6 Ratios and Proportions

• Standard 6NS1.0
Compare and order positive
and negative fractions,
decimals, and mixed
numbers. Solve problems
involving fractions, ratios,
proportions, and
percentages.
• Standard 6AF2.0 Analyze
and use tables, graphs, and
rules to solve problems
involving rates and
proportions.

Key Vocabulary
rate (p. 287)
ratio (p. 282)
proportional (p. 306)

Real-World Link
Statues A bronze replica of the Statue of Liberty
can be found in Paris, France. The replica has the
ratio 1 : 4 with the Statue of Liberty that stands in
New York Harbor.

Ratios and Proportions Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes. Begin with a sheet
of notebook paper.

1 Fold lengthwise to the holes. 2 Cut along the top line and then 3 Label the major topics as shown.
make equal cuts to form 7 tabs.

280 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

Alan Schein/zefa/CORBIS
 GET READY for Chapter 6
Diagnose Readiness You have two options for checking Prerequisite Skills.

Option 2
Take the Online Readiness Quiz at ca.gr6math.com.
Option 1
Take the Quick Check below. Refer to the Quick Review for help.

Evaluate each expression. Round to Example 1

the nearest tenth if necessary. (Lesson 1-4) Evaluate 15 × 32 ÷ 40.
1. 100 × 25 ÷ 52 2. 10 ÷ 4 × 31 15 × 32 ÷ 40 = 480 ÷ 40 Multiply 15 by 32.
_
63 × 4 _
2 × 100 = 12 Divide.
3. 4.
34 68

Write each fraction in simplest form. Example 2

(Lesson 4-4) _
Write 16 in simplest form.
44
5. _ _ _
9 6.
16 7.
38
45 24 46 ÷4
_
16
=_
4 Divide the numerator and
8. AGES Mikhail is 14 years old. 44 11 denominator by their GCF, 4.
His father is 49 years old. What
fraction, in simplest form, of ÷4
his father’s age is Mikhail?
(Lesson 4-4)

Write each decimal as a fraction in Example 3

simplest form. (Lesson 4-5) Write 0.62 as a fraction in simplest form.
9. 0.78 10. 0.320 11. 0.06
0.62 = _
62
0.62 is sixty-two hundredths.
100
12. SAVINGS Belinda has saved
=_
31 Divide the numerator and
denominator by their GCF, 2.
0.92 of the cost of a new bicycle. 50
What fraction, in simplest form,
represents her savings? (Lesson 4-5)

Multiply. (Lesson 1-2) Example 4

13. 4.5 × 102 14. 1.78 × 103 Find 3.9 × 103.
15. 0.22 × 104 16. 0.03 × 105 3.9 × 103 = 3.900 Move the decimal point 3
places to the right. Annex
two zeros.
= 3,900

Chapter 6 Get Ready for Chapter 6 281

 6-1 Ratios

Main IDEA
Write ratios as fractions SCHOOL The student-teacher Middle School Students Teachers
in simplest form and ratio of a school compares the
determine whether two Prairie Lake 396 22
ratios are equivalent. total number of students to the Green Brier 510 30
total number of teachers.
Standard
6NS1.2 Interpret 1. Write the student-teacher ratio of Prairie Lake Middle School as a
and use ratios in fraction. Then write this fraction with a denominator of 1.
different contexts (e.g.,
batting averages, miles per 2. Can you determine which school has the lower student-teacher
hour) to show the relative ratio by examining just the number of teachers at each school? just
sizes of two quantities,
using appropriate notations the number of students at each school? Explain.
_a
( , a to b, a : b).
b

Ratios
NEW Vocabulary
ratio Words A ratio is a comparison of two quantities by division.
equivalent ratios
Examples Numbers Algebra
3 to 4 3 : 4 _ _
3 a
a to b a : b
4 b

Ratios can express part to part, part to whole, or whole to part

relationships and are often written as fractions in simplest form.

Write Ratios in Simplest Form

1 GRILLING Seasonings are often
added to meat prior to grilling.
Using the recipe, write a ratio
comparing the amount of garlic
powder to the amount of dried
oregano as a fraction in simplest
form.
2
4 tsp
garlic powder _ 4 tsp
= __ or _
2
dried oregano 6 tsp 6 tsp 3
3
The ratio of garlic powder to dried oregano is _2
, 2 : 3, or 2 to 3. That is,
3
for every 2 units of garlic powder there are 3 units of dried oregano.

READING
in the Content Area
For strategies in reading
Use the recipe to write each ratio as a fraction in simplest form.
this lesson, visit a. pepper : garlic powder b. oregano : pepper
ca.gr6math.com.

282 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

 Ratios that express the same relationship between two quantities are
called equivalent ratios. Equivalent ratios have the same value.

Identify Equivalent Ratios

2 Determine whether the ratios 250 miles in 4 hours and 500 miles in
8 hours are equivalent.
Writing Ratios
Ratios greater than
1 are expressed as METHOD 1 Compare the ratios written in simplest form.
improper fractions
250 miles : 4 hours = _ or _
and not as mixed 250 ÷ 2
125 Divide the numerator and
numbers. 4÷2 2 denominator by the GCF, 2

500 miles : 8 hours = _

500 ÷ 4
or _
125 Divide the numerator and
8÷4 2 denominator by the GCF, 4
The ratios simplify to the same fraction. They are equivalent.

METHOD 2 Look for a common multiplier relating the two ratios.

×2
The numerator and denominator of the
_
250
=_
500 ratios are related by the same multiplier, 2.
4 8
The ratios of miles to hours are equivalent
×2

Determine whether the ratios are equivalent.

c. 20 nails for every 5 shingles, d. 2 cups flour to 8 cups sugar,
12 nails for every 3 shingles 8 cups flour to 14 cups sugar
Personal Tutor at ca.gr6math.com

3 PONDS For every 9 square feet of surface, a pond should have

2 fish. A pond that has a surface of 45 square feet contains 6 fish.
Are these ratios equivalent? Justify your answer.
Recommended Ratio Actual Ratio
9:2 = _
9
square feet to fish 45 : 6 = _
45
or _
15
square feet to fish
2 6 2

Since _
9
≠_
15
, the ratios are not equivalent. So, the number of fish is
Real-World Link 2 2
The recommended not correct for the pond.
number of water lilies
for a 9-square foot
pond is 1.
Source:
sustland.umn.edu e. SWIMMING A community pool requires there to be at least
3 lifeguards for every 20 swimmers. There are 60 swimmers and
9 lifeguards at the pool. Is this the correct number of lifeguards
based on the above requirement? Justify your answer.

Extra Examples at ca.gr6math.com Lesson 6-1 Ratios 283

Elaine Shay
 Example 1 FIELD TRIPS Use the information in the table to Field Trip Statistics
(p. 282) write each ratio as a fraction in simplest form.
Students 180
1. adults : students 2. students : buses Adults 24
3. buses : people 4. adults : people Buses 4

Example 2 Determine whether the ratios are equivalent. Explain.

(p. 283)
5. 12 out of 20 doctors agree 6. 2 DVDs to 7 CDs
6 out of 10 doctors agree 10 DVDs to 15 CDs

Example 3 7. SHOPPING A grocery store has a brand-name cereal on sale 2 boxes for $5.
(p. 283) You buy 6 boxes and are charged $20. Based on the price ratio indicated,
were you charged the correct amount? Justify your answer.

SOCCER Use the Madison Mavericks team Madison Mavericks

statistics to write each ratio as a fraction in Team Statistics
For See
Exercises Examples simplest form. Wins 10
8–17 1 8. wins : losses 9. losses : ties Losses 12
18–21 2 10. losses : games played 11. wins : games played Ties 8
22–23 3
CARNIVALS Use the following information to write each ratio as a fraction in
simplest form.
At its annual carnival, Brighton Middle School had 6 food booths and
15 games booths. A total of 66 adults and 165 children attended. The
carnival raised a total of $1,600. Of this money, $550 came from ticket sales.
12. children : adults 13. food booths : games booths
14. children : games booths 15. booths : money raised
16. people : children 17. non-ticket sale money : total money

Determine whether the ratios are equivalent. Explain.

18. 20 female lions to 8 male lions, 19. $4 for every 16 ounces,
34 female lions to 10 male lions $10 for every 40 ounces
20. 27 students to 6 microscopes, 21. 8 roses to 6 babies breath,
18 students to 4 microscopes 12 roses to 10 babies breath
22. BAKING It is recommended that a ham be baked 1 hour for every
2 pounds of meat. Latrell baked a 9-pound ham for 4.5 hours.
Did he follow the above recommendation? Justify your answer.

23. FISHING Kamala catches two similar looking fish. The larger fish is
12 inches long and 3 inches wide. The smaller fish is 6 inches long
and 1 inch wide. Do these fish have an equivalent length to width
ratio? Justify your answer.

284 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

 MEASUREMENT The aspect ratio of a
photograph is a ratio comparing the
length and width. A 35 mm negative
has an aspect ratio of 1 : 1.5. Photo
sizes with the same aspect ratio can
be printed full frame without cropping.
Determine which size photos can be
printed full frame from a 35 mm negative.
Justify your answers.
24. 8” × 10” 25. 5” × 7.5” 26. 10” × 15”

MAMMALS For Exercises 27 and 28, use the information below.

Average Brain Average Body

Mammal
Weight (lb) Weight (lb)
Adult Human 3 150
Adult Orca Whale 12 5,500

27. How much greater is the average weight of an adult orca whale’s brain
than the average weight of an adult human’s brain?
28. Find the brain to body weight ratio for each mammal. Are these ratios
equivalent? If not, which mammal has the greater brain to body weight
Real-World Link ratio? Justify your answer and explain its meaning.
An orca whale, also
called a killer whale,
29. GEARS A gear ratio is a comparison of the number
is not really a whale,
but a dolphin. Its of teeth of a larger gear to the number of teeth of
average birth weight a smaller gear. What is the gear ratio of the two
is 300 pounds.
Source: gears shown? How many times does the smaller
coolantarctica.com gear turn for every turn of the larger gear?

30. FOOD The ratio of the number of cups of chopped

onion to the number of cups of chopped cilantro
in a salsa recipe is 4 : 3. If the recipe calls for _
2
cup
3
chopped onion, how many cups of chopped cilantro are needed?

ANALYZE TABLES For Exercises 31–33, use the table below that shows the
logging statistics for three areas of forest.

Estimated Number of Estimated Number of Trees

Area
Trees Left to Grow Removed for Timber
A 440 1,200
B 1,625 3,750
C 352 960

31. For which two areas was the growth-to-removal ratio the same? Explain.

See pages 692, 720. 32. Which area had the greatest growth-to-removal ratio? Justify your answer.

33. Find the additional number of trees that should be planted and left to grow
Self-Check Quiz at in area A so that its growth-to-removal ratio is the same as area B’s. Justify
ca.gr6math.com
your answer.

