CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Internet is the latest and the most powerful innovation of mankind. In present era of internet, we

used computer technology to solve our many problems (Greengard, 2021). Today in every field we

use computer technology from education, business, social networking to order a dinner or health

check-up (Lyytinen and Rose, 2003). Nobody knows from when human is start using medicine for

cure themselves from illness. Many years ago when uncivilized human are lives in cave, deep

forest they used various tree, plants leaves as medicine (Faleyimu et al., 2021). They give their

knowledge to the next generation. There is no medical centers or medical expert systems are

available at that time. The anytime anywhere availability of Internet has made a great impact

specially in-terms of reaching customers and making themselves aware of one's products base and

services (Özyurt et al., 2020). Going back 15 or more years, when hardly anyone had access to the

internet; you would have had to go out to find a doctor for solving your health problems. But now,

that the internet is available to many people, so people can visit a virtual doctor clinic (Hameed et

al., 2020).

(Murugesan et al., 2022) stated that, in today's modern society we have medical centers, thousands

of medicine for thousands of diseases. If we feel sick, we go to the doctor’s clinic and doctor

diagnosis us, then prescribed some medicine and after taking medicine will fine within few days.

But if you went out from your city or you go someplace, where you get sick and you don't have

any doctor nearby. What you do then? In Africa there is only 1 doctor among 5000 people.

Presently, Nigeria has slightly more than 5,000 doctors (Ahmad, 2023). Health is very important

for everyone. Unfortunately, almost everyone now a days are suffering from at least one type of

illness, like bronchitis, pneumonia, hepatitis, back pain to name a few of them. Since there are so

1
many patients everywhere, more medical experts are needed. For example, from the latest

statistics, the ratio for a doctor and a patient is 1:600 (Idowu and Okedere, 2020). There are many

places where people are dying because of some common diseases. Just some common medicine

can help them. Health is generally said to be wealth. To acquire this wealth either for personal or

national needs, one requires to be healthy hence the need for adequate Medicare especially in the

area of diagnosis. Since there a good relationship between the job output and the health of the

workers, a good Medicare is vital and important. Unfortunately, in most developing nation

including Nigeria, adequate Medicare/facility is lacking due to low standard of technological no

how, and manual handling of most medical problem (Balogun, 2022). As observed in Nigeria

today people who are critically ill are rushed abroad for medical attention and treatment because it

is felt that medical facility at home based hospital is inadequate. This is simply because computer

aided system has become a reality in many other developed countries. It is also a known fact that

production of qualify doctors, medical laboratory scientist/facilities and other personnel is on the

increase but this is not enough to meet the health needs of the increasing population (Etim et al.,

2022). The return of patients to a doctor, samples to laboratory scientist is still high. This situation

creates problem. Because proper and adequate medical attention to patients is far fetch. Today, it is

believed that application of computer technology in medical sector would make analysis or

diagnosis of patient to be faster and easy than the normal manual method of lab test. To the

researcher, this is a theory until proven otherwise by computerized laboratory test analysis for

diseases. It is beloved that the benefit and importance of using computer outright that of the

manual. This is also proven beyond all doubt by the researcher through implementation of the new

system (Enibe et al., 2021).

The government is finding it difficult to have enough medical experts to get a good ratio among

medical experts and patients. Furthermore, the doctors have to consider lots of issues before they

2
could subscribe an accurate treatment for a patient In addition, computer technology also has gone

through very drastic changes and the changes have also influenced many fields and revolutionized

the way they function (Mensah, 2020). One of the major fields which have been revolutionized by

computer technology is medicine and healthcare field. It has brought many changes to this field

ranging from the organization of patient’s data to the management of operating theatres (Singh et

al., 2021). Medical expert system has also created with many application systems to complement

the duties of a doctor. Medical expert systems have been applied in a wide range of industrial and

commercial problems including diagnosis, planning, scheduling, decision support and process

monitoring and control (Dwivedi et al., 2022). These systems capture and deliver knowledge that

is not easily represented using traditional computing approaches. Therefore, the main advantage of

expert system is that it can be used to gain access to expertise knowledge immediately, around the

clock, anywhere in the world and by lots of people at the same time (Khan and Alotaibi, 2020).

However, traditional expert systems in medicine and healthcare often utilize a static set of

questionnaire that does not intelligently ask pertinent questions. Moreover, many traditional expert

systems often utilize only one inference strategy. We argue that these limitations do not make

expert system effective and efficient in addressing the issues of health monitoring and diagnosis in

healthcare.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

It has been observed that to receive medical treatment in most of the hospitals or private laboratory

the patient must observe a queue for several hours from one unit of the hospital to the other.

Starting from obtaining a new hospital folder or receiving the old one before consulting a doctor to

the laboratory test then to the pharmacy to get prescribe drugs and so on, with the manual process

involve in handling the patients most of them waste the whole day in the hospital to see the doctor.

This situation discourages the patient and also dull the medical process of treatment, sometimes

3
forces them to turn over to none professionals or even result to self-medication for quick recovery.

As solution to this problem, this project aimed to develop an e-diagnosis system where patient can

get prescription of drugs to their illness and all information about the dosage based on the

symptoms.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVS OF THE STUDY

The aim of this project is to develop an e-Diagnosis System for Malaria, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia

and Fever.

