while connected vehicles make public transit tremendously
efficient. In addition, smart grids are coming up to conserve resources and
lower peak hour stress.

TRENDS OF IOT:-
Several trends are shaping the evolution of IoT:

1. **Edge Computing**: With the proliferation of IoT devices generating vast amounts of data, edge
computing is becoming increasingly important. By processing data closer to the source (at the edge of
the network), edge computing reduces latency, conserves bandwidth, and enhances privacy and security.

2. **5G Connectivity**: The rollout of 5G networks is poised to accelerate the adoption of IoT by providing
higher bandwidth, lower latency, and increased reliability. 5G enables real-time communication between
IoT devices and facilitates the deployment of mission-critical applications such as autonomous vehicles
and industrial automation.

3. **AI and Machine Learning Integration**: AI and machine learning technologies are being integrated
into IoT systems to analyze vast volumes of data generated by connected devices, extract actionable
insights, and enable autonomous decision-making. This integration enhances the intelligence and
functionality of IoT solutions, leading to more efficient operations and better user experiences.

4. **IoT Security Enhancements**: With the increasing number of connected devices, ensuring the
security of IoT systems is paramount. IoT security solutions are evolving to address vulnerabilities such
as unauthorized access, data breaches, and device tampering. Techniques like encryption, authentication,
and blockchain are being employed to safeguard IoT deployments.

5. **Interoperability and Standards**: As IoT ecosystems expand, interoperability and standardization

become essential for seamless integration and communication between different devices and platforms.
Industry consortia and standards organizations are working to develop common protocols, frameworks,
and interoperability standards to enable plug-and-play compatibility and promote IoT interoperability.

6. **Industry-specific Solutions**: IoT is increasingly tailored to specific industries and use cases, leading
to the development of industry-specific IoT platforms, applications, and solutions. These solutions
address the unique requirements and challenges of sectors such as healthcare, manufacturing,
agriculture, smart cities, and transportation, driving innovation and efficiency in these domains.

7. **Sustainability and Green IoT**: As environmental concerns mount, there is a growing focus on
leveraging IoT to create sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions. Green IoT initiatives aim to
optimize resource utilization, reduce energy consumption, minimize waste, and mitigate environmental
impact across various sectors, contributing to a more sustainable future.

These trends underscore the continued evolution and maturation of IoT technology, shaping its trajectory
and impact across industries and society.

9 Trends of IoT in 2023:-

 IOT TREND 1: GROWTH IN DATA AND DEVICES WITH MORE HUMAN-
DEVICE INTERACTION

By the end of 2019 there were around 3.6 billion devices that are actively connected to the
Internet and used for daily tasks. With the introduction of 5G that will open the door for more
devices, and data traffic.

You can add to this trend the increase adoption of edge computing which will make it easier for
business to process data faster and close to the points of action
 IOT TREND 2: AI A BIG PLAYER IN IOT (AGAIN)

Making the most of data, and even understanding on a basic level how modern infrastructure
functions, requires computer assistance through artificial intelligence.

The major cloud vendors, including Amazon, Microsoft, and Google, are increasingly looking
to compete based on their AI capabilities.

Various startups hope to increase their market share thorough AI algorithms able to leverage
machine learning and deep learning, allowing businesses to extract more value out of their ever-
growing volumes of data.

Artificial intelligence is the fundamental ingredient needed to make sense of the vast
amount of data collected these days, and increase its value for business. AI will help IoT data
analysis in the following areas:

• data preparation,
• data discovery,
• visualization of streaming data,
• time series accuracy of data,
• predictive and advanced analytics,
• real-time geospatial and location (logistical data)

IOT TREND 3: (VUI) VOICE USER INTERFACE WILL BE A REALITY

It’s a battle among industry leaders who would like to dominate the market of IoT at an early
stage.

Digital assistant devices, including Alexa, Siri and Google Assistant, are the future hubs for the
next phase of smart devices, and companies are trying to establish “their hubs” with consumers,
to make it easier for them to keep adding devices with less struggle and no frustrations.
 The use of voice in setting up the
devices, change that set ups, giving commands and receiving results will be the norm

Voice represents 80% of our daily communications, taking a chapter from Sci Fi movies, talking
to robots is the common way of communications, R2D2, C-3PO, and Jarvis to name few.

