KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

Dhulikhel, Kavre
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Power and Control

Design Report on Transmission Line Design of

390 MW for 240 KM

Submitted by: Aayush Neupane

Roll number: 32045

Submitted to: Dr. Samundra Gurung

Electrical Details:
Voltage Selection
We can calculate the most economical voltage selection by the given empirical formula:
𝐿 𝑃∗1000
Economical Voltage (Veco) = 5.5 * √(1.6 + cos𝜙∗𝑁𝑐∗150)

Where,
L = length of transmission line = 240 Km
P = Power to be transmitted = 390 MW
Cos 𝜙 = Power factor = 0.95
Nc = Number of circuits

By using the formula presented above, we can calculate the most economical voltage (Veco).
Thus,
For Nc = 1 (Single Circuit),
Standard Voltage levels are:
240 390∗1000
Veco = 5.5 * √( 1.6 + 0.95∗1∗150)
66 KV
132 KV
= 295.511 KV
220 KV
(The nearest Standard Voltage will be 400 KV) 400 KV
500 KV
For Nc = 1 (Single Circuit), 700 KV
750 KV
240 390∗1000
Veco = 5.5 * √( 1.6 + 0.95∗2∗150)

= 214.318 KV
(The nearest Standard Voltage will be 220 KV)

The Multiplying factor (MF) limit for the 240 km is 1.75 from the standard table.

Circuit Criteria
Surge Impedance Loading:
For Single Circuit line:
Zc = 400 Ω
Veco = 400 KV
SIL = V2eco/Zc
 = 400 MW

Multiplying factor:
𝑃
MF = 𝑆𝐼𝐿

= 0.975 Line length MFLimit

(Kms)
So, MF < MFLimit
80 2.75
For Double Circuit line:
160 2.25
Zc = 200 Ω
240 1.75
Veco = 220 KV
320 1.35
SIL = V2eco/Zc
= 242 MW 480 1.0

Multiplying factor: 640 0.75

𝑃
MF = 𝑆𝐼𝐿

= 1.611

So, MF < MFLimit

For triple Circuit line,
MF > MFLimit
Thus, criteria for double circuit is fulfilled. Therefore, we choose to use the double circuit line.

Voltage Level for given Power Transmission = 220 KV

Number of circuits = 2
Power Factor (𝜙) = 0.95
Length of Transmission Line (L) = 240 Km
Calculation of Insulation Discs:
For all the calculations of number of insulator discs, we considered following value of
different factor:

FOWR = Flashover withstand ratio = 1.15

NACF = Non atmospheric condition factor = 1.1
FS = Factor of safety = 1.2
EF = Earthing factor = 0.8
Switching to impulse ratio = 1.2

I) Number of Insulator Discs Required to withstand Continuous operating voltage:

a) Voltage Level for dry condition = Equivalent dry 1 min. voltage*FOWR*NACF * FS

Where,
Equivalent dry 1 min voltage is taken from standard table = 435 KV
Equivalent Voltage Level = 435 * 1.15 * 1.1 *1.2= 660.33 kV
From Standard Table, number of discs required to withstand above equivalent voltage
level = 12
b) Voltage level for wet condition = Equivalent wet 1 min voltage * FOWR * NACF * FS
Where,
Equivalent wet 1 min voltage is taken from standard table = 395 KV
Equivalent Voltage Level = 395 * 1.15 * 1.1 *1.2= 599.61 kV
From the Standard Table number of discs required to withstand above equivalent
voltage level = 16
II) Number of Insulator discs required for temporary O/V:
Temporary O/V = Earth Factor (EF) * Maximum system voltage
= 0.88 * (220 * 1.1)
= 212.96 kV
Equivalent voltage (Veq) = Temporary O/V * √2 * FOWR * NACF * FS
Equivalent Voltage (Veq) = 212.96 * √2 * 1.15 * 1.1 * 1.2
= 457.17 kV
Since, in this case we have to see the worst-case scenario i.e. in the wet condition.
Thus, from standard table number of insulator discs required to withstand above
equivalent voltage = 12
 III) Number of Insulator discs required for switching over voltage:
Voltage level = switching o/v * switching to impulse ratio * FOWR * NACF * FS
Where,
Switching to impulse ratio (SIR) = 1.15
SSR = Switching Surge Ratio = 2.8 (For 220 kV)
√2
Switching O/V = ( ) * 220 * 1.1 * SSR
√3