THE SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ARE:

i. To develop an e-Diagnosis system for Malaria, Tuberculosis, Fever, Pneumonia and other

forms of diseases.

ii. To ensure patients records are kept on a distributed database which can be accessible by all

doctors at any point when the need arise.

iii. To improve on the already existing system by designing a computer coded medical

diagnosis aimed at an accurate, faster and reliable diagnosis therapy and prescription.

iv. To evaluate our new system against an existing medical diagnosis system.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this study is not to replace medical doctors, medical laboratory scientist, but to

assist them in accelerating in their diagnostic obligation; which will go a long way to eliminate the

trial and error method of treatment which the doctors do perform while waiting for a patient’s lab

test to be out, which could be detrimental to patients. This work will also help the lab scientist and

doctors to overcome mental stress and constancy of being over worked. Furthermore, this research

will go as far as educating the lab scientist/doctors on the need to accumulate salient aspect of the

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medical no-how of even the most experienced specialist, in the computer. So as to eliminate the

vacuum that would be created when specialist dies or is incapacitated by age.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Due to the fact that it is difficult to develop a computer based system for diagnosing all diseases at

a time; financing and time constraint, this research is limited to medical diagnosis of Malaria,

Fever, Pneumonia, and Tuberculosis infection analysis. This study will also improve methods of

analysis especially the patient history and tips on health issues, if the patient feels not go directly to

the medical lab scientist.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Laboratory: is a room or building that is fully equipped for scientific experiments, research or

teaching or for the manufacture of drugs and chemical.

Infection: the process of infecting or state of being infected by transmitted diseases.

Diagnosis: the identification of the nature of an illness or often other problem by examination of

the symptoms.

Disease: is a particular abnormal condition, a disorder of a structure or function that affects part or

all of an organism.

Hygiene is any practice or activity that you do to keep things healthy and clean.

Medicine: is any substance (other than food that provides nutritional support) that, when inhaled,

injected, smoked, consumed, absorbed via a patch on the skin, or dissolved under the tongue

causes a physiological change in the body.

Health care: is the maintenance or improvement of health via the diagnosis, treatment, and

prevention of disease, illness, injury, and other physical.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

According to (Omoregbe et al., 2020), internet plays an important role by allowing physicians,

patients and other healthcare providers to access information’s easily and faster especially about

cancer disease. Even in earlier times, recording the information’s through paper is well accepted

by the doctors and patients. It is because most people have single family doctor to consult with and

the doctors will remember the patients’ medical history. The traditional way of keeping the

information on papers leads to the current version of electronic record.

(Manickam et al., 2022), also added that proper patients’ information is required because current

medical practice is more difficult and complicated involving many healthcare providers, greater

mobility of citizens, complex medical examinations and others. (Shehab et al., 2022), also specify

that physicians can obtain needed information about patients and make wise decisions through

Internet. Medical decision support systems were designed and evaluated in several medical

applications. In addition, Knowledge-based systems (KBS) and Intelligent Computing Systems

have been widely used in the medical planning, diagnosis and treatment. The KBS consists of rule-

based reasoning (RBR), case- based reasoning (CBR) and model-based reasoning whereas

intelligent computing method (ICM) includes genetic algorithm (GA), artificial neural network

(ANN), fuzzy logic (FL) and others (Lee and Yoon, 2021). Rule based reasoning have been

developed and employed by many researchers in the treatment and diagnosis of various diseases.

Most of the rule-based model and knowledge-based system have utilized reason based system for

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knowledge representation. Whereas, case based reasoning used in learning and problem-solving

system to solve new problems by recalling and reusing specific knowledge obtained from past

experience. Case based reasoning is self-updatability and can handle unexpected cases not

recorded in the system or missing input vales (Khan et al., 2020).

Hence, information and communication technology have a major role to play in the overall

development of innovative formal and informal regulatory mechanisms that will impact on the

management of health knowledge (Khan et al., 2020). In most of the countries, health system is

complex, highly marketed and lightly regulated by government or professional bodies, the quality

and cost of services may be highly dependent on the rules and associated sanctions that can be

applied to providers by those whom they claim to serve. In such situation, individual cannot use a

particular provider or accept a recommended course of treatment (Zhang and Lu, 2021).

In the meantime, some confusion also detected in the literature over whether tier three or tier two

post is most preferred. On the other hand, the literature also unable to conclusively decide over

whether utilization of Physician Order Entry System (POES) would give better results as compared

to traditional system (Loh et al., 2022). As such there is a need to explore these issues, so that more

valuable arguments could be added into the literature.

2.2 REVIEW OF PAST RELATED STUDY

The given Fig. 2.0 explains the concept of Adoptive e-Diagnosis System (ADMS). A diagnosis

system usually starts with the patient complaints and the doctor learn more about the patient

situation interactively throughout an interview (Luetke Lanfer et al., 2024). In this system, patient

comes to doctor with his disease. Now, doctor is interviewing the patients regarding their diseases

and tries to find possible disease. When doctor find the possible disease then write the prescription

for that disease and give to the patient for treatment.

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 Fig 2.0: Adoptive Medical Diagnosis System

U-Health system is inserted in the human body or wear a variety of possible biosensor signals

through the human signal for a variety of real-time or periodic checks will be implemented

automatically or manually. The human signal will be passed that to the system server that by using

the Internet or wireless communication, regardless of time and space, through real-time

communication network system. All data is passed to the results of an expert system to

automatically real-time analysis of the materials inside to clean up problems that require a doctor's

diagnosis in the final will be reported to a doctor (Luetke Lanfer et al., 2024).

U-Health system is configured that to the new life you need to accurately monitor the development

of a bio-sensor technology, measured bio-signals accurately in real time can be passed to medical

institutions of networking technology, many of data to store, analyze the data processing and

standardized systems and medical services provided to patients is composed of specialized medical

8
services by using these materials. In this time the world's population being of the aging population

to treat diseases of the human aspects of the disease than to minimize the possibility of extending

life and health care for the senior population is an important element of health (Jin et al., 2020).

Fig.2.1. System composition

2.3 EXPERT SYSTEM

Expert systems divide into two classes that topic field of Expert knowledge (computer program

means the information necessary to act intelligently) knowledge base to store and the solution

topic to save on general knowledge, reasoning engine (Gupta and Nagpal, 2020). Expert system

structure compose knowledge base module, inference engine module and user interface module

(Vitkus, 2022).