Lesson 6-1 Ratios 285

(tl)Tom Brakefield/CORBIS, (tr)David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit, (b)David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit
H.O.T. Problems 34. FIND THE ERROR Cleveland and Lacey are determining whether the ratios
_6 and _
18
are equivalent. Who is correct? Explain.
4 16

+ 12
_
6
=_
18 The ratios
4 16 are equivalent.
+ 12

×3
_
6
=_
18 The ratios are
4 16 not equivalent.
Cleveland ×4 Lacey

35. CHALLENGE Find the missing number in the following pattern. Explain
your reasoning. (Hint: Look at the ratios of successive numbers.)
480, 240, 80, 20, .

36. Refer to the application in Exercises 31–33. What

would a growth-to-removal ratio greater than 1 indicate?

37. Which of the following ratios does 38. A class of 24 students has 15 boys.
not describe a relationship between What ratio compares the number of
the marbles in the jar? girls to boys in the class?
A 8 white : 5 black F 3:5 H 3:8
B 2 white : 5 black G 5:3 J 8:3
C 5 black : 13 total
D 8 white : 13 total

39. Find 1_ ÷ 1_. Write in simplest form. (Lesson 5-7)

4 5
7 6
ALGEBRA Solve each equation. Check your solution. (Lesson 5-6)
40. _y = 7 41. _1 x = _5 42. 4 = _
p
43. 2_ = _a
5 1
4 3 9 2.7 6 2
44. MONEY Grant and his brother put together their money to buy a present
for their mom. If they had a total of $18 and Grant contributed $10, how
much did his brother contribute? (Lesson 3-2)

PREREQUISITE SKILL Divide. (p. 676)

45. 9.8 ÷ 2 46. $4.30 ÷ 5 47. $12.40 ÷ 40 48. 27.36 ÷ 3.2

286 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

(l)Donna Day/ImageState, (r)Kareem Black/Getty Images
 6-2 Rates

Main IDEA
Determine unit rates. Choose a page in a textbook and take turns reading as much
as possible in 2 minutes.
Standard
6NS1.2 Interpret 1. Count the number of words that each of you read.
and use ratios in
2. Write the ratio number of words to number of minutes as a fraction.
different contexts (e.g.,
batting averages, miles per 3. Simplify the fractions by dividing the numerator and the
hour) to show the relative
sizes of two quantities, denominator by 2.
using appropriate notations
(_, a to b, a : b).
a
b A ratio that compares two
Standard 6AF2.2 _
100 words The units words and
Demonstrate an
quantities with different kinds 2 minutes minutes are different.
understanding that rate is a of units is called a rate.
measure of one quantity per
unit value of another When a rate is simplified so that _
50 words The denominator
quantity. it has a denominator of 1 unit, it 1 minute is 1 unit.
Standard 6AF2.3 Solve
problems involving rates,
is called a unit rate.

The unit rate _

average speed, distance, 50 words
and time. can be read as 50 words per minute.
1 minute
The table below shows some common unit rates.

Rate Unit Rate Abbreviation Name

__
number of miles
NEW Vocabulary 1 hour
miles per hour mi/h or mph average speed

rate __
number of miles
miles per gallon mi/gal or mpg gas mileage
unit rate 1 gallon
__
number of dollars
price per pound dollars/lb unit price
1 pound
__
number of dollars
dollars per hour dollars/h hourly wage
1 hour

Find Unit Rates

1 RUNNING Alethia ran 24 miles in 3 hours. What was her average
speed in miles per hour?
Write the rate as a fraction. Then find an equivalent rate with
Mental Math a denominator of 1.
To find a unit rate
mentally, divide the 24 miles in 3 hours = _
24 mi
Write the rate as a fraction.
first quantity in the 3h
rate by the second
quantity. = _
24 mi ÷ 3 Divide the numerator and the
24 miles in 3 hours 3h÷3 denominator by 3.
= _ mi/h
24
= _
8 mi
Simplify.
3 1h
= 8 mi/h
Alethia’s average speed, or unit rate, was 8 miles per hour.

Lesson 6-2 Rates 287

 2 GROCERIES Find the unit price if it costs $2 for six oranges. Round
to the nearest cent if necessary.

$2 for six oranges = _

$2
Write the rate as a fraction.
6 oranges

= __ denominator by 6.
$2 ÷ 6 Divide the numerator and the
6 oranges ÷ 6

≈_
$0.33
Simplify.
1 orange

The unit price is about $0.33 per orange.

Find each unit rate. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.

a. $300 for 6 hours b. 220 miles on 8 gallons

c. ESTIMATION Estimate the unit rate if a 4-pack of mixed fruit sells

for $2.12.
Personal Tutor at ca.gr6math.com

Unit rates are useful when you want to make comparisons.

Compare Using Unit Rates

3 The prices of 3 different bags of dog Dog Food Prices
food are given in the table. Which size Bag Size
bag has the lowest price per pound? Price
(pounds)
A The 40-lb bag only 40 $49.00
B The 20-lb bag only 20 $23.44
8 $9.88
C The 8-lb bag only
D All three bag sizes have
the same price per pound.

Read the Item

To determine the lowest price per pound, find and compare the
Alternative Method unit price for each size bag.
One 40-lb bag is
equivalent to two 20-lb
bags or five 8-lb bags.
The cost for one 40-lb Solve the Item
bag is $49, the cost for
two 20-lb bags is about 40-pound bag $49.00 ÷ 40 pounds = $1.225 per pound
2 × $23 or $46, and 20-pound bag $23.44 ÷ 20 pounds = $1.172 per pound
the cost for five 8-lb
bags is about 5 × $10 8-pound bag $9.88 ÷ 8 pounds = $1.235 per pound
or $50. So the 20-lb
bag has the lowest At $1.172 per pound, the 20-pound bag sells for the lowest price
price per pound.
per pound. The answer is B.

288 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

 d. Tito wants to buy some
Peanut Butter Sales
peanut butter to donate to the
Brand Sale Price
local food pantry. If Tito wants
Nutty 12 ounces for $2.19
to save as much money as possible,
Grandma’s 18 ounces for $2.79
which brand should he buy?
Bee’s 28 ounces for $4.69
F Nutty, because the quality of
Save-A-Lot 40 ounces for $6.60
the peanut butter is better
G Grandma’s, because the price per ounce is about $0.16
H Bee’s, because the price per ounce is about $0.14
J Save-A-Lot, because he wants to buy 40 ounces
Personal Tutor at ca.gr6math.com

Use a Unit Rate

4 FACE PAINTING Lexi painted 3 faces in 12 minutes at the Arts and
Real-World Link Crafts fair. At this rate, how many faces can she paint in 40 minutes?
Face paint can be
made from 1 teaspoon Find the unit rate. Then multiply this unit rate by 40 to find the
cornstarch and _
1 number of faces she can paint in 40 minutes.
2
3 faces in 12 minutes = _ = _
teaspoon each of water 3 faces ÷ 12
0.25 faces
Find the unit rate.
and cold cream. 12 min ÷ 12 1 min
Source:
painting.about.com
_
0.25 faces
· 40 min = 10 faces Divide out the common units.
1 min
Lexi can paint 10 faces in 40 minutes or _
4 minutes
.
1 face

e. SCHOOL SUPPLIES Kimbel bought 4 notebooks for $6.32. At this

same unit price, how much would he pay for 5 notebooks?

Examples 1, 2 Find each unit rate. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.
(pp. 287–288)
1. 90 miles on 15 gallons 2. 1,680 kilobytes in 4 minutes
3. 5 pounds for $2.49 4. 152 feet in 16 seconds
Example 3 5. STANDARDS PRACTICE Four stores offer Bulk CD Offers
(pp. 288–289) customers bulk CD rates. Which store Store Offer
offers the best buy?
CD Express 4 CDs for $60
A CD Express C Music Place Music Place 6 CDs for $75
B CD Rack D Music Shop CD Rack 5 CDs for $70
Music Shop 3 CDs for $40
Example 4 6. TRAVEL After 3.5 hours, Pasha had
(p. 289) traveled 217 miles. At this same speed,
how far will she have traveled after 4 hours?

Extra Examples at ca.gr6math.com Lesson 6-2 Rates 289

Doug Menuez/Getty Images
 Find each unit rate. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.
For See 7. 360 miles in 6 hours 8. 6,840 customers in 45 days
Exercises Examples 9. 152 people for 5 classes 10. 815 Calories in 4 servings
7–16 1, 2
11. 45.5 meters in 13 seconds 12. $7.40 for 5 pounds
17–20 3
21–24 4 13. $1.12 for 8.2 ounces 14. 144 miles in 4.5 gallons

15. ESTIMATION Estimate the unit rate if 12 pairs of socks sell for $5.79.

16. ESTIMATION Estimate the unit rate if a 26 mile marathon was completed
in 5 hours.

17. SPORTS The results of a swim

Name Event Time (s)
meet are shown. Who swam the
Tawni 50-m Freestyle 40.8
fastest? Explain your reasoning.
Pepita 100-m Butterfly 60.2
Susana 200-m Medley 112.4

18. MONEY A grocery store sells

three different packages of
bottled water. Which package
costs the least per bottle? Explain
your reasoning.

NUTRITION For Exercises 19 and 20, Soft Drink Nutritional Information

use the table at the right. Soft Serving Sodium Sugar
19. Which soft drink has about twice the Drink Size (oz) (mg) (g)
amount of sodium per ounce than the A 12 40 22
other two? Explain. B 8 24 15
20. Which soft drink has the least C 7 42 30
amount of sugar per ounce? Explain.

21. WORD PROCESSING Ben can type 153 words in 3 minutes. At this
rate, how many words can he type in 10 minutes?

22. FABRIC Marcus buys 3 yards of fabric for $7.47. Later he realizes that he
needs 2 more yards. How much will he pay for the extra fabric?

23. ESTIMATION A player scores 87 points in 6 games. At this rate, about how
many points would she score in the next 4 games?

Real-World Link 24. JOBS Dalila earns $94.20, for working 15 hours as a holiday helper
North Carolina
has approximately
wrapping gifts. If she works 18 hours the next week, how much money will
8.2 million people she earn?
in approximately
48,718 square miles.
25. POPULATION Use the information at the left. What is the population density
Source:
quickfacts.census.gov or number of people per square mile in North Carolina?

290 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

Ryan McVay/Stone/Getty Images
 ESTIMATION Estimate the unit price for each item. Justify your answers.
26. 27. 28.

29. RECIPES A recipe that makes 10 mini-loaves of banana bread

calls for 1_
1
cups flour. How much flour is needed to make 2 dozen
4
mini-loaves using this recipe?