So, Switching O/V = 553.25 kV

Voltage Level = 553.25 * 1.15 * 1.15 *1.1*1.2
= 965.8 kV
From standard table number of discs required to withstand the above voltage level
= 11
IV) Number of Insulator discs required for over voltage due to lightening:
Equivalent Impulse FOV = Impulse withstand (BIL) * FOWR * NACF * FS
From standard table equivalent voltage level i.e. BIL for the given system voltage
= 900 kV
Voltage level = 900 * FOWR * NACF * FS
= 900 * 1.15 * 1.1 * 1.2
= 1366 kV
From standard table number of discs required to withstand the above voltage level
= 16
We can analyze that, the number of discs required will be the maximum among the
cases enlisted as above. Since, 16 number of discs are the maximum case scenario, we choose
our number of discs as 16.
Air Clearance and Tower Specification:
The things for taking the parameters of air clearance for single circuit tower configuration are:
a = Minimum distance from a line conductor to any Earthed object and is given by the following
relation.
√2
a = (V * ) * 1.1 + 30 cms where, V = Transmission Voltage
√3

After calculating the value of ‘a’ we can find the other Air Clearance parameters as follows:
• Maximum swing angle = 𝜙max = 45°
• Shield angle = 𝜙sh = 45°
• Shield Length (l) = asec𝜙
• Tower width (b) = 1.5a
• Cross Arm Length (CL) = a(1+tan𝜙)
 𝑏
• Distance of the earth wire from the conductor (d) = √3(CL + )
2
(𝑙+𝑎)
• Vertical distance between two adjacent conductor (y) = 𝑥 𝑙+𝑎
√1−( )^2( )^2
𝑦 2𝑎

Where 0.25<x/y<0.33

Air clearance from earthed object (a) = 2.28 m

String Length (l) = 2.27 m
Tower Width (b) = 3.42 m
Cross Arm Length (CL) = 2.275 m
Vertical distance between two adjacent line conductor (y) = 5.7731 m
Horizontal distance between two adjacent line conductors =12.54m
Height of Earth wire from top cross arm (d) = 10.85 m

Continuous Selection
Continuous Current Carrying Capability:
P = 390 MW, Nc = 2, VL = 220 kV, cos𝜙 = 0.95
Line current is calculated as
𝑃 390∗103
Line current (IL) = = = 538.676
√3∗𝑉∗𝐶𝑂𝑆∅∗𝑁𝑐 √3∗220∗0.95∗2

Comparing the Value of the Current with the Current capacity form the given standard ACSR
conductor table, the Conductor “KUNDAH” with current capacity 566 Amperes is selected.
I) Transmission efficiency Criteria:
For KUNDAH Conductor:
Resistance at 20℃(R20) = 0.07311 Ω/Km
Coefficient of Resistivity (α20) =0.004 /0C (For Aluminum)

So Resistance at 65℃(R65) = R20 (1 +α (65-20))

= 0.07311(1+0.004*45)
= 0.086270 Ω/Km
Total Resistance of the line for 240 Km = 20.7048 Ω

∴Total Power Loss (PL) = 3* 𝐼 2 *R65 * Nc *L

= 3*(538.676)2*0.086270*2*240
 = 36.047 MW
𝑃𝑙
∴ɳ = 1 − = 0.9075 = 90.75 %
𝑃

This efficiency is <94%. So, this conductor cannot be used. To get the higher efficiency we
proceed in the same way and calculate efficiency for other Conductors.
Conductors Resistance (20℃) Resistance (65℃) Efficiency (%)
Sheep 0.07730 0.091214 94.023
Zebra 0.06868 0.081042 94.063
Moose 0.05595 0.066021 95.163
Deer 0.06786 0.080075 94.134
Elk 0.06110 0.072098 94.710

From the above conductors let us select conductor ‘SHEEP’ for the further criteria.
II) Voltage Regulation Criteria:
The SHEEP conductor has 37 strands (30 Aluminum strands and 7 steel strands).
Diameter of conductor (D) = 27.93mm
Radius of the conductor(R) =13.965mm
GMR for inductance (r’) =0.768R =0.778 * 13.965 =10.72mm = 1.086 cm
GMR for capacitance (r) = R = 13.965 mm. = 1.3965 cm