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 Fig.2.2. Expert system block diagram

2.4 REVIEW OF ONLINE MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS SYSTEM

In this paper, the new system has been developed which is known as e-Diagnosis System. This

system has the features for users to do diagnostics for the health problem and also the system will

provide some health monitoring and tips for the user to follow (Vitkus, 2022). Meanwhile the

doctors also can use this system to do further diagnostics and patient’s database references.

Moreover, this system provides patient’s health information for hospital administration. The main

objective of Web Based e-Diagnosis System is to provide convenience to doctors, hospital

administration and patients, increase accuracy of the patient’s illness by hospital doctors for their

patient (Sarker, 2022). This system will concentrate on the management of three main parts such as

Patients Registration and Administration, Diagnosing and Treatment, Health Monitor and Tips. In

the first part there will be two users that is the person registering in as patient and another one is

the hospital staff. In the second part there will be two users also where here the doctors and the

patient play the role. While in the past three there will be the patients only (Sarazin et al., 2021).

Each patient will have a username and a password. So whenever the patient enters their username,

the system will get their information from the patient’s database and give appropriate diagnosing

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and health tips according to their medical records (Legast and Legay, 2021). Each patient will have

their own different database including the doctor. The doctor can access to the patient’s database to

go through the patient’s updated health record. At the same time, the database can be used by

doctors to diagnose the patient’s illness when the patient meets face to face (Meski et al., 2021).

The main weaknesses of the current system are in terms of time wasted by the patient. According

to the current system, the patients spend almost a day at the hospital. There will be more hassle

when it comes to referring a patient to a different doctor. Other than that, variable also being an

important aspect. When a doctor is diagnosing an illness of a patient, they might tend to forget

certain criteria like symptoms that should be considered before deciding the right treatment for a

patient. This may cause a major problem to the patient. And this might lead to a situation where

the patient would sue the doctor for being careless in prescribing the right treatment. It could cause

the doctor to pay a large sum of money (Sindhura et al., 2021). And, lastly, manual file keeping is

also being a major barrier of the current system. There are still hospitals and clinics that use

manual system including the file keeping. Since the files are kept using the clip files or the paper

files and are placed on the shelves, it is a problem for someone who wants to do the inserting,

deleting and retrieving data. The files which are kept for a long time might be very tedious to read

because the content might become blur or being destroyed by insects. The files might get lost too.

This cause problem for keeping old data’s. The researcher has developed the new idea of Web

Based Online Medical Diagnosis System after considering current and similar system. The similar

system includes by calculating the cancer risk (Eryılmaz and Adabashi, 2020). It is a Cancer

Research Society’s risk factor questionnaire. The web site asking questions like living habits, like

smoking and consuming liquor. Anyone is welcome to complete a checklist of the most important

lifestyle factors for which can do something about in terms of reducing risk of cancer. Hence,

Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool also one of the important tool under similar system. It is an

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estimation based web site to calculate the risks of the breast cancer. Just like the other web site, it

using combinations of survey, questionnaire and information collecting methods to bring out the

results and quotations .

2.4.1 ONLINE MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS SYSTEM AS EXPERT SYSTEM

It is moral responsibility of a country to provide the good medical services to their country people

because healthy people make healthy country. Medical science field is an enormous field that

includes a large number of expertise, knowledge and information. In this paper, a model of

Medical Diagnosis System (MDS) using Expert System (ES) is proposed and described. This

model is a combination of MDS and ES. This model can be used to provide the prescription for

general health diseases like Malaria, Typhoid, Plague, and Typhus also it works as a human expert.

To get the good medical treatment is a right of every country citizen. Due to the insufficient

availability experts in a medical domain it is a big challenge for the country to provide good

medical services to their country people. The major advantage of Medical Diagnosis System using

Expert System is that it gives the prescription as the doctor ordered to the patient. Also this system

can be used anytime and anywhere. Also the proposed system can work as a human expert. When

hospitals are facing the problem of general expert this system can work as a human expert.

Expert systems technology has been widely adopted by many software development companies

and industry. Expert System is a kind of software that runs in computer memory and works the

same kind of interaction as a specialist work and gives prescription to the patient as a specialist.

Also you can say it is a kind of program that asks you about your symptoms disease and provide

possible prescription matching of the symptoms like human expert. Expert system is a part of

Artificial Intelligence. The main purpose of expert systems is to provide expert advice if the person

seeks advice from system. Also it is a computer program that can reproduce thinker activities.

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 Fig 2.3: Component of Expert System

The structure of knowledge or facts is called the domain of ES. There are three major components

of Expert System which are Knowledge base (KB), Inference Engine (IE) and User Interface (UI).

Knowledge base holds the domain knowledge which is employed by the inference engine to draw

conclusions. The inference engine is responsible to assume and get the solutions from relationships

of knowledge base and facts that provide by the user. It also decides which rules should be

implemented in a given situation, and in which order it will use information in the knowledge base.

Medical science field is a very active and challenging field to implement the above techniques. For

the medical diagnosis and prescription, doctors ask the question to the patient and try to find out

the possible disease on the basis of interview. Doctors then write the prescription for the patient.

Similarly, in medical treatment we use Expert System for retrieving the patient history from the

database and current symptoms for the patient data and prescribe treatment as a human expert.

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2.5 KNOWLEDGE ACQUISTION PROCESS

The knowledge base can be used as the mind of the Expert System as all the necessary facts for

constructing the rules are contained in the knowledge base. This knowledge is used as a source

rules for the Expert System. The most important source for knowledge acquisition for the Adoptive

Medical Diagnosis System using Expert System was consultation with general physician doctors,

Internet medical website, medical books and research papers. The knowledge based consisted of

acquiring the symptoms of the diseases and possible treatments of the diseases.