SPORTS For Exercises 30 and 31, use the information at the left.
30. The wheelchair division for the Boston Marathon is 26.2 miles long.
What was the average speed of the winner of the wheelchair division
in 2005? Round to the nearest hundredth.
31. At this rate, about how long would it take this competitor to complete
a 30 mile race?
32. MONEY Suppose that 1 European Euro is worth $1.25. In Europe, a book
costs 19 Euro. In Los Angeles, the same book costs $22.50. In which location
is the book less expensive?
Real-World Link
The winning time
for the men’s ANIMALS For Exercises 33–37, use
wheelchair division the graph that shows the average
of the 2005 Boston
Marathon in
number of heartbeats for an active
Massachusetts was adult brown bear and a hibernating
1 hour, 24 minutes, brown bear.
and 11 seconds.
Source: boston.com 33. What does the point (2, 120)
represent on the graph?
34. What does the point (1.5, 18)
represent on the graph?
35. What does the ratio of the
y-coordinate to the x-coordinate
for each pair of points on the
graph represent?
36. Use the graph to find the bear’s
average heart rate when it is active
and when it is hibernating.
37. When is the bear’s heart rate greater, when it is active or when it is
hibernating? How can you tell this from the graph?

38. TIRES At Tire Depot, a set of 2 brand new tires sells for $216. The manager’s
special advertises the same tires selling at a rate of $380 for 4 tires. How
much do you save per tire if you purchase the manager’s special?
See pages 693, 720.
39. FIND THE DATA Refer to the California Data File on pages 16–19.
Self-Check Quiz at Choose some data and write a real-world problem in which you
ca.gr6math.com
would compare unit rates or ratios.

Lesson 6-2 Rates 291

Don Emmert/AFP/Getty Images
H.O.T. Problems CHALLENGE Determine whether each statement is sometimes, always,
or never true. Give an example or a counterexample.
40. A ratio is a rate. 41. A rate is a ratio.

42. OPEN ENDED Create a rate and then convert it to a unit rate.

43. NUMBER SENSE In which situation will the rate _ increase? Give an
x feet
y minutes
example to explain your reasoning.
a. x increases, y is unchanged b. x is unchanged, y increases

44. Describe, using an example, how a rate is a measure

of one quantity per unit of another quantity.

45. Mrs. Ross needs to buy dish soap. 46. The table shows the total distance
There are four different size containers traveled by a car driving at a constant
at a store. rate of speed.
Dish Soap Prices Time (h) Distance (mi)
Brand Price 2 130
Lots of Suds $0.98 for 8 ounces 3.5 227.5
Bright Wash $1.29 for 12 ounces 4 260
Spotless Soap $3.14 for 30 ounces 7 455
Lemon Bright $3.45 for 32 ounces
Based on this information, how
Mrs. Ross wants to buy the one that far will the car have traveled after
costs the least per ounce. Which 10 hours?
brand should she buy? F 520 miles H 650 miles
A Lots of Suds C Spotless Soap G 585 miles J 715 miles
B Bright Wash D Lemon Bright

FLOWERS For Exercises 47–50, use the information in the table Flower Arrangement
to write each ratio as a fraction in simplest form. (Lesson 6-1) Lilies 4
47. lilies : roses 48. snapdragons : lilies Roses 18
49. roses : flowers 50. flowers : snapdragons Snapdragons 6

51. SANDWICHES Lawanda is making subs. She puts 1_ slices of cheese

1
2
on each sub. If she has 12 slices of cheese, how many subs can she
make? (Lesson 5-6)

PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve. (p. 674)

52. 2.5 × 20 53. 3.5 × 4 54. 104 ÷ 16 55. 4,200 ÷ 2,000

292 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

 Extend Algebra Lab
6-2 Rate of Change
A rate of change is a ratio that shows a change in one quantity with
Main IDEA respect to a change in another quantity. In this lab, you will use tables
Investigate rate of change. and graphs to investigate constant rates of change.

Standard
6NS1.2 Interpret
and use ratios in
different contexts (e.g., Use tiles to build the figures shown below. Then continue
batting averages, miles per
hour) to show the relative
the pattern to build the fourth and fifth figures.
sizes of two quantities,
using appropriate notations
(_, a to b, a : b).
a
b
Standard 6AF2.2
Demonstrate an 1 2 3
understanding that rate is
a measure of one quantity
For each figure, record the Number of Perimeter
per unit value of another Figures
quantity. number of tiles and the Tiles (x) (y)
perimeter of the figure in 1 1
a table like the one shown 2 3
at the right. 3 5
4
Draw a coordinate plane on
grid paper and graph the 5
ordered pairs (x, y).

ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. What do you notice about the points on the graph?
change in perimeter
2. Find the ratio __ between the second and third
change in tiles
points, the third and fourth points, and the fourth and fifth points.
Each ratio is a rate of change. Describe what you observe.
3. Complete: As the number of tiles increases by 2 units, the perimeter
of the models increases by units.
4. MAKE A PREDICTION Refer to the Earnings ($)
Hours
table at the right. Find the ratio Worked Greg Monica
change in earnings
__ for Greg 1 4 5
change in hours worked
2 8 10
and Monica. Which person’s earnings
3 12 15
when graphed will form the steeper
4 16 20
line? Explain your reasoning.
5. Graph the ordered pairs (hours worked, earnings) for each person
and connect to form a line. The graph of which relationship has the
steeper line?

Extend 6-2 Algebra Lab: Rate of Change 293

 6-3 Measurement: Changing
Customary Units
Main IDEA
Change units in the ANIMALS The table shows Animal Weight (T)
customary system. the approximate weights in
Grizzly Bear 1
tons of several large land
Standard 6AF2.1 White Rhinoceros 4
Convert one unit animals. One ton is equivalent
Hippopotamus 5
of measurement to 2,000 pounds.
to another (e.g., from feet African Elephant 8
to miles, from centimeters You can use a ratio table, whose
to inches).
columns are filled with ratios that have
the same value, to convert each weight
from tons to pounds.
NEW Vocabulary
1. Copy and complete the ratio table.
unit ratio The first two ratios are done for you.
×4

Tons 1 4 5 8 To produce equivalent ratios,

multiply the quantities in each
Pounds 2,000 8,000 row by the same number.

×4
2. Then graph the ordered pairs (tons, pounds) from the table.
Label the horizontal axis Weight in Tons and the vertical axis
Weight in Pounds. Connect the points. What do you notice
about the graph of these data?

The relationships among the most commonly used customary units of

length, weight, and capacity are shown in the table below.

Equality Relationships for Customary Units

Type of Measure Larger Unit Smaller Unit
1 foot (ft) = 12 inches (in.)
Length 1 yard (yd) = 3 feet
1 mile (mi) = 5,280 feet
1 pound (lb) = 16 ounces (oz)
Weight
1 ton (T) = 2,000 pounds
1 cup (c) = 8 fluid ounces (fl oz)
1 pint (pt) = 2 cups
Capacity
1 quart (qt) = 2 pints
1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts

294 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

CORBIS
 Each of the relationships above can be written as a unit ratio. Like a unit
rate, a unit ratio is one in which the denominator is 1 unit.
_
3 ft _
2,000 lb 4 qt
_
1 yd 1T 1 gal
Notice that the numerator and denominator of each fraction above are
equivalent, so the value of each ratio is 1. You can multiply by a unit
ratio of this type to convert or change from larger units to smaller units.

Convert Larger Units to Smaller Units

1 Convert 20 feet into inches.
Multiplying by 1 Since 1 foot = 12 inches, the unit ratio is _
12 in.
.
1 ft
Although the number
and units changed in 20 ft = 20 ft · _
12 in.
Multiply by _.
12 in.
Example 1, because 1 ft 1 ft

= 20 ft · _
the measure is 12 in. Divide out common units, leaving
multiplied by 1, 1 ft the desired unit, inches.
the value of the
converted measure = 20 · 12 in. or 240 in. Multiply.
is the same as the
original. So, 20 feet = 240 inches.
_
2 GARDENING Clarence mixes 1 cup of fertilizer with soil before
4
planting each bulb. How many ounces of fertilizer does he use
per bulb?
_1 c = _1 c · _
8 fl oz Since 1 cup = 8 fluid ounces, multiply by
4 4 1c _
8 fl oz
. Then, divide out common units.
1c
=_
1
· 8 fl oz or 2 fl oz Multiply.
4
So, 2 fluid ounces of fertilizer are used per bulb.

Complete.
a. 36 yd = ft b. _3 T = lb c. 1_ qt =
1
pt
4 2
REVIEW Vocabulary
reciprocal The product of a To convert from smaller units to larger units, multiply by the reciprocal
number and its reciprocal is of the appropriate unit ratio.
1; Example: The reciprocal
of _ is _. (Lesson 5-7)
3 5
5 3 Convert Smaller Units to Larger Units
3 Convert 15 quarts into gallons.
4 qt
Since 1 gallon = 4 quarts, the unit ratio is _, and its reciprocal
1 gal
1 gal
is _.
4 qt
1 gal
15 qt = 15 qt · _
1 gal
Multiply by _.
4 qt 4 qt
1 gal
= 15 qt · _ Divide out common units, leaving
the desired unit, gallons
4 qt
Multiplying 15 by _ is the same as
1
_
1
= 15 · gal or 3.75 gal 4
4 dividing 15 by 4.

Extra Examples at ca.gr6math.com Lesson 6-3 Measurement: Changing Customary Units 295
 _
4 COSTUMES Umeka needs 4 1 feet of fabric to make a costume for a
2
play. How many yards of fabric does she need?
1 yd
1 yd Since 1 yard = 3 feet, multiply by _.
4_
1
ft = 4_
1
ft · _ Then, divide out common units.
3 ft
2 2 3 ft
3
Write 4_ as an improper fraction. Then
1
=_
9 _
· 1 yd 2
2 3 divide out common factors.
1

=_
3
yd or 1_
1
yd Multiply.
2 2

So Umeka needs 1_
1
yards of fabric.
2

Complete.
d. 2,640 ft = mi e. 5 pt = qt
f. 100 oz = lb g. 76c = gal

5 FOOD The pork loin roast shown

is cut into 10 smaller pork chops of
equal weight. How many ounces
does each pork chop weigh?
Justify your answer.
Begin by converting 3 pounds
to ounces.
Alternative Method
3 lb = 3 lb · _
For Example 5, you 16 oz Since 1 pound = 16 ounces, multiply by
could also begin by 1 lb _
16 oz
finding the number . Then, divide out common units.
1lb
of pounds per pork
chop. = 3 · 16 oz or 48 oz Multiply.
__
3 lb
or
10 pork chops Find the unit rate which gives the number of ounces per pork chop.
_
3
lb per pork chop
10 _
ounces
= __
48 oz
or 4.8 ounces per pork chop
Then convert the pork chops 10 pork chops
number of pounds
per pork chop to
ounces. So, each pork chop weighs 4.8 ounces.
lb _
3
__
10
·_
16 oz
1 pork chop 1 lb
= __ 4.8 oz
1 pork chop h. RECIPES A recipe calls for 5 cups of strawberries. Are 2 pints of
strawberries enough? Justify your answer.

i. TRUCKS The height of a semi-truck is 4_ yards. Will the truck fit

1
2
under an overpass that is 14_
1
feet tall? Justify your answer.
2
Personal Tutor at ca.gr6math.com

296 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

 Examples 1, 2 Complete.
2. 5_ yd =
(p. 295) 1
1. 3 lb = oz ft 3. 6.5 c = fl oz
3
4. FISH Grouper are members of the sea bass family. A large grouper can
weigh _
1
ton. About how much does a large grouper weigh to the nearest
3
pound?
Examples 3, 4 Complete.
(pp. 295–296)
5. 12 qt = gal 6. 28 in. = ft 7. 15 pt = qt

8. VEHICLES The world’s narrowest electric vehicle is about 35 inches wide

and is designed to move down narrow aisles in warehouses. About how
wide is this vehicle to the nearest foot?