Vertical distance between two conductors (y) = 5.77m = Dac

Horizontal distance between two conductors = 12.54
Applying Pythagoras theorem,

𝐷𝑎𝑐
Dab = √( + 12.542 ) = 12.86 m
2

Now,

GMD = ∛(𝐷𝑎𝑏 ∗ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ∗ 𝐷𝑎𝑐) = ∛(12.86 ∗ 12.86 ∗ 5.77) = 9.846 m

𝐺𝑀𝐷
Inductance per unit length (L) = 2 ∗ 10−7 ∗ ln(𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑙 ) H/m

= 1.3618*10−6 H/m = 1.3618*10−3 H/Km

2𝜋𝜀
Capacitance per unit length(C) = 𝐺𝑀𝐷 F/m
ln( )
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑐

= 8.4735*10−12 F/m = 8.4735*10−9 F/Km

Total Inductance of Whole length = 0.326832 H

Total Capacitance of Whole length = 2.03362 uF =0.000002 F
Impedance of the Line (Z) = R + j2*pi*f*L
= 20.7048 + j102.677

Susceptance of the Line(Y) = j*2*pi*C

= j0.0006388

III. A, B, C, D Parameters Calculation

Using Pi – model,

A = 1 + 𝑍𝑌/2 = 0.9672 + j0.006613

B = Z = 20.7048 + j 102.677

C = 𝑌 (1 + 𝑍𝑌/4) = -0.000002112 + j0.00000628

D = A = 0.9672 + j0.006613

Ir = 𝐼 (𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ − 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛∅) = 538.676 <-18.19

Sending End Voltage (Vs) = A*Vr +B*Ir
= (0.9672 + j0.006613) * (220/√3) + (20.7048 + j 102.677) * 538.676/10^3 *(cos (-18.19) – j
sin (18.19))
= 97.77+j51.383
= 110.44 kV
(|Vs|/A −|Vr| )
Now, voltage regulation = = 10.13%
|Vr|

Voltage regulation <11% so this conductor can be used. Voltage regulation Criteria has also
been fulfilled.

Corona Inception Voltage

For Sheep conductor,
Maximum system voltage = 220 * 1.1 = 242kV (rms) Corona inception voltage (Vci) = √3 ∗
Air dielectric strength * GMRC * m * δ * 𝑙𝑛 (GMD/𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑐)
Where,
Air dielectric strength = 21.21 kV/ cm (rms)
GMRc = 6.245 cm
GMD = 984.6 cm
m = Roughness factor = 0.9
δ = Relative density of air = 0.95
(984.6)
∴Vci= √3 ∗ 21.21 ∗ 6.254 ∗ 0.9 ∗ 0.95 ∗ ln = 287.66 KV
6.254

Since Vci> Maximum system voltage (242.2 kV), there is no corona effect on SHEEP
conductor. So, Corona Inception Voltage criterion is satisfied and all the technical criteria is
met by the Conductor.
Hence the five best bundled conductors which satisfy all the criteria are:
1. Sheep
2. Deer
3. Zebra
4. Elk
5. Moose

Tension Calculation for different conductors

1. Toughest condition -T1 tension and Sag is minimum (Dmin). - Wt. of conductor (w1)
2. Normal Operating Condition (Stringing Condition) – T2 tension and S2 sag - Wt. of
conductor (w2)
3. Easiest condition – T3 tension and Sag is maximum (Dmax). - Wt. of conductor (w3)
Let Wc = weight of conductor per unit length
 Ww = weight per unit length due to wind
Wice = weight per unit length due to ice
2
∴ Weight during toughest condition = W1 = √(Wc + Wice) + Ww 2 )

Calculation of Tension @ toughest condition (T1)

T1≤ 𝑈𝑇𝑆 𝐹𝑆
Where, UTS = Ultimate Tensile Strength of the conductor
FS = Factor of safety = 2

Calculation of Tension at Normal condition (T2)

T2 is given by stringing equation
𝑇22 (𝑇2 + 𝐾1 ) − 𝐾2 = 0
Where,
(𝑊12 𝐿2 )
𝐾1 = −𝑇1 +∝ (𝜃2 − 𝜃1 )𝐴 ∈ +
24𝑇12
(𝑊22 𝐿2 )
k2 = 𝐴∈
24

ϵ= Modulus of Elasticity
α= Coefficient of linear expansion
A = Cross-section area of conductor
θ2 = Temperature at normal condition = 270C
θ1 = Temperature at toughest condition = 00C
w1 = per unit length conductor weight @ toughest condition
w2 = per unit length conductor weight @ stringing condition