The knowledge is represented in the form of rules.

The basic form of the rule is Rule: <name> IF condition 1, condition 2, condition 3……condition

n THEN act 1, act 2, act 3 ….... act m. The interface engine seeks to drive new information about a

given situation using a knowledge based expert system. There is also a choice for modifying and

updating the expert system with new knowledge and new rules. When the new rules are written

and implemented the rules give solutions as a changed rule by human expert. The incremental

database has all the data regarding patient disease.

2.6 REVIEW OF THE CASE STUDY DISEASES

Now consider the following sample table for diagnosis the diseases and giving the prescription to

the patient through Medical Diagnosis System. In Table 2.0, we have two columns one is symptom

no and the other one is symptoms name. For example, if any patient has symptom no 3 that means

he/she has stomach ache and similarly others. Table 2.1 is a General Diseases table and this table is

also divided in two columns. The first column is a Disease Name and the other column shows the

Symptoms No.

SYMPTOMS NO SYMPTOMS NAME

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1 Shivering, fever, repeated attacks lead to

enlargement of spleen

2 Vomiting, Frequent loose stools followed by

fever and unconsciousness.

3 Stomach ache

4 General weakness, regular fever (generally in

the evening and not very high), coughing,

bloodstained sputum

5 Inflammation of throat where a grey

membrane (a false membrane on mucous

surface) is formed. Pain and swelling of throat,

with fever

6 Temperature, abdominal tenderness,

7 Slow pulse,

8 Rose colored rash

9 High fever, skin eruptions, and severe

headache

10 Redness, swelling, pus discharge through

urethra, painful urination

11 A hard painless sore on the genitalia, skin

eruption.

Table 2.0: General Disease Symptoms

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 DISEASES NAME SYMPTOMS NO

Malaria 1

Cholera 2,3

Tuberculosis 4

Diphtheria 5

Typhoid 6,7,8

Typhus 9

Gonorrhea 10

Syphilis 11

Table 2.1: General Diseases

2.7 PROPOSED MODEL OF MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS SYSTEM

In our proposed system, “Medical Diagnosis System using Expert System” we have three levels of

the system. System level 1 is an Adoptive Medical Diagnosis System; system level 2 is a Medical

Expert System and system level 3 is an update Medical Diagnosis System using Expert System.

System level 1 describes general scenario thing about the patient how he can get the prescription

from the doctor. Generally, in this level, patients come to the hospitals with their diseases and

MDS system user interviews the patients regarding their diseases and searches the prescription in

database. If prescription was found in the database, then the user gives the prescription to the

patient. If prescription is not found in the database, then the user goes to the incremental database

into the second level of the system which is the expert system. The important parts of this system

are Interface, Knowledge base Rules, facts, incremental KB and Expert prescription, Patient. The

inference engine is the program separation of an Expert System. It shows a problem solving model

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which uses the rules in the knowledge base and the situation-specific knowledge in the WM to

resolve a problem.

Fig 2.2: Medical Diagnosis System Using Expert System

In this level the user offered incremental database and system see the questions that are prepared

according to the patient’s diseases. After given the feedback by the patient expert system searches

the possible disease description for the patients. System has a knowledge base rule and matches

then patient disease with knowledge rule rules and recommends the possible prescription for

patient disease. Good prescription gives to the patient and if the prescription is not good then

system goes the third level and the rule will be updated by the human expert.

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 CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 SYSTEM ANALYSIS

The System Analysis stage of the project involves the collection and analyzing of facts in respect

of existing operations, procedures and systems, in order to obtain a full appreciation of the

situation prevailing so that an effective computerized system may be designed and implemented if

proved feasible, with a view to improving the efficiency of the existing system. For the

development of the new system, a preliminary survey of the existing system is conducted.

Investigation is done as to whether or not the upgrading of the system with the aid of a

computerized application can solve the problems and eradicate the inefficiency of the existing

system. In the system analysis, the prevailing state of the problem is carefully examined by

breaking it into sub problems; problematic areas are identified and information is collected.

3.2 FACTS FINDING METHODS

An interview was conducted with medical personnel (consultants) of both Havana Specialist

Hospital and Eko Hospital respectively to elicit all necessary information, required in developing

this Medical Diagnosis System, as regards symptoms, prescription, treatment and diagnosis of

these common diseases. Furthermore, the internet provides information that were also useful

during this research work.

3.3 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING SYSTEM

The existing system and its information flow has been carefully studied and its weaknesses has also

been highlighted. Understanding these problems help in improving the delivery of quality health

care services to patients. Below is the schematic diagram of the flow of information.

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 Fig 3.0: Schematic diagram of information flow in the existing system

3.4 DEMERITS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

The problems of the existing system include:

i. Improper or poor storage facilities

ii. Prone to human errors
iii. Lack of accessibility
iv. Unavailability of the human expert during emergency
v. Service delivery is affected due to death or absence of human experts

3.5 REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGNING THE NEW SYSTEM DESIGN

METHODOLOGY

The design methodology that will be used in designing the new system is the “bottom up”

approach. The bottom up design is a modular technique which breaks the entire system into

19
modules so that they can be tackled easily. This makes documentation and testing simpler since

each sub system involves definition of input and output data.

3.5.1 FLOWCHART

The design of the new system also involves the definition of system flowchart and program

security that would prevent the improper or fraudulent use of data. Basically, a flowchart is the

documentation in a pictorial form of the data processing algorithm that has to be coded using a

computer programming language. One of the tools of system design is the system flowchart; it

shows how the entire system links its operations together.