The use of voice in setting up the devices, change that set ups, giving commands and receiving
results will be the norm not only in smart houses, factories but in between like cars, wearables
for example.

IOT TREND 4: MORE INVESTMENTS IN IOT

IoT’s indisputable impact has and will continue to lure more startup venture capitalists towards
highly innovative projects in hardware, software and services. Spending on IoT will hit 1.4
trillion dollars by 2023.

IoT is one of the few markets that have the interest of the emerging as well as the
traditional venture capitalists.

The spread of smart devices and the increased dependency of customers to do many of their daily
tasks using them, will add to the excitement of investing in IoT startups.

Customers will be waiting for the next big innovation in IoT—such as

 • Smart mirrors that will analysis your face and call your doctor if you look sick,
• Smart ATM machine that will incorporate smart security cameras,
• Smart forks that will tell you how to eat and what to eat,
• Smart beds that will turn off the lights when everyone is sleeping

IOT TREND 5: FINALLY, A REAL EXPANSION OF SMART IOT

IoT is all about connectivity and processing, nothing will be a better example than smart cities,
but smart cities have been in a bit of a holding pattern recently.

Smart sensors around the neighborhood will record everything from walking routes, shared car
use, building occupancy, sewage flow, and temperature choice 24/7 with the goal of creating a
place that’s comfortable, convenient, safe, and clean for those who live there.

Once the model is perfected, it could be the model for other smart neighborhoods and eventually
smart cities. The potential benefits for cities, however, make IoT technology especially
compelling.

Cities of all sizes are exploring how IoT can lead to better efficiency and safety, and this
infrastructure is increasingly being rolled around the world.

IoT is all about

connectivity and processing, nothing will be a better example than smart cities
Another area of spreading smart IoT is the auto industry with self-driving cars becoming a
normal occurrence in the next few years. Today tons of vehicles have a connected app that shows
up to date diagnostic information about the car.

This is done with IoT technology, which is the heart of the connected vehicle. Diagnostic
information is not the only IoT advancement that we will see in the next year or so. Connected
apps, voice search, and current traffic information are a few other things that will change the way
we drive.

IOT TREND 6: THE RISE OF INDUSTRIAL IOT & DIGITAL TWIN

TECHNOLOGY

An amalgamation of technologies is pushing this new techno-industrial revolution, and IoT plays
a big part in making manufacturing more efficient, less risky, and more profitable.

Industrial IoT brings enhanced efficiency and productivity through data integration and
analysis in a way that isn’t possible without an interconnected manufacturing process

Another notion that is gaining popularity is “digital twin” technology. Through its use,
organizations can create a clear picture of how their IoT devices are interacting with the
manufacturing process.
 Industrial IoT brings
enhanced efficiency and productivity through data integration and analysis in a way that
isn’t possible without an interconnected manufacturing process.

This gives keen businesses insight into how the life cycle of their machines operates, and allows
them to predict changes that may be needed ahead of time.

According to a Gartner survey, 48% of smart manufacturing adopters have made plans to make
use of the digital twin concept

IOT TREND 7: MORE MOVEMENT TO THE EDGE

Edge computing is a technology that distributes the load of processing and moves it closer to
the edge of the network (sensors in case of IoT).

The benefits of using fog computing are very attractive to IoT solution providers.

Some of these benefits allow

• Users minimize latency,

• Conserve network bandwidth,
• Operate reliably with quick decisions,
• Collect secure a wide range of data,
Move data to the best place for processing with better analysis and insights of local data.

Edge computing has been on the rise in recent years, but the growing scope of IoT technology
will make this move even more pronounced. Two factors are leading this change:

• Powerful edge devices in various form factors are becoming more affordable
• Centralized infrastructure is becoming more stressed.

Edge computing also makes on-device AI a realistic proposition, as it allows companies to

leverage real time data sets instead of having to sift through terabytes of data in a centralized
cloud in real time. Over the coming years and even decades, it’s likely that tech will shift to a
balance between the cloud and more distributed, edge-powered devices.

Hardware manufacturers are building specific infrastructure for the edge deigned to be more
physically rugged and secure, and security vendors will start to offer endpoint security solutions
to their existing services to prevent data loss, give insights into network health and threat
protection, include privileged user control and application whitelisting and control, that will help
in the fast adoption and spread of edge computing implementations by businesses

IOT TREND 8: MORE SOCIAL, LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES

IoT devices are a largely unregulated new technology. IoT will inevitably find itself facing
social and legal questions in the near future. This is particularly relevant for data collected
by these devices, which may soon find itself falling under the umbrella of the General Data
 Protection Regulation (GDPR). This regulation regarding the handling of personal data and
privacy in the European Union, the GDPR extends its reach beyond the European region.