Calculation of Tension @ Easiest condition (T3)

T3 is given by stringing equation
𝑇32 (𝑇3 + 𝐾1 ′) − 𝐾2 ′ = 0
Where,
(𝑊12 𝐿2 )
𝐾1 ′ = −𝑇2 +∝ (𝜃3 − 𝜃2 )𝐴 ∈ +
24𝑇22
 (𝑊22 𝐿2 )
k2’ = 𝐴∈
24

θ3 = Temperature @ easiest condition = 650C

Four Different conductors below conductor Sheep in ASCR conductor table is chosen. Hence
Tension calculation will be done for conductor “Sheep, Deer, Zebra, Elk, and Moose” with
Span length 250 m, 275 m, 300 m, 325 m, and 350 m. Tensions for Toughest, Stringing and
Easiest condition are calculated and tabulated below:
Sample Calculation
For Conductor Sheep (250 m span)
Area of conductor (A) = 462.60 mm2
Coefficient of linear expansion (α) = 17.73*10-6 / 0C
Modulus of Elasticity (ε) = 0.789*10^6 kg/cm2
Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) = 15910 kg
Wt. of conductor per unit length (wc) = 1726 kg/km
Wind Pressure (wp) = 100 kg/m2
Conductor diameter (d) = 27.93 mm
Thickness of ice (t) = 10 mm = 0.01 m ‫؞‬
Wt due to wind (Ww) per km = (wp*1000)*(d*2/3) kg/km
= 100*1000*27.93*10-3*2/3
= 1862kg/km
Wt due to ice loading (Wi) = π t (d+t) ρice *1000 kg/km
= π * 0.01 (0.02793+0.01) * 950 *1000
= 1132.02 kg/km
2
‫؞‬Wt. @ toughest condition (w1) = √(Wc + Wice) + Ww 2 )
= 3411.063 kg/km ‫؞‬
Wt. @ Stringing Condition (w2) = Wc = 1726 kg/km ‫؞‬
Wt. @ Easiest Condition (w3) = Wc = 1726 kg/ km
Temperature @ Toughest condition (ɵ1) = 0℃
Temperature @ Normal Condition (ɵ2) = 27℃
Temperature @ Easiest Condition (ɵ3) = 65℃
Calculation of T1
T1 = 𝑈𝑇𝑆/ 𝐹𝑆 = 15910/2 = 7595kg

Calculation of T2
(𝑊12 𝐿2 )
𝐾1 = −𝑇1 +∝ (𝜃2 − 𝜃1 )𝐴 ∈ + 24𝑇12

= -3939.80
(𝑊22 𝐿2 )
k2 = 𝐴∈
24

= 28244293719.56

From stringing equation,

𝑇22 (𝑇2 + 𝐾1 ) − 𝐾2 = 0
Solving the above equation by putting the value of k1 and k2 we get

𝑻𝟐 = 5048.133 Kg

Calculation of 𝑇3
(𝑊12 𝐿2 )
𝐾1 ′ = −𝑇2 +∝ (𝜃3 − 𝜃2 )𝐴 ∈ + 24𝑇22

= 1733.52
(𝑊22 𝐿2 )
k2’ = 𝐴∈
24

= 28244293719.56
T3 is given by stringing equation
𝑇32 (𝑇3 + 𝐾1 ′) − 𝐾2 ′ = 0

𝑻𝟑 = 2563.71 Kg
Table 1 Calculation of Weight @ Toughest Condition
S.NO Conductor Wc Ww W1 W2 T1(Kg)
1 Sheep 1726 1862 3411.06 1726 7595
2 Deer 1977 1992.66 3742.18 1977 9115
3 Zebra 1623 19.08 3368.16 1623 6658
4 Elk 2196 2100 4025.70 2196 10120
5 Moose 1998 2118 3874 1998 7175
 Table 2 Calculation of T3
S.n Conducto Span K1 K2=K2_ T2 K1_ T3
o r
1 Sheep 0.25 -3939.80 2.824*e10 5048.13 1733.53 2563.17
0
0.27 -3538.20 3.417*e10 4939.12 2985.34 2496.79
5
0.30 -3098.35 4.067*e10 4836.83 4406.02 2437.79
0
0.32 -2620.26 4.773*e10 4742.52 5999.24 2385.90
5
0.35 -2103.92 5.535*e10 4656.74 7766.71 2340.35
0