Fig 3.1: Workflow diagram of a Medical Diagnosis System

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3.5.2 USE CASE

Fig 3.2: Use case diagram of a Medical Diagnosis System

3.6 SYSTEM DESIGN

This was divided into Logical, conceptual and physical design

3.6.1 LOGICAL DESIGN

In this case the logical model of the system was developed indicating all the vital steps the system

development went through. In this, the researcher used case tools like flow charts and data flow

diagrams. These models were vital in the development of the system. This stage included the

graphical user interface design, input design in which the user inputs in data, the output design
21
which displays the results of what a user will have entered, and database design where data is

stored for easy management. These designs provided the technical blueprint from which the

system was built. A combination of layout tools such as hand sketches and CASE tools were used

to come up with both input and output designs. Database design was based on the Relational data

model and the database management system employed was MySQL.

3.6.2 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

This was a description of the proposed system in terms of a set of integrated ideas and concepts

about what it should do, behave, and look like, that will be understandable by the users in the

manner intended. The process begun with identifying the entities required by the users and then

identifying all the important relationships that exist between the entities. The result was the model

of the user interface that has been developed.

3.6.3 PHYSICAL DESIGN

This was the physical realization of logical design. Tables, forms and reports were created and

relationships defined among these tables and security constrains set. During the physical design the

researcher translated the expected schemas into actual database structures and at this time, had to

map:

i. Entities to tables
ii. Relationship to foreign key constraints
iii. Attributes to columns primary unique identifiers to primary key constraints
iv. Unique identifiers to unique key constraints

The system has been developed on the following requirements

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3.6.4 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

The following requirements were captured for the intended use of the system.

Patient registration

Allow admin to check record of existing patient and keep records of new patient.

Diagnosis

System should allow patient to check their ailment base on certain symptom/symptoms.

Prescription

System should allow patient to check drugs for ailment.

Send appointment message

Should enable patient to send message to book an appointment with a doctor.

3.6.5 NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

The application was designed to fulfil the following non-functional requirements.

Performance Requirements

Performance of the system is dependent on the bandwidth of the internet and also the hardware

itself.

Security Requirements

The information of the customer/farmer is only available to the administrator.

Software Quality Attributes

The system is very user friendly, interoperable and flexible

3.7 DESIGN COMPONENTS

The following are the design components used for this project:

i. Input design

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 ii. Output design

iii. Database design

3.7.1 INPUT DESIGN

PATIENT REGISTRATION INPUT: This table shows fields and the various data type of

information about new patient to be registered.

FIELDS DATA TYPE

SURNAME VARCHAR(30)

OTHERNAMES VARCHAR(30)

PHONE NO VARCHAR(30)

BLOOD GROUP VARCHAR(30)

GENOTYPE VARCHAR(30)

HOSPITAL USE VARCHAR(30)

OCCUPATION VARCHAR(30)

EMPLOYER VARCHAR(30)

NEXT OF KIN VARCHAR(30)

NEXT OF KIN PHONENO VARCHAR(30)

ADDRESS VARCHAR(30)

NEXT OF KIN ADDRESS VARCHAR(30)

Table 3.1: New Patient information table

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ADMIN LOGIN INPUT: This table shows fields and the various data type of admin password

and usernames.

FIELDS DATA TYPES

ID AUTO INCREMENT

ADMIN EMAIL VARCHAR(30)

PASSWORD VARCHAR(30)

Table 3.2: Admin Login information table

CHECK PATIENT INPUT: This table shows fields and the data type of information needed to

check if a patient record exit.

FIELD DATA TYPE

PATIENT ID VARCHAR(30)

Table 3.3: Check existing patient information table

SYMPTOMS INPUT: This table shows fields and the data type of information needed for

symptoms diagnosis.

FIELD DATA TYPE

SYMPTOMS VARCHAR(30)

Table 3.4: Diagnosis of patient using symptoms information table

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DRUG PRESCRIPTION INPUT: This table shows fields and the data type of information

needed to have information about drug prescription of any illness indicated by a patient.

FIELD DATA TYPE

ENTER THE ILLNESS VARCHAR(30)

Table 3.5: Drug prescription information table

APPOINTMENT INPUT: This table shows fields and the various data type of information where

a patient can book appointment with a doctor.

FIELDS DATA TYPE

NAME VARCHAR(30)

EMAIL VARCHAR(30)

SUBJECT VARCHAR(30)

MESSAGE VARCHAR(30)

Table 3.6: Appointment information table

3.7.2 OUTPUT DESIGN

DIAGNOSIS INFORMATION OUTPUT: Users are to verify the type of illness they have base

on certain symptoms. To verify, patient are requested to select any symptom they have for proper

diagnosis.

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 Fig 3.7: Output information of diagnosis result of a patient

DRUG PRESCRIPTION INFORMATION OUTPUT: Users are to check the drugs for ailment

treatment without the need to see doctor. To verify, user are requested to type there illness after

diagnosis to verify the type of drugs for the ailment.

Fig 3.8: Output information of a drug prescription after diagnosis

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3.7.3 DATABASE DESIGN

PATIENT DATABASE TABLE: This a table where all new register patient information are

kept.

Fig 3.9: New patient database with MYSQL

APPOINTMENT DATABASE TABLE: This is a relation where records of all patient

appointment are kept.

Fig 3.10: Patient appointment relation with MYSQL

3.8 PROGRAM SECURITY

Security of data entrusted to and maintained within a Medical Diagnosis System includes the issue

of privacy.

However, security has additional dimensions and includes consideration of issues such as

protection against unauthorized access and modification of data, physical security of computers,

peripherals, and protection of software from viruses and so on.

28
Hardware: The physical threats to computer hardware include; theft, fire and water destruction.

However, in order to avoid this, the system will be kept in a safe room with a very strong iron door

that can resist fire and water outbreak to a large extent. Also an alarm system will be installed in

case of burglary and theft.