The maoor technology

companies are using millions of people data.

Security issues are essential when it comes to legal regulation of personal data. Development
teams can ensure the required level of security and compliance on various levels, including data
encryption, active consent, various means of verification and other mechanisms. Their goal is to
collect data legitimately and keep its accessibility, processing, and storage to a minimum that is
dictated by the software product

IOT TREND 9: STANDARDIZATION STILL A PROBLEM

Standardization is one of the biggest challenges facing growth of IoT—it’s a battle among
industry leaders who would like to dominate the market of IoT at an early stage. But what we
have now is a case of fragmentation. One possible solution is to have a limited number of vendors
dominating the market, allowing customers to select one and stick to it for any additional
connected devices, similar to the case of operating systems we have now have with Windows,
Mac and Linux for example, where there are no cross-platform standards.

To understand the difficulty of standardization, we need to deal with all three categories in the
standardization process:
 • Platform,
• Connectivity,
• Applications.

In the case of platform, we deal with UX/UI and analytic tools, while connectivity deals with
customer’s contact points with devices, and last, applications are the home of the applications
which control, collect and analyze data.

All three categories are inter-related and we need them all, missing one will break that model
and stall the standardization process. There is no way to solve the problem of fragmentation
without a strong push by organizations like IEEE or government regulations to have common
standards for IoT devices.

IMPLICATIONS OF IOT:-

The implications of IoT are vast and profound, spanning various aspects of business, society, and technology:

1. **Increased Efficiency**: IoT enables automation and optimization of processes, leading to improved

efficiency in various domains such as manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, and energy

management. By connecting devices and systems, IoT facilitates real-time monitoring, data analysis,

and decision-making, streamlining operations and resource utilization.

2. **Enhanced Convenience**: IoT brings convenience and comfort to everyday life through smart home

devices, wearable technology, and connected appliances. Users can remotely control and monitor

their environment, access information, and automate tasks, leading to a more convenient and

personalized experience.
3. **Improved Safety and Security**: IoT enables better monitoring and management of safety and security risks in

industries such as healthcare, transportation, and infrastructure. Connected sensors, surveillance systems, and predictive

analytics help identify and mitigate potential hazards, prevent accidents, and enhance overall safety.

4. **Data Privacy and Security Challenges**: The proliferation of connected devices generates vast amounts of sensitive

data, raising concerns about privacy and security. IoT devices are vulnerable to cyberattacks, data breaches, and privacy

violations, highlighting the need for robust security measures, encryption protocols, and data governance frameworks to

protect user information and prevent unauthorized access.

5. **Economic Opportunities**: IoT presents new economic opportunities for businesses, entrepreneurs, and industries.

By leveraging IoT technologies, organizations can create innovative products and services, develop new business models,

and tap into new markets, driving economic growth and competitiveness.

6. **Digital Divide**: The widespread adoption of IoT may exacerbate existing inequalities and create a digital divide, as

access to connected devices and high-speed internet may be limited in certain regions or demographics. Bridging this

divide requires investments in infrastructure, digital literacy, and inclusive policies to ensure equitable access to IoT

technologies and their benefits.

7. **Ethical and Societal Implications**: IoT raises ethical and societal questions regarding data ownership, consent, and

surveillance. The collection, use, and sharing of personal data by IoT devices raise concerns about individual privacy,

autonomy, and discrimination. Addressing these implications requires ethical frameworks, regulatory oversight, and

public dialogue to ensure responsible and ethical use of IoT technologies.

8. **Environmental Impact**: The proliferation of IoT devices and infrastructure has environmental implications,

including increased energy consumption, electronic waste, and carbon footprint. Green IoT initiatives aim to mitigate

these impacts by promoting energy-efficient designs, sustainable practices, and circular economy principles to minimize

environmental harm and promote sustainability.

Overall, while IoT offers tremendous potential to transform industries, enhance quality of life, and drive innovation,

its implications also pose challenges and require careful consideration to ensure responsible deployment and

maximize societal benefit.