S.no Conductor Span K1 K2=K2_ T2 K1_ T3

2 Deer 0.250 -5333.00 4.260*e10 6379.74 70.312 3469.31

0.275 -4888.22 5.155*e10 6220.46 1372.90 3315.80
0.300 -4465.65 6.134*e10 6109.33 2599.90 3240.90
0.325 -4006.34 7.199*e10 6003.80 3972.97 3173.98
0.350 -3510.28 8.350*e10 5905.20 5495.14 3114.31

S.no Conductor Span K1 K2=K2_ T2 K1_ T3

3 Zebra 0.250 -2844.01 2.284*e10 4162.56 3760.03 1992.81

0.275 -2377.88 2.764*e10 4057.24 5419.23 1938.35
0.300 -1867.37 3.289*e10 3962.57 7304.88 1891.90
0.325 -1312.46 3.861*e10 3878.79 9417.67 1851.03
0.350 -713.16 4.477*e10 3805.40 11756.04 1816.38

S.no Conductor Span K1 K2=K2_ T2 K1_ T3

4 Elk 0.250 -5988.65 5.824*e10 7133.28 -161.94 3931.01
0.275 -5587.31 7.047*e10 7018.13 914.99 3846.98
0.300 -5147.73 8.387*e10 6906.18 2127.97 3770.72
0.325 -4669.94 9.843*e10 6799.16 3481.00 3701.83
0.350 -4153.92 11.41*e10 6698.26 4976.98 3639.80

S.no Conductor Span K1 K2=K2_ T2 K1_ T3

5 Moose 0.250 -3756.39 4.263*e10 5283.56 3216.86 2687.16
0.275 -3248.21 5.158*e10 5174.66 4826.17 2630.17
0.300 -2691.63 6.139*e10 5075.10 6644.02 2579.84
0.325 -2086.64 7.204*e10 4985.44 8670.64 2535.60
0.350 -1433.27 8.355*e10 4905.56 10906.18 2496.86
Sag and Tower Height Calculation
The maximum sag between two towers is given by
We have the relation,
Maximum sag (Dmax) = (W L2)/ (8*T3);
Where, W = weight of conductor.
L = length of span.
T3 = tension at easiest condition.
(Vsmax−33)
Minimum ground clearance = hg = + 17 ft
13

Height of lower conductor (H1) = hg+ Dmax

Height of middle conductor (H2) = H1+y/2
Height of top most conductor (H3) = H1+y
Total height of tower (Ht) = H3+y+d

Sample calculation:
For sheep, W = 1726 kg/km.
L = 0.25 Km.
T3 =2563.17 Kg.
Using the above equation, Dmax = 5.260m.
Let the minimum ground clearance (hg) = 10.08m.
Height of lower conductor (H1) = hg+ Dmax =15.34m.
Height of middle conductor (H2) = H1+y/2 = 18.22m.
Height of top most conductor (H3) = H1+y = 21.11m.
Total height of tower (Ht) = H3+y+d = 31.96m.

Similarly, the maximum sag, H1, H2, H3 and the total height of the tower are calculated and
presented in the table below:

Table 3 Sag and Height of Tower

S.no Conductor Span(Km) H1(m) H2(m) H3(m) Ht(m)

1 Sheep 0.250 15.34 18.22 21.11 31.96
0.275 16.61 19.50 22.38 33.23
 0.300 18.04 20.93 23.82 34.67
0.325 19.63 22.51 25.40 36.25
0.350 21.37 24.26 27.14 37.99

2 Deer 0.250 14.53 17.42 20.30 31.15

0.275 15.71 18.60 21.49 32.34
0.300 16.94 19.83 22.71 33.56
0.325 18.30 21.19 24.07 34.92
0.350 19.80 22.68 25.57 36.42
0.250 14.53 17.42 20.30 31.15
3 Zebra 0.250 16.44 19.33 22.21 33.06
0.275 17.99 20.88 23.77 34.62
0.300 19.73 22.61 25.50 36.35
0.325 21.65 24.54 27.43 38.28
0.350 23.76 26.65 29.53 40.38

4 Elk 0.250 14.44 17.33 20.21 31.06

0.275 15.47 18.36 21.25 32.10
0.300 16.63 19.52 22.40 33.25
0.325 17.91 20.80 23.68 34.53
0.350 19.32 22.20 25.09 35.94