Software: Computer viruses are the one of the most common threats to a computer. Therefore an

up-to-date antivirus software will be installed on all the systems and regular scanning of the

computer system in order to get rid of any potentially dangerous computer viruses, will be done.

Data: There will be backups of important data and records; also UPS (uninterrupted power supply)

will be made available in order to protect against hard disk failure and data loss due to power

failure.

Password: Configuration of account lockout policies that will automatically shut down an account

if too many incorrect username and password combinations are attempted will be ensured.

Also users will be advised to set very strong passwords that include numbers or other characters so

as to make it more difficult to guess.

29
 CHAPTER FOUR

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND DOCUMENTATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This stage of the project, involves the development and testing of the new system in order to

ensure consistency in the results of the new system with that of the existing system. Program

documentation plays an important role in facilitating the program maintenance process and also

helps to facilitate the handling of the system by the operators.

4.2 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

The model used in this project is the waterfall model; it is a sequence of stages in which the output

of each stage becomes the input for the next.

4.3 CHOICE OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Due to the nature of the processing that takes place in the proposed system, a programming

language that will aid the creation of large database and processing of diagnosis, drug prescription

and patient registration process is required. HTML, CSS, JQUERY, JAVASCRIPT, PHP and

MySQL are the preferred platform suitable for the application software.

4.4 PROGRAM STRUCTURE

The function of each module in the program is described below;

i. Main Menu: This displays the program menu; it guides the user on what to do and how to go

about it at a particular time.

30
 Fig 4.0: Main menu of the Medical Diagnosis System

ii. Diagnosis page: This allows patient to have direct diagnosis of their ailment base on the

symptoms they have.

Fig 4.1: Diagnosis page for Medical diagnosis system.

31
iii. Appointment form: This page allow patient to send message to book appointment with our

specialist.

Fig 4.2: Appointment page for Medical Diagnosis System

iv. Checking existing patient registration: This allow the admin to check for a registered patient

records.

Fig 4.3: Patient registration confirmation for Medical Diagnosis System

32
v. Patient Registration page: This allow the admin to register new patient.

Fig 4.4: Patient registration form for medical diagnosis system

vi. Prescription page: This allow the patient to verify what type of drug is good for their ailment.

Fig 4.5: Drug prescription page for Medical Diagnosis System

33
4.5 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

Implementation is the co-operation of the efforts of both the users and data processing department

in getting the new system into operation. Implementation includes all those activities that take

place to convert from the old system to the new. The old system consists of manual operations,

which is operated in a very different manner from the proposed new system. A proper

implementation is essential to provide a reliable system to meet the requirements of any hospital.

An improper installation may affect the success of the computerized system.

The method for converting the old system to the new system is the parallel change over method.

This method offers high security, because even if there is a flaw in the computerized system, we

can depend upon the manual system. However, the cost for maintaining two systems in parallel is

very high but the benefit outweighs the cost.

4.5.1 SYSTEM CHANGE-OVER

This is the process of transferring the information required for the system from the old manual files

to the new computerized files. The method of change over used to implement this project is the

parallel changeover method. In this method, the old and the new system are run concurrently using

the same inputs. The outputs are compared and reasons for differences are resolved. Outputs from

the old system will continue to be distributed until the system is proved satisfactory.

4.5.2 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

The implementation plan includes a description of all the activities that must occur to implement

the new system and to put it into operation. It identifies the personnel responsible for the activities

and prepares a time chart for implementing the system. The implementation plan consists of the

following steps:

34
a) Listing all files required for implementation i.e. student admission and registration process.

b) Identifying all data required to build new files during the implementation i.e. student basic

data.

c) Listing all the new documents and procedures that will go into the new system i.e. the new

input design specification.

The implementation plan will anticipate possible problems and will be able to deal with them. The

usual problems may be missing documents; mixed data formats between current and new files,

errors in data translation, missing data etc.

4.5.3 IMPLEMENTATION ENVIRONMENT

Implementation environment describes the tools required to provide for the testing and

implementation of the software developed. It allows system testing and development to be totally

inter-connected.

4.5.4 SYSTEM HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION

The hardware components of a system consist of the physical parts of the system. The hardware

may be selected from a wide range that includes the microcomputer, the minicomputer and the

mainframe. However, the best choice for this operation is the microcomputer and the minimum

hardware specification includes:

 Processor: Quad core or Mac pro

 Memory: 8GB

 Hard Disk: 1TB

 Monitor (16 inches)

 Keyboard, Mouse and DVD – RW

35
 USB ports(3.0): 5Gbits/s

 UPS

 Printers.

The software component of a system is made up of the operating system and the programs that are

run on it.

The software specification includes:

 Operating system: windows XP, Vista or Windows 7 and above

 Application software: Microsoft Office 2010

 Platform: WampServer, PHP, HTML

 Database: MySQL

 Anti virus

4.6 SYSTEM TESTING AND REVIEW

a) Testing

System testing represents the ultimate review of specification, design and coding. Testing is a

process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error. A good test is one that has a

probability of finding an as yet undiscovered error. The purpose of testing is to identify and correct

bugs in the developed system and it is vital to the success of this system.

System testing does not test the software as a whole, but rather an integration of each module in

the system. The primary concern is the compatibility of individual modules. Testing and validation

are the most important steps after the implementation of the developed system. The system testing

is performed to ensure that there are no errors in the implemented system. The software will be

36
executed several times in order to find out any possible errors in the different modules of the

system.

b) Review

The system needs to be reviewed in order

i. To deal with unforeseen problems that may arise during the operation.

ii. To ensure that the system is able to cope with changes in the process of both admission and

registration in the polytechnic.

4.7 SYSTEM DOCUMENTATION

Documentation serves as the operational manual that enables the user to operate the system. The

system is implemented in the way that when it is tested with an input data, an output is obtained

which have the same result as the manual method. The documentation will help in putting the

system into operation. The documentation will be carried out in the stages of programming

development and the documentation also includes coding sheets, test data and results generated.