Example 5 9. BIRDS How many times greater is the weight of an ostrich egg that weighs
(p. 296) about 4 pounds than a hummingbird egg that weighs about 0.05 ounce?
Justify your answer.

Complete.
For See 10. 18 ft = yd 11. 72 oz = lb 12. 2 lb = oz
14. 4_ pt =
Exercises Examples 1
13. 4 gal = qt c 15. 3 c = fl oz
10–21 1–4 2
22–23 2 16. 2 mi = ft _
1
17. 1 mi = ft 18. 5,000 lb = T
4
24–25 4
19. 13 c = pt _
3
20. 2 qt = pt 21. 3_ T =
3
lb
26–29 5 4 8
22. PUMPKINS One of the largest pumpkins ever grown weighed about _ ton.
1
2
How many pounds did the pumpkin weigh?

23. SKIING Speed skiing takes place on a course that is _ mile long. How many
2
3
feet long is the course?

24. BOATING A 40-foot power boat is for sale by owner. About how long is this
boat to the nearest yard?

25. BLOOD A total of 35 pints of blood were collected at a local blood drive.
How many quarts of blood is this?

26. CAR REPAIR A car repair shop changes the oil of 50 cars. They recover
3_
1
quarts of oil from each car. How many gallons of oil did they recover?
2
Justify your answer.

27. ESTIMATION One bushel of apples weighs about 40 pounds. About how
many bushels of apples would weigh 1 ton?

Lesson 6-3 Measurement: Changing Customary Units 297

 28. PUNCH Will a 2-quart pitcher
hold the entire recipe of citrus
punch given at the right? Explain
your reasoning.

29. WEATHER On Monday, it snowed

a total of 15 inches. On Tuesday
and Wednesday, it snowed an
additional 4_
1
inches and 6_
3
inches,
2 4
respectively. A weather forecaster says that over the last three days,
it snowed about 2_
1
feet. Is this a valid claim? Justify your answer.
2

MEASUREMENT Complete the following statements.

30. If 16 c = 1 gal, then 1_ gal =
1
c
4
31. If 1,760 yd = 1 mi, then 880 yd = mi
32. If 36 in. = 1 yd, then 2.3 yd = in.

33. ESTIMATION Cristos is a member of the swim team and trains by swimming
an average of 3,000 yards a day. About how many miles would he swim by
training at this rate for 5 days, to the nearest half-mile?

MEASUREMENT For Exercises

34–37, use the graph at the right.
34. What does an ordered pair
from this graph represent?
35. Write two sentences that
describe the graph.
See pages 693, 720. 36. Use the graph to find the
capacity in quarts of a 2.5 gallon container. Explain your reasoning.
Self-Check Quiz at 37. Use the graph to predict the capacity in gallons of a 12 quart container.
ca.gr6math.com Explain your reasoning.

H.O.T. Problems 38. OPEN ENDED Write a problem about a real-world situation in which you
would need to convert pints to cups.

REASONING Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true sentence.

Justify your answers.

39. 16 in. ● 1_ ft 40. 8_ gal ● 32 qt

1 3
41. 2.7 T ● 86,400 oz
2 4

42. CHALLENGE To whiten fabrics, a certain Web site recommends that you soak
them in a mixture of _
3
cup vinegar, 2 quarts water, and some salt. Does a
4
mixture that contains 1.5 ounces vinegar and 16 ounces water have the
same vinegar to water ratio as the recommended mixture? Explain.

43. Use multiplication by unit ratios of equivalent

measures to convert 5 square feet to square inches. Justify your answer.

298 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

 44. Which situation is represented by the 45. How many cups of milk are shown
graph? below?

A Conversion of inches to yards F _

3
c H 2_
1
c
4 2
B Conversion of feet to inches
G 1_
1
c J 10 c
C Conversion of miles to feet 4
46. How many ounces are in 7_ pounds?
D Conversion of yards to feet 3
4
A 124 oz C 120 oz
B 122 oz D 112 oz

47. GROCERIES Three pounds of pears cost $3.57. At this rate, how much
would 10 pounds cost? (Lesson 6-2)

Write each ratio as a fraction in simplest form. (Lesson 6-1)

48. 9 feet in 21 minutes 49. 36 calls in 2 hours 50. 14 SUVs out of 56 vehicles

51. MEASUREMENT By doubling just the length of the rectangular ice skating
rink in Will’s backyard from 16 to 32 feet, he increased its area from
128 square feet to 256 square feet. Find the width of both rinks. (Lesson 3-6)

ALGEBRA For Exercises 52–54, use the

pay stub at the right. (Lesson 3-3)
52. Write and solve an equation to find the
regular hourly wage.
53. Write and solve an equation to find the
overtime hourly wage.
54. Write and solve an equation to find how
many times greater Grace’s overtime hourly
wage is than her regular hourly wage.

PREREQUISITE SKILL Multiply. (p. 674)

55. 14.5 × 8.2 56. 7.03 × 4.6 57. 9.29 × 15.3 58. 1.84 × 16.7

Lesson 6-3 Measurement: Changing Customary Units 299

 6-4 Measurement:
Changing Metric Units
Main IDEA
Change metric units of The lengths of two objects are shown below.
length, capacity, and mass.
Length Length
Object
Standard 6AF2.1 (millimeters) (centimeters)
Convert one unit of paper clip 45 4.5
measurement to
another (e.g., from feet to CD case 144 14.4
miles, from centimeters to
inches).
1. Select three other objects. Find and record the width of all five
objects to the nearest millimeter and tenth of a centimeter.
2. Compare the measurements of the objects, and write a rule that
NEW Vocabulary describes how to convert from millimeters to centimeters.
metric system
3. Measure the length of your classroom in meters. Make a
meter
liter conjecture about how to convert this measure to centimeters.
gram Explain.
kilogram

The metric system is a decimal system of measures. The prefixes

commonly used in this system are kilo-, centi-, and milli-.

Meaning Meaning
Prefix
In Words In Numbers
kilo- thousands 1,000
centi- hundredths 0.01
milli- thousandths 0.001

In the metric system, the base unit of length is the meter (m). Using the
prefixes, the names of other units of length are formed. Notice that the
prefixes tell you how the units relate to the meter.

Unit Symbol Relationship to Meter

kilometer km 1 km = 1,000 m 1 m = 0.001 km
meter m 1m=1m
centimeter cm 1 cm = 0.01 m 1 m = 100 cm
millimeter mm 1 mm = 0.001 m 1 m = 1,000 mm

The liter (L) is the base unit of capacity, the amount of dry or liquid
material an object can hold. The gram (g) measures mass, the amount
of matter in an object. The prefixes can also be applied to these units.
Whereas the meter and liter are the base units of length and capacity,
the base unit of mass is the kilogram (kg).

300 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

 To change a metric measure of length, mass, or capacity from one unit
to another, you can use the relationship between the two units and
multiplication by a power of 10.

Convert Units in the Metric System

1 Convert 4.5 liters to milliliters.
You need to convert liters to milliliters. Use the relationship
Metric Conversions 1 L = 1,000 mL.
When converting
from a larger unit to 1 L = 1,000 mL Write the relationship.
a smaller unit, the
power of ten being 4.5 × 1 L = 4.5 × 1,000 mL Multiply each side by 4.5 since
multiplied will be you have 4.5 L.
greater than 1.
When converting
4.5 L = 4,500 mL To multiply 4.5 by 1,000, move the
from a smaller unit
decimal point 3 places to the right.
to a larger unit, the 2 Convert 500 millimeters to meters.
power of ten will
be less than 1. You need to convert millimeters to meters. Use the relationship
1 mm = 0.001 m.
1 mm = 0.001 m Write the relationship.
500 × 1 mm = 500 × 0.001 m Multiply each side by 500 since
you have 500 mm.
500 mm = 0.5 m To multiply 500 by 0.001, move the
decimal point 3 places to the left.

Complete.
a. 25.4 g = kg b. 158 mm = m

3 BEARS The California Grizzly Bear was designated the official state
animal in 1953. Use the information at the left to find the maximum
weight of a grizzly bear in grams.
You are converting kilograms to grams. Since the maximum weight of
a grizzly bear is 521.64 kilograms, use the relationship 1 kg = 1,000 g.
1 kg = 1,000 g Write the relationship.

521.64 × 1 kg = 521.64 × 1,000 g Multiply each side by 521.64

since you have 521.64 kg.
521.64 kg = 521,640 g To multiply 521.64 by 1,000, move
the decimal point 3 places to the right.
Real-World Link So, the maximum weight of a grizzly bear is 521,640 grams.
The maximum weight
of a grizzly bear is
521.64 kilograms.
Source: bear.org
c. FOOD A bottle contains 1.75 liters of juice. How many milliliters
is this?
Personal Tutor at ca.gr6math.com

Lesson 6-4 Measurement: Changing Metric Units 301

Steve Vidler/SuperStock
 To convert measures between customary units and metric units, use
the relationships below.

Customary and Metric Relationships

Type of Measure Customary Metric

Length 1 inch (in.) ≈ 2.54 centimeters (cm)

1 foot (ft) ≈ 0.30 meter (m)
1 yard (yd) ≈ 0.91 meter (m)
1 mile (mi) ≈ 1.61 kilometers (km)

Weight/Mass 1 pound (lb) ≈ 453.6 grams (g)

1 pound (lb) ≈ 0.4536 kilogram (kg)
1 ton (T) ≈ 907.2 kilograms (kg)

Capacity 1 cup (c) ≈ 236.59 milliliters (mL)

1 pint (pt) ≈ 473.18 milliliters (mL)
1 quart (qt) ≈ 946.35 milliliters (mL)
1 gallon (gal) ≈ 3.79 liters (L)

Convert Between Measurement Systems

4 Convert 17.22 inches to centimeters. Round to the nearest
hundredth if necessary.

Use the relationship 1 inch ≈ 2.54 centimeters.