5 Moose 0.250 15.89 18.77 21.66 32.51

0.275 17.26 20.14 23.03 33.88
0.300 18.79 21.68 24.56 35.41
0.325 20.48 23.37 26.25 37.10
0.350 22.33 25.22 28.10 38.95

Bending moment and tower weight calculation

For design purpose, we consider 85% of the towers are of class A, 10% of the towers are of
class B and 5% of the towers are of class C.
The bending moment acting on the tower are due to the followings:
• wind force on power conductor (BMpW)
• wind force on earth wire (BMEw)
• Turning of power conductor (BMPT)
• Turning of earth conductor (BMET)

Sample Calculation
For Conductor Sheep
BM due to Power Conductor

a. BM due to wind force (BMpW)

= 𝐹𝑤𝑝 ∗ (ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3 ) ∗ 𝑁𝑐
 Where,
Fwp = Wind force = wp * dp * lsp * 2/3 *wp
Wind pressure = 100kg/m2
dp = diameter of power conductor
Nc = No. of conductors

BMpW = 𝐹𝑤𝑝 ∗ (ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3 ) ∗ 𝑁𝑐

= 50897.77 Kg/m

b. BM due to turning (BMpt)

= 2 ∗ 𝑇1 ∗ (0.85 𝑠𝑖𝑛1° + 0.10𝑠𝑖𝑛7.5° + 0.05𝑠𝑖𝑛15°) ∗ (ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3 ) ∗ 𝑁𝑐
Where,
T1 = Tension @ toughest condition

BMpt= 2 ∗ 𝑇1 ∗ (0.85 𝑠𝑖𝑛1° + 0.10𝑠𝑖𝑛7.5° + 0.05𝑠𝑖𝑛15°) ∗ (ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3 ) ∗ 𝑁𝑐

= 67810.38 Kg/m

BM due to Earth Wire

c. BM due to wind force (BMeW)

= 𝐹𝑤𝑝 ∗ (ℎ𝑡 ) ∗ 𝑁𝑒

Where,
Ne = No. of earth wire = 1

BMeW = 𝐹𝑤𝑝 ∗ (ℎ𝑡 ) ∗ 𝑁𝑒

= 8378.84 Kg/m

d. BM due to turning (BMet)

= 2 ∗ 𝑇𝑒 ∗ (0.85 𝑠𝑖𝑛1° + 0.10𝑠𝑖𝑛7.5° + 0.05𝑠𝑖𝑛15°) ∗ (ℎ𝑡 ) ∗ 𝑁𝑒
= 13102.16 Kg/m
 ∴ Total Bending Moment (TBM) = BMpW+BMpt+BMeW+BMet =
1410189.16 Kg/m

∴ Tower weight (TW) = 0.000631 ∗ ℎ𝑡 ∗ √(𝑇𝐵𝑀 ∗ 𝐹𝑆)

Where FS = Factor of Safety = 2
= 10.6784 Tonnes

Note: All the Value of the Data has been written from the above Table 2 and 4.

Similarly, we can calculate the total bending moment and tower weight for different conductors
at different span length:

Table 4 Tower Weight Calculation

Conductor Span H1(m) H2(m) H3(m) Ht(m) BMeW BMet BMpW BMpt BMT Wt
(Km) (Kg/m) (Kg/m) (Kg/m) (Kg/m) (Kg/m) (Tonnes)
Sheep 0.250 15.34 18.22 21.11 31.96 8378.84 13102.16 50897.77 67810.38 140189.16 10.467
0.275 16.61 19.50 22.38 33.23 9582.97 13622.80 59899.60 72548.55 155653.94 11.699
0.300 18.04 20.93 23.82 34.67 10907.18 14213.14 70148.98 77882.09 173151.40 12.873
0.325 19.63 22.51 25.40 36.25 12354.60 14860.87 81743.66 83773.79 192732.93 14.201
0.350 21.37 24.26 27.14 37.99 13943.59 15574.19 94848.41 90260.86 214627.07 15.705

Deer 0.250 14.53 17.42 20.30 31.15 8166.49 12770.10 52058.41 78120.31 151115.32 10.805
0.275 15.71 18.60 21.49 32.34 9326.317 13257.94 61154.94 83428.01 167167.21 11.799
0.300 16.94 19.83 22.71 33.56 10557.97 13758.09 71114.28 88930.07 184360.43 12.857
0.325 18.30 21.19 24.07 34.92 11901.31 14315.63 82325.03 95030.18 203572.16 14.059
0.350 19.80 22.68 25.57 36.42 13367.35 14930.56 94920.67 101743.29 224961.89 15.414