4.7.1 USAGE OF THE PACKAGE

The system implementation procedure for the Online Medical Diagnosis System for patients is

provided so that intending patient who chose to use this application on their phone or laptop will

not encounter any difficulties. The procedures involved in the new system include the creation of

the system files, diagnosis, checking ailment drugs and entering patient data interactively into the

system. The admin involved is to be trained on how to use the software.

37
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION,

5.1 SUMMARY

Expert systems technology has been widely adopted by many software development companies

and industry. Expert System is a kind of software that runs in computer memory and works the

same kind of interaction as a specialist work and gives prescription to the patient as a specialist.

Also you can say it is a kind of program that asks you about your symptoms disease and provide

possible prescription matching of the symptoms like human expert. Expert system is a part of

Artificial Intelligence. The main purpose of expert systems is to provide expert advice if the person

seeks advice from system. Also it is a computer program that can reproduce thinker activities. It is

moral responsibility of a country to provide the good medical services to their country people

because healthy people make healthy country. Medical science field is an enormous field that

includes a large number of expertise, knowledge and information.

This project aimed at developing an e-Diagnosis System (MDS) using Expert System (ES). This

system can be used to provide the prescription for general health diseases like Malaria, Typhoid,

Plague, and Typhus also it works as a human expert. To get the good medical treatment is a right

of every country citizen. Due to the insufficient availability experts in a medical domain it is a big

challenge for the country to provide good medical services to their country people. The major

advantage of Medical Diagnosis System using Expert System is that it gives the prescription as the

doctor ordered to the patient. Also this system can be used anytime and anywhere. Also the

38
proposed system can work as a human expert. When hospitals are facing the problem of general

expert this system can work as a human expert.

5.2 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

The following are the problems and constraints encountered during the research process of this

work. They include:

a. Lack of quality infrastructure, like internet facilities.

b. Access to relevant literature that is related to this topic is quite difficult.

c. Inability to access to relevant information.

5.3 LIMITATION OF RESEARCH

The limitation of this project was that the project is limited to certain diseases. This system cannot

handle emergency issues where urgent medical doctor expert is needed.

5.4 FURTHER SUGGESTION TO RESEARCH

In further research this project more feature such as e-surgery and other relevant things can be

added to this project.

5.5 CONCLUSION

Due to the limitation of human expert in retaining and comprehending large amount of data, slow

recalling of stored information, tiredness as result of mental stress or physical workload and

occasionally being bias in their actions and judgment, computer aided system is the most

appropriate and beneficial because of its easy accessibility: they will always be available for use,

39
more knowledgeable: since an computer aided system is a collection of multiple human experts

thus it will be more knowledgeable than a single human expert, consistent: it will provide accurate

data i.e. diagnosis based on good knowledge representation, timely and cost effective: multiple

copies of an computer aided system can be produced thus providing medical care at the speed of

light.

5.6 RECOMMENDATION

It is well known that developing countries are facing a lot of shortage of medical expertise in

medical science. Due to this, they are unable to provide good medical services to their country

people. Peoples are not doing proper care of their health they are getting many health disease

problems. Patients also find a huge queue in hospitals. Nowadays common diseases like Malaria,

Cholera, Tuberculosis, Typhoid, Plague, and Typhus etc. are becoming more dangerous problems

for the people that living in this world. Now these problems become a big challenge for the

developing countries that how to provide a good medical services their country people. Also how

can avoids the patients queue from the hospitals. The MDS using ES system is very helpful for the

patients that infected with common diseases and this system will give a prescription as a medical

expert also this system is very helpful for rural areas where we have young medical expert or don’t

have medical expert.

40
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APPENDIX

PROGRAM INPUT AND OUTPUT FORM

HOME PAGE

ADMIN LOGIN

43
PATIENT REGISTRATION PAGE

MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS PAGE

44
MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS OUTPUT PAGE

DRUG PRESCRIPTION PAGE

45
DRUG PRESCRIPTION OUTPUT PAGE

APPOINTMENT FORM

46
MEDICA SERVICE INFORMATION

ABOUT MEDICA

47
PROGRAM CODES

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>Medilab Software</title>

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans|

Raleway|Candal">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/font-awesome.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/bootstrap.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/style.css">

</head>

<body id="myPage" data-spy="scroll" data-target=".navbar" data-offset="60">

<!--banner-->
<section id="banner" class="banner">
<div class="bg-color">

48
 <nav class="navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top">
<div class="container">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="navbar-header">
<button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-
target="#myNavbar">
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
</button>
<a class="navbar-brand" href="#"><img src="img/logo.png" class="img-responsive"
style="width: 140px; margin-top: -16px;"></a>
</div>
<div class="collapse navbar-collapse navbar-right" id="myNavbar">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav">
<li class="active"><a href="index.html">Home</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="#service">Services</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="#footer">About</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="patient.html">Patient Record</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="prescription.html">Pescription</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="diagnosis.html">Diagnosis</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="#contact">Contact Us</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="banner-info">
<div class="banner-logo text-center">
<img src="img/logo.png" class="img-responsive">
</div>
<div class="banner-text text-center">
<h1 class="white">Online Medical Diagnosis System</h1>
<p>Patients Registration and Administration, Diseases Diagnosing and Treatment, Health
Monitor and Tips.</p>
<a href="#contact" class="btn btn-appoint">Make an Appointment.</a>
</div>
<div class="overlay-detail text-center">
<a href="#service"><i class="fa fa-angle-down"></i></a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!--/ banner-->