Alternative Method
When converting 1 inch ≈ 2.54 cm Write the relationship.
17.22 inches to
centimeters, you can
17.22 × 1 in. ≈ 17.22 × 2.54 cm Multiply each side by 17.22 since
use the relationship you have 17.22 in.
1 in. ≈ 2.54 cm or the
17.22 in. ≈ 43.7388 cm Simplify.
unit ratio _ .
2.54 cm
1 in.
So, 17.22 inches is approximately 43.74 centimeters.

5 Convert 828.5 milliliters to cups. Round to the nearest hundredth

if necessary.
Since 1 cup ≈ 236.59 milliliters, multiply by _
1c
.
236.59 mL
828.5 mL ≈ 828.5 mL • _
1c
Multiply by _ .
1c
236.59 mL 236.59 mL
≈_
828.5 c
or 3.5 c Simplify.
236.59
So, 828.5 milliliters is approximately 3.5 cups.

Complete. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.

d. 7.44 c ≈ mL e. 22.09 lb ≈ kg f. 35.85 L ≈ gal

302 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions Extra Examples at ca.gr6math.com

 6 GEYSERS Old Faithful Geyser of California, in Calistoga, averages
an eruption height of 60 feet. Find the approximate average
eruption height in meters.
Since the eruption height is 60 feet, use the relationship 1 ft ≈ 0.30 m.
1 ft ≈ 0.30 m Write the relationship.
60 × 1 ft ≈ 60 × 0.30 m Multiply each side by 60 since you have 60 ft.
60 ft ≈ 18 m Simplify.
Real-World Link
So, the eruption height is about 18 meters.
Old Faithful Geyser is
one of the three
geysers in the world
whose eruptions are
predictable. g. WATER A bottle contains 1,800 milliliters of water. About how
Source:
roadsideamerica.com many quarts of water does the bottle contain?

Examples 1, 2, 4, 5 Complete. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.

(pp. 301–302)
1. 3.7 m = cm 2. 550 m = km
3. 1,460 mg = g 4. 2.34 kL = L
5. 9.36 yd ≈ m 6. 11.07 pt ≈ mL
7. 58.14 kg ≈ lb 8. 38.44 cm ≈ in.
Examples 3, 6 9. SPORTS About how many feet does a team of athletes run in a
(pp. 302–303) 1,600-meter relay race?

Complete. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.

For See 10. 720 cm = m 11. 983 mm = m
Exercises Examples
12. 3.2 m = cm 13. 0.03 g = mg
10–23 1, 2, 4, 5
24–27 3, 6 14. 997 g = kg 15. 82.1 g = kg
16. 9.1 L = mL 17. 130.5 kL = L
18. 3.75 c ≈ mL 19. 41.8 in. ≈ cm
20. 156.25 lb ≈ kg 21. 9.5 gal ≈ L
22. 680.4 g ≈ lb 23. 4.725 m ≈ ft

24. WATERFALLS At 979 meters tall, Angel Falls in Venezuela is the highest
waterfall in the world. How many kilometers tall is the waterfall?

25. FOOD An 18-ounce jar contains 510 grams of grape jelly. How many
kilograms of grape jelly does the jar contain?

Extra Examples at ca.gr6math.com Lesson 6-4 Measurement: Changing Metric Units 303
(t)Lois Ellen Frank/CORBIS, (bl)Jonathan Nourok/PhotoEdit, (br)Michael Newman/PhotoEdit
 26. BUILDINGS The Taipei Financial Center in Taipei, Taiwan, is about
0.508 kilometers tall. About how tall is the building in feet?

27. BIRDS The world’s largest bird is the ostrich whose mass can be as much as
156.5 kilograms. What is this approximate weight in pounds?

Complete. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.

28. 8.18 qt ≈ L 29. 15.09 km ≈ yd
30. 72.26 cm ≈ ft 31. 0.445 T ≈ g

Order each set of measures from least to greatest.

32. 0.02 km, 50 m, 3,000 cm 33. 660 mL, 0.06 L, 6.6 kL
34. 0.32 kg, 345 g, 35,100 mg 35. 2,650 mm, 130 cm, 5 m

36. ANALYZE TABLES The table shows the Bridge Length (m)
Real-World Link
lengths of bridges in the United States. Mackinac, MI 1,158
The Golden Gate
Bridge was the Which bridges are about 1 kilometer in
George Washington, NY 1,067
longest bridge in the length? Justify your answer.
world until 1964. Tacoma Narrows II, WA 853
Source: Oakland Bay, CA 704
gocalifornia.about.com 37. CARPENTRY Jacinta needs a 2.5-meter
Pennybacker, TX 345
pole for a birdfeeder that she is building.
Sunshine Skyway, FL 8,712
How many centimeters will she need to
cut off a 3-meter pole in order to use it Golden Gate, CA 2,780
See pages 693, 720. for the birdfeeder?

Self-Check Quiz at 38. BAKING A bakery uses 900 grams of peaches per cobbler. How many
ca.gr6math.com
cobblers can be made using 10.5 pounds of peaches?

H.O.T. Problems 39. FIND THE ERROR Hunter and Arturo are converting 45.7 milligrams to
grams. Who is correct? Explain your reasoning.

045.7 mg = 0.0457 g

45.7 mg = 45,700 g

Hunter Arturo

CHALLENGE For Exercises 40–42, use the following information.

The metric prefix giga refers to something one billion times larger than
the base unit.
40. How many meters are in one gigameter?
41. About how many miles are in one gigameter? Round to the nearest
hundredth.
42. The distance from Earth to the Sun is approximately 93 million miles.
About how many gigameters is this? Round to the nearest hundredth.

304 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

 43. Explain why it makes sense to multiply by a
power of 10 that is greater than 1 when changing from a larger unit
to a smaller unit.

44. The table shows the mass of four 45. Which relationship between the given
wireless telephones. Find the units of measure is correct?
approximate total mass of the
F One gram is _
1
of a centigram.
telephones in kilograms. 100

Telephone Owner Mass (g) G One meter is _

1
of a centimeter.
100
Elena 100.4
Kevin 70.8 H One gram is _
1
of a kilogram.
Marissa 95.6 1,000
Corey 120.4 J One milliliter is _1
of a liter.
100
A 0.39 kilogram
B 3.9 kilograms
C 39.0 kilograms
D 390.0 kilograms

46. MEASUREMENT A certain car weighs 3,200 pounds. What is the weight of the car
in tons? (Lesson 6-3)

Find each unit rate. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary. (Lesson 6-2)
47. 468 miles on 18 gallons
48. $13.28 for 8 pounds
49. 732 Calories in 6 servings
50. 1,020 kilobytes in 3 minutes

Add or subtract. Write in simplest form. (Lesson 5-3)

51. 3_ + 1_ 52. 8_ - 2_ 53. 9_ + 4_ 54. 11_ - 5_
4 1 3 2 1 3 7 3
7 7 5 5 6 8 10 4
55. BASKETBALL Jared made thirty-seven percent of his free-throw attempts during
basketball practice. Write this percent as a decimal. (Lesson 4-7)

PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each equation. (Lesson 3-3)

59. 8_ · x = 11 · 17
1
56. 5 · 4 = x · 2 57. 9 · 24 = 27 · x 58. x · 15 = 12 · 4
2

Lesson 6-4 Measurement: Changing Metric Units 305

 6-5 Algebra: Solving
Proportions
Main IDEA
Solve proportions. NUTRITION The table shows the amount
of vitamin C in different serving sizes of
Standard a certain cereal.
6NS1.3
1. Write the rate _
Use proportions vitamin C
to solve problems serving size
(e.g. determine the value of n for each serving size of cereal.
if _4 = _n , find the length of a Vitamin C
(mg)
Serving Size
(c)
7 21
side of a polygon similar to a
2. Find the number of milligrams
per cup for each serving size. 15 0.5
known polygon). Use cross-
multiplication as a method What do you notice? 60 2
for solving such problems,
understanding it as the
multiplication of both sides
of an equation by a Two quantities are proportional ×4
multiplicative inverse. if they have a constant rate or When the serving size
15 mg
_ 60 mg
ratio. In the example above, =_ quadruples, the number
of milligrams of vitamin C
notice that the serving size and 0.5 c 2c
also quadruples.
NEW Vocabulary amount of vitamin C change ×4
or vary in the same way.
proportional
cross product
The unit rates for these different-sized ×4 ÷2
servings are the same, a constant 30
15 mg
_ 60 mg 30 mg
milligrams per cup. So, the amount of =_=_
vitamin C is proportional to the serving 0.5 c 2c 1c
size. Another way of expressing this
×4 ÷2
relationship is by writing a proportion.

Proportion

Words A proportion is an equation stating that two ratios or rates

are equivalent.
Symbols Numbers Algebra
_1 = _3 , _
8 ft
=_
4 ft _a = _c , where b, d ≠ 0
2 6 10 s 5s b d

Consider the following proportion.

_a = _c
Inverses b d
The product of a _a · b1 d = _c · bd1 Multiply each side by bd.
number and its b d
multiplicative inverse 1 1
is 1; b and _ are ad = bc
1 Simplify.
b
multiplicative inverses, The products ad and bc are called the cross products of this proportion.
as are d and _ .
1
d The cross products of any proportion are equal. You can compare unit
rates or cross products to identify proportional relationships.

306 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

Doug Martin
 Identify Proportional Relationships
1 RECREATION A carousel makes 4 complete turns after 64 seconds
and 5 complete turns after 76 seconds. Based on this information, is
the number of turns made by this carousel proportional to the time
in seconds? Explain.

METHOD 1 Compare unit rates.

__
seconds _
64 s
=_
16 s _
76 s
=_
15.2 s
complete turns 4 turns 1 turn 5 turns 1 turn
Since the unit rates are not equal, the number of turns is not
proportional to the time in seconds.

METHOD 2 Compare ratios by comparing cross products.

seconds _
64
!_
76 seconds
complete turns 4 5 complete turns

64 · 5 ! 4 · 76 Find the cross products.

320 ≠ 304 Multiply.
Since the cross products are not equal, the number of turns is not
proportional to the time in seconds.

Determine if the quantities in each pair of ratios are proportional.

Explain.
a. 60 voted out of 100 registered and 84 voted out of 140 registered
b. $12 for 16 yards of fabric and $9 for 24 yards fabric

Personal Tutor at ca.gr6math.com

You can also use cross products to find a missing value in a proportion.
This is known as solving the proportion.