Zebra 0.250 16.44 19.33 22.21 33.06 8667.23 13553.16 55312.92 63043.64 140576.91 11.061
0.275 17.99 20.88 23.77 34.62 9983.81 14192.64 65734.41 68110.62 158021.52 12.280
0.300 19.73 22.61 25.50 36.35 11530.09 15024.85 77663.23 73764.76 177982.94 13.797
0.325 21.65 24.54 27.43 38.28 13046.46 15693.08 91303.52 80049.55 200092.62 15.280
0.350 23.76 26.65 29.53 40.38 14820.80 16553.98 106767.86 86921.51 225064.17 17.094

Elk 0.250 14.44 17.33 20.21 31.06 8142.89 12733.20 54579.00 85908.49 161363.60 11.133
 0.275 15.47 18.36 21.25 32.10 9257.10 13159.55 63617.40 91031.93 177066.00 12.053
0.300 16.63 19.52 22.40 33.25 10460.45 13631.00 73773.00 96766.88 194631.34 13.090
0.325 17.91 20.80 23.68 34.53 11768.39 14155.75 85148.70 103096.80 214169.65 14.260
0.350 19.32 22.20 25.09 35.94 13191.17 14733.78 97916.70 110087.82 235929.48 15.578

Moose 0.250 15.89 18.77 21.66 32.51 8523.03 13327.64 59642.88 65993.91 147487.47 11.141
0.275 17.26 20.14 23.03 33.88 9770.42 13889.27 70394.90 70809.87 164864.49 12.275
0.300 18.79 21.68 24.56 35.41 11139.98 14516.51 82640.12 76200.00 184496.62 13.572
0.325 20.48 23.37 26.25 37.10 12644.29 15209.33 96506.67 82140.86 206501.16 15.044
0.350 22.33 25.22 28.10 38.95 14295.94 15967.75 112158.69 88644.17 231066.56 16.706

Tower Cost per Unit Length Calculation

Assumptions: Cost of the steel used in tower = Rs.150000 per tonnes
Number of towers (Nt) = ((total length)/ (length of span)) +1
Cost of tower per unit length = (cost per tower*Nt)/length of transmission

Sample Calculation
For Conductor Sheep,
Length of span = 250m, Wt. of tower = 10.467 Tonnes
Cost per tower = cost per tonnes* weight of tower
= Rs.150000*10.467
= Rs. 1570050.00
Cost of tower per unit length = (962295*641)/160
= Rs.6290012.81

Similarly the cost of tower per unit length of different conductor and different span are shown
in table below:
 Table 5 Tower Cost Calculation

Conductor span(Km) Weight(tonnes) cost/tower(Rs) Nt cost/Length(Rs)

sheep 0.25 10.467 1570050.00 641 6290012.81
0.275 11.699 1754850.00 583 6392240.53
0.3 12.873 1930950.00 535 6448568.43
0.325 14.201 2130150.00 494 6567621.12
0.35 15.705 2355750.00 459 6745437.72

deer 0.25 10.805 1620750.00 641 6493129.68

0.275 11.799 1769850.00 583 6446879.74
0.3 12.857 1928550.00 535 6440553.43
0.325 14.059 2108850.00 494 6501949.54
0.35 15.414 2312100.00 459 6620450.62

zebra 0.25 11.061 1659150.00 641 6646969.68

0.275 12.280 1842000.00 583 6709694.31
0.3 13.737 2069550.00 535 6911434.68
0.325 15.280 2292000.00 494 7066632.69
0.35 17.094 2564100.00 459 7342025.62

Elk 0.25 11.133 1669950.00 641 6690237.18

0.275 12.053 1807950.00 583 6585663.32
0.3 13.090 1963500.00 535 6557271.87
0.325 14.260 2139000.00 494 6594907.21
0.35 15.578 2336700.00 459 6690890.08
Moose 0.25 11.141 1671150.00 641 6695044.68
0.275 12.275 1841250.00 583 6706962.35
0.3 13.572 2035800.00 535 6798723.75
0.325 15.044 2256600.00 494 6957488.36
0.35 16.706 2505900.00 459 7175376.16