49
 <!--service-->
<section id="service" class="section-padding">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4">
<h2 class="ser-title">Our Service</h2>
<hr class="botm-line">
<p>This system will also provide additional services in the following; Health Tip, Medical
Counseling, 24hr Support
and Emergency Support</p>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4">
<div class="service-info">
<div class="icon">
<i class="fa fa-stethoscope"></i>
</div>
<div class="icon-info">
<h4><a href="support.html">24 Hour Support</a></h4>
<p>Now a free, single call will connect you to a highly-qualified nurse who will carefully
evaluate your needs and quickly advise the best course of treatment.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="service-info">
<div class="icon">
<i class="fa fa-ambulance"></i>
</div>
<div class="icon-info">
<h4><a href="emergency.html">Emergency Support</a></h4>
<p>Our emergency room is equipped to handle the most serious emergency health needs.
Our current ER wait times are available on our website or mobile phone application and are
updated every five minutes – so you’ll always know before you go.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4">
<div class="service-info">
<div class="icon">
<i class="fa fa-user-md"></i>
</div>
<div class="icon-info">
<h4><a href="counseling.html">Medical Counseling</a></h4>
<p>Medical Counseling can help you and your family through many different kinds of
challenges that occur in life.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="service-info">
<div class="icon">
<i class="fa fa-medkit"></i>

50
 </div>
<div class="icon-info">
<h4><a href="health.html">Health Tips</a></h4>
<p>We've done the legwork for you and here they are: the 45 best health tips. Make that
46 - taking the time to read this tops the list.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!--/ service-->
<!--cta-->
<section id="cta-1" class="section-padding">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="schedule-tab">
<div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4 bor-left">
<div class="mt-boxy-color"></div>
<div class="medi-info">
<h3>Urgent Care Center</h3>
<p>Urgent or convenient care is a great option to consider if your primary care provider is
unable to see you. It is usually a cost-efficient and time-saving alternative to the emergency room
if you are not experiencing a life-threatening situation. Our urgent care locations are open for
extended hours seven days a week. No appointment is necessary. </p>
<a href="#" class="medi-info-btn">READ MORE</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4">
<div class="medi-info">
<h3>Primary Care Doctor</h3>
<p>We have many primary care clinics, many of which offer same-day sick appointments
when you need to see a provider quickly for non-emergency injuries and illnesses of all kinds.
For more information, please contact the Novant Health provider nearest you using our physician
finder. </p>
<a href="#" class="medi-info-btn">READ MORE</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4 mt-boxy-3">
<div class="mt-boxy-color"></div>
<div class="time-info">
<h3>Opening Hours</h3>
<table style="margin: 8px 0px 0px;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Monday - Friday</td>
<td>8.00 - 17.00</td>
</tr>

51
 <tr>
<td>Saturday</td>
<td>9.30 - 17.30</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sunday</td>
<td>9.30 - 15.00</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!--cta-->
<!--about-->
<section id="about" class="section-padding">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-4 col-xs-12">
<div class="section-title">
<h2 class="head-title lg-line">The Medilap <br>Ultimate Dream</h2>
<hr class="botm-line">
<p class="sec-para">To save life</p>
<a href="" style="color: #0cb8b6; padding-top:10px;">Know more..</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-9 col-sm-8 col-xs-12">
<div style="visibility: visible;" class="col-sm-9 more-features-box">
<div class="more-features-box-text">
<div class="more-features-box-text-icon"> <i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-
hidden="true"></i> </div>
<div class="more-features-box-text-description">
<h3>Symptoms is something important you want to know.</h3>
<p>A symptom is any subjective evidence of disease, while a sign is any objective
evidence of disease. Therefore, a symptom is a phenomenon that is experienced by the individual
affected by the disease, while a sign is a phenomenon that can be detected by someone other than
the individual affected by the disease.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="more-features-box-text">
<div class="more-features-box-text-icon"> <i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-
hidden="true"></i> </div>
<div class="more-features-box-text-description">
<h3>Important of Symptoms to Health-Care Professional</h3>

52
 <p>Health-care professionals use symptoms and signs as clues that can help determine
the most likely diagnosis when illness is present. Symptoms and signs are also used to compose a
listing of the possible diagnoses.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!--/ testimonial-->
<!--cta 2-->
<!--cta-->
<!--contact-->
<section id="contact" class="section-padding">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<h2 class="ser-title">Contact us</h2>
<hr class="botm-line">
</div>
<div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4">
<h3>Contact Info</h3>

<p><i class="fa fa-envelope-o fa-fw pull-left fa-2x"></i>[email protected]</p>

<div class="space"></div>
<p><i class="fa fa-phone fa-fw pull-left fa-2x"></i>+23480867595</p>
</div>
<div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8 marb20">
<div class="contact-info">
<h3 class="cnt-ttl">Having Any Query! Or Book an appointment</h3>
<div class="space"></div>
<div id="sendmessage">Your message has been sent. Thank you!</div>
<div id="errormessage"></div>
<form action="appointment.php" method="post">
<div class="form-group">
<input type="text" name="name" class="form-control br-radius-zero"
placeholder="Your Name" />
<div class="validation"></div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<input type="email" class="form-control br-radius-zero" name="email" id="email"
placeholder="Your Email" data-rule="email" data-msg="Please enter a valid email" />
<div class="validation"></div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<input type="text" class="form-control br-radius-zero" name="subject" id="subject"
placeholder="Subject" data-rule="minlen:4" data-msg="Please enter at least 8 chars of subject" />

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 <div class="validation"></div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<textarea class="form-control br-radius-zero" name="message" rows="5" data-
rule="required" data-msg="Please write something for us" placeholder="Message"></textarea>
<div class="validation"></div>
</div>

<div class="form-action">
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-form">Send Message</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!--/ contact-->
<!--footer-->
<footer id="footer">
<div class="top-footer">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4 marb20">
<div class="ftr-tle">
<h4 class="whit

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