Mental Math Solve a Proportion

Some proportions
can be solved using _ _
2 Solve 21 = c .
mental math. 5 7
_
2.5
=_
x _
21
= _c Write the proportion.
10 30 5 7
×3 21 · 7 = 5 · c Find the cross products.
_
2.5
=_
7.5 147 = 5c Multiply.
10 30

×3
_
147
=_
5c
Divide each side by 5.
5 5
29.4 = c Simplify.
Check for ReasonablenessSince _
21
≈_
20
or _
4
and _
29.4
≈_
28
or _
4
,
5 5 1 7 7 1
the answer is reasonable. ✔

Extra Examples at ca.gr6math.com Lesson 6-5 Algebra: Solving Proportions 307

 _ _
3 Solve 2.6 = 8 .
BRAINPOP® ca.gr6math.com 13 n
_
2.6
=_
8
Write the proportion.
13 n
2.6 · n = 13 · 8 Find the cross products.
2.6n = 104 Multiply.
_
2.6n
=_
104
Divide each side by 2.6.
2.6 2.6
n = 40 Simplify.

Solve each proportion.

c. _ = _ _2 = _5 _ =_
16 2 10 2.5
d. e.
k 3 6 h k 4

4 SCIENCE In one species, a 6-foot crocodile has a 2-foot skull.

If skull length is proportional to body length, what is the
length of a crocodile of that same species with a 3.5-foot skull?

METHOD 1 Write and solve a proportion.

Let b represent the length of the crocodile with a 3.5-foot skull.
body length _
6 ft
=_
b ft
Write a proportion.
skull length 2 ft 3.5 ft
6 · 3.5 = 2 · b Find the cross products.

Real-World Career 21 = 2b Multiply.

How Does a 10.5 = b Divide each side by 2.
Paleontologist
use Math? In 2001,
paleontologists
discovered a 6-foot skull METHOD 2 Find and use a unit rate or ratio.
of a prehistoric crocodile
called SuperCroc. By body length _
6 ft ÷ 2
=_
3 There ratio of body length to skull
using proportions, they skull length 2 ft ÷ 2 1 length is 3 : 1.
estimated its total length
as 40 feet.
Words The body length is 3 times the skull length.

For more information, Let b represent the length of the crocodile

Variable
go to ca.gr6math.com. with a 3.5 foot skull.
Equation b = 3 · 3.5

b = 3 · 3.5 or 10.5 Multiply.

So, a crocodile with a 3.5-foot skull is about 10.5 feet long.

f. RUNNING Salvador can run 120 meters in 24 seconds. If he runs

at the same rate, how many seconds will it take him to run a
300-meter race?

308 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

Project Exploration
 Example 1 Determine if the quantities in each pair of ratios are proportional. Explain.
(p. 307)
1. 2 adults for 10 children and 3 adults for 12 children
2. 12 inches by 8 inches and 18 inches by 12 inches
3. 8 feet in 21 seconds and 12 feet in 31.5 seconds
4. $5.60 for 5 pairs of socks and $7.12 for 8 pairs of socks

Examples 2, 3 Solve each proportion.

(pp. 307–308)
5. _5 = _
t
6. _6 = _
24
7. _
21
= _c
6 18 k 28 5 7
8. _ = _ 9. _ = _ 10. _ = _
15 2 3 2.7 0.2 3
w 5 n 18 3 d
Example 4 11. GROCERIES Orange juice is on sale 3 half-gallons for $5. At this rate,
(p. 308) find the cost of 5 half-gallons of orange juice to the nearest cent.
12. TRAVEL Franco drove 203 miles in 3.5 hours. At this rate, how long will
it take him to drive another 29 miles to the next town?

Determine if the quantities in each pair of ratios are proportional. Explain.

For See 13. 20 children from 6 families to 16 children from 5 families
Exercises Examples 14. 5 pounds of dry ice melts in 30 hours and 4 pounds melts in 24 hours
13–20 1
15. 16 winners out of 200 entries and 28 winners out of 350 entries
21–32 2, 3
33–40 4 16. 5 meters in 7 minutes and 25 meters in 49 minutes
17. 1.4 tons produced every 18 days and 10.5 tons every 60 days
18. 3 inches for every 4 miles and 7.5 inches for every 10 miles

19. READING Leslie reads 25 pages in 45 minutes. After 60 minutes, she has
read a total of 30 pages. Is her time proportional to the number of pages she
reads? Explain.
20. PETS A store sells 2 hamsters for $11 and 6 hamsters for $33. Is the cost
proportional to the number of hamsters sold? Explain.
Solve each proportion.
21. _3 = _
b
22. _
x
=_
12
23. _c = _
18
24. _5 = _
10
8 40 12 4 7 42 k 22
25. _
3
=n_ 26. _
15 _
3
=g 27. _
45
=_d
28. _
30
=_
8
8 4 4 5 7 a 20
29. _
1.6
=_2
30. _ = _
4.5 t
31. _
2.5
=_ 7.5
32. _
3.8
=_
7.6
m 3 5 7 4.5 x 5.2 z
33. SCHOOL If 4 notebooks weigh 2.8 pounds, how much do 6 of the same
notebooks weigh?
34. COOKING There are 6 teaspoons in 2 tablespoons. How many teaspoons are
in 1.5 tablespoons?

Lesson 6-5 Algebra: Solving Proportions 309

 ANALYZE TABLES For Exercises 35–38, use the table.

35. How many stalks of celery yield 3_ cups of celery slices?

1
2
36. How many cups of broccoli florets would 1 pound of broccoli produce?
37. About how many ounces of carrots yields 2 cups sliced?
38. How many cups of sliced celery would 7_ stalks of celery yield?
1
2
39. SCIENCE The ratio of salt to water in a certain solution is 4 to 15.
If the solution contains 6 ounces of water, how many ounces of
Real-World Link
Film for an IMAX salt does it contain?
projection system
passes through the 40. CONCERTS Alethia purchased 7 advanced tickets for herself and her
projector at the rate of
330 feet per minute friends to a concert and paid $164.50. If the total cost of tickets to the
or 5.5 feet per concert is proportional to the number purchased, how many tickets
second. to the same concert did Serefina purchase if she paid a total of $94?
Source: hfmgv.org

41. SAVINGS Pao spent $140 of his paycheck and put the remaining $20 in his
savings account. If the number of dollars he spends is proportional to the
number he saves, how much of a $156-paycheck will he put into savings?

42. MOVIES After 30 seconds, 720 frames of film have passed through a
movie projector. At this rate, what is the approximate running time in
minutes of a movie made up of 57,000 frames of film?
See pages 694, 720.
43. SCHOOL There are 325 students and 13 teachers at a school. Next school

Self-Check Quiz at
year, the enrollment is expected to increase by 100 students. Write and
ca.gr6math.com solve a proportion to find the number of teachers that must be hired so
the student-teacher ratio remains the same.

44. FIND THE DATA Refer to the California Data File on pages 16–19.
Choose some data and write a real-world problem in which you
would solve a proportion.

H.O.T. Problems 45. Which One Doesn’t Belong? Identify the rate that is not proportional
to the other three. Explain your reasoning.

$4.50 for $2.88 for $5.70 for $4.86 for

5 lb 3.2 lb 6 lb 5.4 lb

46. CHALLENGE In a cleaning solution, the ratio of bleach to water is 1 : 5.

If there are 36 cups of cleaning solution, how many cups of water are
needed? Explain your reasoning.

310 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

CORBIS
 47. SELECT A TECHNIQUE Sweet corn is on sale at $2.50 for a dozen at a farmer’s
market. Select one or more of the following technique(s) to determine how
many ears you can buy for $10. Then use this technique to solve the
problem.

mental math estimation number sense

48. Explain why the cross products of a proportion

are equal. Use the term multiplicative inverse in your explanation.

49. Mirma gives away 84 flyers over 50. A recipe that makes 16 muffins calls
a 3-hour period. If the number of for _
1
cup of flour. How much flour is
flyers she is able to give away per 2
needed to make 3 dozen muffins using
hour remains the same, which
this recipe?
proportion can be used to find x,
the number of flyers that she would F 1_
1
c
8
give away over a 5-hour period? G 1c
A _3
=_
x
C _
5
=_
84
H 1_
1
c
84 5 3 x 4
B _
84
=_
x
D _
3
=_
x
J 1_
1
c
3 5 84 8 2

51. MEASUREMENT Felicia bought 5 pounds of onions. About how many kilograms
of onions did she buy? (Lesson 6-4)

MEASUREMENT Complete. (Lesson 6-3)

53. 3_ lb =
1
52. 5 qt = pt oz 54. 28 c = qt
2
Multiply. Write in simplest form. (Lesson 5-5)
55. 3_ × 5_ 56. 1_ × 5_ 57. 2_ × 7_
1 7 2 4 1 5
2 8 3 5 4 8

58. PREREQUISITE SKILL Mr. Andres is filling up his car

with gas that costs $2.50 per gallon. His car’s gas
gauge before filling up is shown at the right. If his
car’s gas tank holds 16 gallons, about how much
will Mr. Andres pay to fill up his tank? Use the
eliminate possibilities strategy. (Lesson 5-4)
A $15.00 C $27.00
B $25.00 D $35.00

Lesson 6-5 Algebra: Solving Proportions 311

 Extend Statistics Lab
6-5 Wildlife Sampling
Naturalists can estimate the population
Main IDEA in a wildlife preserve by using the capture-
Use proportions to recapture technique. In this lab, you will
estimate populations.
model this technique using dried beans
in a bowl to represent deer in a forest.
Standard 6SDAP2.1
Compare different
samples of a
population with the data
from the entire population
and identify a situation in Fill a small bowl with
which it makes sense to use dried beans.
a sample.
Standard 6MR2.1 Use
estimation to verify the Use the paper cup to Original Number Captured
reasonableness of calculated scoop out some of the Trial Sample Recaptured P
results.
beans. These represent A
the original captured deer. B
Record the number in a
C
table like the one shown
!
at the right. Mark each
J
bean with an × on both
sides. Then return these Total
beans to the bowl and
mix well.

Scoop another cup of beans from the bowl and count

them. This is the sample for Trial A. Count the beans with
the ×’s. These are the recaptured deer. Record both
numbers.

Use the proportion below to estimate the total number of

beans in the bowl. This represents the total population P.
Record the value of P in the table.
captured
__ recaptured
= _
total population (P) sample

Return all of the beans to the bowl.

Repeat Steps 3–5 nine times.

ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. ESTIMATION Find the average of the estimates in column P. Is this
a good estimate of the number of beans in the bowl?
Explain your reasoning.
2. Count the actual number of beans in the bowl. How does this number
compare to your estimate?

312 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

Aaron Haupt
 APTER
CH
Mid-Chapter Quiz
6 Lessons 6-1 through 6-5

RECIPE For Exercises 1–3, use the information Complete. (Lesson 6-3)
in the table to write each ratio as a fraction in 11. 42 ft = yd 12. 9 pt = qt
simplest form. (Lesson 6-1)
13. 7,600 lb = T 14. 7_
1
gal = qt
2
Cherry Punch Recipe
Cherry Juice 4 cups 15. STANDARDS PRACTICE Which situation
Apple Juice 2 cups is best represented by the graph?
(Lesson 6-3)
Ginger Ale 16 cups

1. cherry juice : apple juice

2. apple juice : ginger ale
3. cherry juice : ginger ale

Determine whether the ratios are equivalent.

Explain. (Lesson 6-1)
F Conversion of inches to yards
4. 6 out of 9 words spelled correctly
2 out of 3 words spelled correctly G Conversion of feet to inches
5. 150 athletes to 15 coaches H Conversion of inches to miles
3 athletes to 1 coach J Conversion of yards to feet
6. 24 points in 4 games
72 points in 8 games Complete. Round to the nearest hundredth
if necessary. (Lesson 6-4)
Find each unit rate. Round to the nearest 16. 12.5 mi ≈ km 17. 4.75 gal ≈ L
hundredth if necessary. (Lesson 6-2)
7. 200 miles in 4 hours 18. 76 cm ≈ in. 19. 31.8 kg ≈ lb
8. $6.20 for 5 pounds
Determine if the quantities in each pair
9. 98 carbohydrates in 8 servings
of ratios are proportional. Explain. (Lesson 6-5)
10. STANDARDS PRACTICE Celeste’s favorite 20. 8 pages in 5 minutes and 40 pages in
type of chocolate comes in four 25 minutes
different amounts. Which amount of 21. 40 blank CDs for $9.60 and 24 blank
chocolate shown in the table has the best CDs for $4.80
unit price? (Lesson 6-2)

Weight (oz) Cost ($) Solve each proportion. (Lesson 6-5)

12 2.50 22. _3 = _
12
23. _7 = _
m
24. _
w
=_
1
d 20 8 48 8 3
18 3.69
24 4.95
25. MEASUREMENT It took 45 minutes to fill a
30 6.25
circular pool of uniform depth to a level of
18 inches. At this rate, how long will it take
A 12 oz C 24 oz
to fill the pool to a level of 35 inches?
B 18 oz D 36 oz (Lesson 6-5)
 6-6 Problem-Solving Investigation
MAIN IDEA: Solve problems by drawing a diagram.
Standard 6MR2.5 Use a variety of methods, such as words, numbers, symbols, charts, graphs, tables, diagrams,
and models, to explain mathematical reasoning. Standard 6NS2.1 Solve problems involving addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division of positive fractions and explain why a particular operation was used for a given situation.

I-M: DRAW A DIAGRAM

YOUR MISSION: Draw a diagram to solve the
problem.

THE PROBLEM: How much farther do we have

to drive?

Frieda: We’ve gone about 90 miles, which

▲
_
is about 2 of the way to the campsite. So,
3
how much farther do we have to go?

EXPLORE You know that 90 miles is about _

2
of the total distance.
3
PLAN Draw a diagram showing the fractional part of the distance.
SOLVE

If _
2
of the distance is 90 miles, then _ of the distance would be 45 miles. So, the
1
3 3
missing third must be another 45 miles.

The total distance is 90 + 45 or 135 miles.

CHECK Since _
2
of the total distance is 90 miles, and _
2
(135) = 90, the solution checks.
3 3

1. Determine how far the trip would have been if the 90 miles were only _
1
3
of the total distance. Draw a new diagram for this situation.
2. Write a problem that could be solved by drawing a
diagram. Exchange your problem with a classmate and solve.

314 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

KS Studios
Solve Exercises 3–5. Use the draw a diagram 7. GAMES Six members of a video game club
strategy. are having a tournament. In the first round,
every player will play a video game against
3. PHYSICAL SCIENCE A ball is dropped from
every other player. How many games will
a height of 10 feet. It hits the ground and
be in the first round of the tournament?
bounces up half as high as it fell. This is true
8. BASEBALL Of Lee’s baseball cards, _ show
for each successive bounce. What height 1
does the ball reach on the fourth bounce? 5
California players. Of these, _
3
show San
8
4. FAMILY At Nelia’s family reunion, _ of the
4 Diego Padres players. Is the fraction of Lee’s
collection that show Padres players _23 _
5
people are 18 years of age or older. Half of , 4 ,
40 13
the remaining people are under 12 years or _?
3
40
old. If 20 children are under 12 years old,
how many people are at the reunion?

5. VOLUME A swimming pool is being filled

with water. After 25 minutes, _
1
of the For Exercises 9 and 10, select the appropriate
6
swimming pool is filled. How much longer operation(s) to solve the problem. Justify your
will it take to completely fill the pool, selection(s) and solve the problem.
assuming the water rate is constant? 9. BUSINESS The graph shows the annual
Use any strategy to solve Exercises 6–8. Some spending by five industries in the
strategies are shown below. United States.

G STRATEGIES
PROBLEM-SOLVIN
• Use the four-s
tep plan.
• Work backward
.
• Eliminate poss ibi lities.
• Draw a diagram
.

6. MEASUREMENT Jamila is adding 3 feet to the

length and width of her rectangular garden,
as shown.

Estimate how much more the automotive

industry spends than the retail industry.

10. TESTS The scores on a test are found by

adding or subtracting points as shown
below. If Salazar’s score on a 15-question
Which expression represents the area of test was 86 points, how many of his answers
land to be added to the original garden? were correct, incorrect, and blank?
A (15 + 3)(20 + 3)
Answer Points
B (15 + 3)(20 + 3) - (15)(20) Correct +8
C (15 - 3)(20 - 3) Incorrect -4
D (15 - 3)(20 - 3) - (15)(20) No answer -2

Lesson 6-6 Problem-Solving Investigation: Draw a Diagram 315

 6-7 Scale Drawings

Main IDEA Interactive Lab ca.gr6math.com

Solve problems involving • Measure the length of each wall, door,
scale drawings. window, and chalkboard in your classroom.
Standard • Record each length to the nearest _
1
foot.
2
6NS1.3 Use
1. Let 1 unit on the grid paper represent
proportions to solve
problems (e.g. determine the 1 foot. So, 6 units = 6 feet. Convert all of
value of n if _ = _, find the your measurements to units.
4 n
7 21
length of a side of a
2. On grid paper, make a drawing of your
polygon similar to a known
polygon). Use cross- classroom like the one shown at the right.
multiplication as a method
for solving such problems,
understanding it as the A map is an example of a scale drawing. Scale drawings and scale
multiplication of both sides
of an equation by a models are used to represent objects that are too large or too small to be
multiplicative inverse. drawn or built at actual size. The scale gives the ratio that compares the
measurements of the drawing or model to the measurements of the real
object. The measurements on a drawing or model are proportional to
NEW Vocabulary measurements of the actual object.
scale drawing
scale model Use a Map Scale
scale
scale factor 1 MAPS What is the actual
distance between Sacramento
and San Francisco?
Step 1 Use a centimeter
ruler to find the
map distance
between the two
cities. The map
distance is about
Scale A map scale
can be written in
3.7 centimeters.
different ways,
including the Step 2 Write and solve a
following: proportion using the scale. Let d represent the actual
1 cm = 20 km distance between the cities.
1 cm : 20 km
_
1 cm Sacramento
20 km
Scale to San Francisco
map __
1 centimeter
= __
3.7 centimeters map
actual 20 miles d miles actual
1 × d = 20 × 3.7 Cross products.
d = 74 Simplify.
The distance between the cities is about 74 miles.

316 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

 a. MAPS On the map of Arkansas shown, find the distance between
Clarksville and Little Rock. Use a ruler to measure.

A blueprint is another example of a scale drawing.

Use a Blueprint Scale

Alternate Method 2 POOLS On the blueprint of
You could also set
the pool, each square has
up and solve the
proportion below. _
a side length of 1 inch.
4
What is the actual width
×7
of the pool?
_
1
in. in._
7
_ =_
The pool on the blueprint is
_3
4 4
2 ft w ft
1 inches wide. Write and
4
×7
solve a proportion using the
So, w = 14 ft.
scale. Let w represent the actual
width of the pool.

Scale Width of Pool

blueprint _1 inch 1_
3
inches blueprint
_
4
= _
4
actual 2 feet w feet actual
_1 · w = 2 · 1_3 Cross products
4 4
_1 w = _
14
Multiply.
4 4
w = 14 Simplify. Multiply each side by 4.
The actual width of the pool is 14 feet.

b. INTERIOR DESIGN On the

blueprint of the living room,
each square has a side length
of _
1 inch. What are the actual
4
dimensions of the living room?

Extra Examples at ca.gr6math.com Lesson 6-7 Scale Drawings 317

 Use a Scale Model
Scale The scale is 3 COMPUTERS Designers are creating a larger model
the ratio of the of the computer memory board. If they use a scale of
drawing/model
measure to the 20 inches = 1 inch, what is the length of the model?
actual measure. It is
not always the ratio
Write a proportion using the scale. 1
of a smaller measure Let m represent the length of the model. 5 4 in.
to a larger measure.
Scale Length
model _
20 inches
=_
m inches model
5_
actual 1 inch 1
inches actual
4
20 · 5_
1
=1·m Cross products
4
105 = m Multiply.

The scale model is 105 inches long.

c. SCOOTERS A scooter is 3_ feet long. Find the length of a scale

1
2
model of the scooter if the scale is 1 inch = _
3
feet.
4
Personal Tutor at ca.gr6math.com

In Lesson 6-3, you used ratios to convert units. You can use a similar
method to simplify a scale. A scale written as a ratio without units in
simplest form is called the scale factor.
_1 inch _1 inch
scale
_
4
=_
4
Convert 2 feet to inches.
2 feet 24 inches
_ inch 1
=_
Mutiply by _ to eliminate the
4
4 _
· 4 4
4 24 inches fraction in the numerator.
=_
1 scale factor
96

Find a Scale Factor

4 SAILBOATS Find the scale factor of a model sailboat if the scale is
1 inch = 6 feet.
Equivalent Scales _
1 inch
=_
1 inch
Convert 6 feet to inches.
The scales below are 6 feet 72 inches
equivalent because
their scale factors are =_1
Divide out the common units.
72
equal, _.
1
72 The scale factor is _1
. That is, each measure on the model is _
1
of
• 1 inch = 6 feet 72 72
the actual measure.
• _ inch = 3 feet
1
2

d. CARS What is the scale factor of a model car if the scale is

1 inch = 2 feet?

318 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

Matt Meadows
Example 1 GEOGRAPHY Find the actual
(pp. 316–317) distance between each pair
of cities in New Mexico. Use
a ruler to measure.
1. Carlsbad and Artesia
2. Hobbs and Eunice
3. Artesia and Eunice
4. Lovington and Carlsbad

Example 2 BLUEPRINTS For Exercises 5 and 6, use

(p. 317)
the blueprint. Each square has a side
_
length of 1 inch.
2
5. Find the actual length ! of the kitchen.
6. Estimate the walking distance from
the range to the refrigerator.

Example 3 BRIDGES For Exercises 7 and 8, use the

(p. 318) following information.

A engineer makes a model of the bridge using a scale of 1 inch = 3 yards.

7. What is the length of the model?

8. What is the height of the model?

Example 4 Find the scale factor of each scale drawing or model.

(p. 318)
9. 10.

11. CITY PLANNING In the aerial view of

a city block at the right, the length of
Main Street is 2 inches. If Main Street’s
actual length is 2 miles, find the scale
factor of the drawing.

Lesson 6-7 Scale Drawings 319

 GEOGRAPHY Find the actual distance between each pair of locations in
South Carolina. Use a ruler to measure.
For See
Exercises Examples
12–15 1
16–17 2
18–24 3, 4

12. Columbia and Charleston 13. Hollywood and Sumter

14. Congaree Swamp and Charleston 15. Sumter and Columbia

For Exercises 16–18,

use the blueprint of an
apartment at the right.
Each square has a side
_
length of 1 inch.
4
16. What is the actual
length of the living
room?
17. Find the actual
dimensions of the
master bedroom.
18. Find the scale factor
for this blueprint.

Find the length of each model. Then find the scale factor.
19. 20.

21. 22.
See pages 694, 720.

Self-Check Quiz at
ca.gr6math.com

320 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

 23. GEOGRAPHY A map of Bakersfield, California, has a scale of 1 inch to
5 miles. If the city is 5_
1
inches across on the map, what is the actual
5
distance across the actual city? Use estimation to check your answer.

24. TREES A model of a tree is made using a scale of 1 inch : 25 feet. What is the
height of the actual tree if the height of the model is 4_
3
inches?
8
25. SCULPTURES Refer to the information at the left. Find the scale factor and
the actual height of George Washington’s face on the sculpture if the height
of the model’s face is 5 feet.

26. GEOGRAPHY Lexington and Elizabethtown, Kentucky, are 79 miles

apart. If the distance on the map is 2_
1 inches, find the scale of the map.
2
Real-World Link
Mount Rushmore 27. RESEARCH Find the dimensions of any U.S. presidential monument.
is a sculpture that
was carved using a
Give an appropriate scale that can be used to make a scale model
model with a scale of the monument. State the dimensions of the model using your scale.
of 1 inch : 1 foot.
Source: freeourparks.org
28. IGLOOS The diameter of the circular floor of an igloo is 10 feet. If you
were to make a model of the igloo with sugar cubes, which might be an
appropriate scale: 1 in. = 1 ft or 1 in. = 50 ft? Explain your reasoning.

29. LIFE SCIENCE A scale drawing of a red blood cell is shown below. If the
blood cell’s actual diameter is 0.008 millimeter, use a ruler to find the scale
factor of the drawing.

H.O.T. Problems 30. OPEN ENDED On grid paper, create a scale drawing of a room in your
home. Include the scale that you used.

31. CHALLENGE Montoya constructed three models, A, B, and C, of the same

figure, with scales of 0.5 cm = 1 mm, 1.5 mm = 4 cm, and 0.25 cm =
2.5 mm, respectively.
a. Which model is larger than the actual figure? Justify your answer.
b. Which model is smaller than the actual figure? Justify your answer.
c. Which model is the same size as the actual figure? Justify your answer.

32. REASONING Compare and contrast the terms scale and scale factor. Include
an example in your comparison.

33. Explain how you could use estimation to find the

actual distance between San Diego, California, and Seattle, Washington,
on a map.

Lesson 6-7 Scale Drawings 321

Joseph Sohm/CORBIS
 35. A certain map has a scale of _ inch
1
34. A scale drawing of a doctor’s office is
4
shown. = 30 miles. How many miles are
represented by 4 inches on this map?
F 480 miles
G 120 miles
H 30 miles
J 16 miles

What are the actual dimensions of the 36. Ernesto drew a map of his school.
doctor’s office? He used a scale of 1 inch: 50 feet.
What distance on Ernesto’s map
A 24 feet by 48 feet
should represent the 625 feet between
B 30 feet by 52 feet the cafeteria and the science lab?
C 40 feet by 60 feet A 8 in.
D 37.5 feet by 65 feet B 10.5 in.
C 12.5 in.
D 15 in.

37. BIRDS In a certain pair of binoculars, objects 35 feet away appear to be

only 1 foot away. If a goldfinch is 368 feet away, what will the distance
appear to be in the binoculars? Round to the nearest tenth. (Lesson 6-5)

Find each unit rate. (Lesson 6-2)

38. 200 miles in 5 hours 39. 99¢ for 30 ounces 40. 150 meters in 12 seconds

41. JOGGING The table shows the number of miles Tonya

Week Miles
jogged each week for the past several weeks. Estimate
7_
1
the total number of miles she jogged. (Lesson 5-1) 1
6
2 8 _
3
4
Find the LCM of each set of numbers. (Lesson 4-8) 3 10
42. 2, 4 43. 4, 8, 12
4 12_
1
4
44. 3, 7, 5 45. 5, 10, 15
5 6_
2
3
46. 2, 6, 9 47. 3, 15, 20

PREREQUISITE SKILL Divide. Write in simplest form. (Lesson 5-7)

48. 2_ ÷ 10 49. 4_ ÷ 10 50. 30_ ÷ 100 51. 87_ ÷ 100
3 1 2 1
4 3 3 2

322 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions

 Extend Spreadsheet Lab
6-7 Scale Drawings
A computer spreadsheet is a useful tool for calculating measures for
Main IDEA scale drawings. You can change the scale factors and the dimensions,
Use a spreadsheet to and the spreadsheet will automatically calculate the new values.
calculate measurements
for scale drawings.

Standard
6NS1.3 Use Suppose you want to make a scale drawing of your school. Set
proportions to
solve problems (e.g. up a spreadsheet like the one shown below. In this spreadsheet,
determine the value of n if the actual measures are in feet, and the scale drawing measures
_
4 _ n
7
=
21
, find the length of a are in inches.
side of a polygon similar to
a known polygon). Use cross-
multiplication as a method
for solving such problems,
understanding it
as the multiplication of both
sides of an equation by a Multiply each actual
multiplicative inverse. measure by 12 to
Standard 6MR3.3 Develop convert to inches.
generalizations of the results Then divide by the
obtained and the strategies scale factor.
used and apply them in new
problem situations.

The scale factor 100

means that the ratio
of drawing measures
to actual measures
is 1:100.

ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. The length of one side of the school building is 100 feet. If you use
a scale factor of 1 : 250, what is the length on your scale drawing?
2. The length of a classroom is 30 feet. What is the scale factor if the
length of the classroom on a scale drawing is 3.6 inches?
3. Calculate the length of a 30-foot classroom on a scale drawing if the
scale factor is 1 : 10.
4. The width of a hallway is 20 feet. What is the scale factor if the
width of the hallway on a scale drawing is 2.5 inches?
5. Suppose the actual measures of your school are given in meters.
Describe how you could use a spreadsheet to calculate the scale
drawing measures in centimeters using a scale factor of 1 : 50.
6. Choose three rooms in your home and use a spreadsheet to make
scale drawings. First, choose an appropriate scale and calculate
the scale factor. Include a sketch of the furniture drawn to scale
in each room.

Extend 6-7 Spreadsheet Lab: Scale Drawings 323

 6-8 Fractions, Decimals,
and Percents
Main IDEA
Write percents as fractions, SURVEYS The graph shows the
and decimals and vice results of a survey in which
versa.
teens were asked to name the
Reinforcement most important invention of
of Standard 5NS1.2 the 20th century.
Interpret percents as
a part of a hundred; find 1. What percent of the teens
decimal and percent
equivalents for common
said that the personal
fractions and explain why computer was the most
they represent the same important invention?
value; compute a given
percent of a whole number. 2. How is this percent written
as a ratio?
3. Simplify the ratio.

REVIEW Vocabulary
In Lesson 4-6, you wrote percents like 32% as fractions by writing
percent a ratio that
compares a number
fractions with denominators of 100 and then simplifying. You can
to 100 (Lesson 4-6) use the same method to write percents like 16.8% and 8_
1
% as fractions.
3

Percents as Fractions
1 HOCKEY In men’s college hockey, 16.8% of the players are from
Ontario, Canada. What fraction is this? Write in simplest form.
16.8% = _
16.8
Write a fraction with a denominator of 100.
100
Multiply by _ to eliminate the decimal in the
10
= _
16.8 _
· 10 10
100 10 numerator.

=_ 168
or _21
Simplify.
1,000 125
So, out of every 125 players, 21 are from Ontario.
_
2 Write 8 1 % as a fraction in simplest form.
3
8_
1
8_
1
%=_3
Write a fraction.
3 100
= 8_1
÷ 100 Divide.
3
=_25
÷ 100 Write 8_ as an improper fraction.
1
3
3
=_25 _
· 1 Multiply by the reciprocal of 100, which is _.
1
100
3 100
=_ 25
or _1
Simplify.
300 12

324 Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions Extra Examples at ca.gr6math.com

Richard Lord/The Image Works
 Write each percent as a fraction in simplest form.
b. 17_% c. 33_%
1 1
a. 15%
2 3

To write a fraction like _

8
as a percent, multiply the numerator and
25
the denominator by a number so that the denominator is 100. If the
denominator is not a factor of 100, you can write fractions as percents
by using a proportion.

Fractions as Percents
3 TESTS On a math test, Amalia got 7 questions correct out of 8.
Find her grade as a percent.
To find Amalia’s grade, write _
7
as a percent.
8
Estimate
_
6 _
3
= or 75%.
8 4
So, _ is greater than 75%.
7
Choose the Method 8
To write a fraction as
a percent, _7 = _
n
Write a proportion.
8 100
• use multiplication
when a fraction has 700 = 8n Find the cross products.
a denominator that
is a factor of 100, _700
=_8n
Divide each side by 8.
8 8
• use a proportion
for any type of 87_1
=n Simplify.
fraction. 2
So, _
7
= 87_1
% or 87.5%.
8 2
Check for Reasonableness 87.5% > 75% ✔
_
4 Write 4 as a percent. Round to the nearest hundredth.
15
Estimate _
4
is about _, which equals _ or 25%.
4 1
15 16 4
_
4
=_
n
Write a proportion.
15 100
400 = 15n Find the cross products.
_
400
=_
15n
Divide each side by 15.
15 15
26.67 ≈ n Simplify.

So, _
4
is about 26.67%.
15
Check for Reasonableness 26.67% ≈ 25% ✔

Write each fraction as a percent. Round to the nearest hundredth

if necessary.
d. _
2
e. _
7
f. _
17
15 16 25
Personal Tutor at ca.gr6math.com

Lesson 6-8 Fractions, Decimals, and Percents 325