Most Economical Spans from the above table are:

Table 6 Economical Span Conductors

Conductor Span(Km) Weight(tonnes) Cost/tower(Rs) Nt cost/Length(Rs)

Sheep 0.250 10.467 1570050.00 641 6290012.81
Deer 0.300 12.857 1928550.00 535 6440553.43
Zebra 0.250 11.061 1659150.00 641 6646969.68
Elk 0.300 13.090 1963500.00 535 6557271.87
Moose 0.250 11.141 1671150.00 641 6695044.68

Most Economical Span and Conductor Selection:

Assumption:
Cost of Al/tonnes= Rs 20105
Cost of Steel/ tonnes = Rs 150000
Per unit energy cost = Rs 7.50 /-
Now,
Life span (n) = 25 years
Rate of interest (i) = 10%
𝑖(1+𝑖)𝑛
∴ Annuity factor (ϒ) = = 0.110168
[𝑖(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1]
Annual Capital cost = ϒ*capital cost per km
Capital cost per km = Tower cost per km (from table 6) + power conductor cost per km
Total cost of power conductor per km = (cost of Al/km + cost of steel/km) * Total no. of
conductor
Cost of Al/km = Weight of Al/km * cost of Al/tons
Cost of Steel/km = Weight of Steel/km * cost of Steel / tons
Cost of energy loss/km = PL*LLF*time*Rate of cost

PL = Power loss = 𝐼𝑙2 * r65 * Total no. of power conductor

Total annual cost per km = Annual energy loss cost + Annual capital cost

Sample Calculation
For Conductor Sheep,
Total cost of power conductor per km = No. of conductors*cost of power conductor per
km/conductor
= 6* (20105*1036+150000*690)*10-3
= Rs. 743252.40

From above calculation,

Tower cost per km = Rs. 6290012.81 (for span length of 250m from table 6)
∴ Capital cost per km = Tower cost per km + Power conductor cost per km
= Rs. 7036265.21

Annual capital cost = ϒ * Capital cost per km

= Rs. 775171.26

Power loss per Km (PL) = 𝐼𝑙2 * R65* Total number of conductors

= 41810.83 W = 41.81 Kw

Annual Cost of energy loss per km = PL * LLF * time * cost per unit energy
 = 41.81 * 0.3*(365*24)*7.50
= Rs. 82137.72

Total annual cost per km = Annual cost of energy loss per km + Annual capital cost
= Rs. 1598308.99

Similarly, we can calculate the Total annual cost per km for each conductor with their respective
economic span length. The tabulated form of the calculation is shown below:

Table 7 Total Annual Cost

Conductor Span(Km) Tower Cost of Capital Annual Power Energy Total Annual
cost/L (Rs.) cond/L cost/L (Rs.) Capital loss/L Loss Cost (Rs.)
(Rs.) cost/L cost/L
(Kw)
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Sheep 0.250 6290012.81 746252.40 7036265.21 444667.26 41.76 823137.72 1598308.99
Deer 0.300 6440553.43 853729.20 7294282.63 803596.52 36.66 722614.82 1526211.35
Zebra 0.250 6646969.68 538003.80 7184973.48 791554.15 37.10 731346.68 1522900.84
Elk 0.30 6557271.87 947988.00 7505259.87 826839.46 33.01 650630.20 1477469.67
Moose 0.250 6695044.68 658376.70 7353421.38 810111.72 30.22 595789.85 1405901.58

Hence, From above table, it can be seen that MOOSE is the most economical conductor with
span length of 250m.

Transmission line Characteristics of the conductor MOOSE

A. Electrical Characteristics
The MOOSE conductor has 61 strands with 7 Steel strands and 54 Aluminum strands.

Diameter of each strands = 3.53mm

Diameter of conductor (d) = 31.77 mm = 3.177 cm
Radius of conductor = 15.885 mm = 1.588 cm
GMR for inductance (GMRl) = 12.19 mm
GMR for capacitance (GMRc) = 15.885 mm
GMD for Single circuit Bundled (2) Conductor = 984.684 cm = 9.84 m
Resistance of the whole line per phase (R) = 7.922 ohms
Inductance of Whole length (L) = 0.32132 H
Capacitance of whole Length(C) = 2.07μF = 0.00000207F
Impedance of the Line (Z) = R+j2*pi*f*L = 7.922+j100.9455
Susceptance of the Line (Y) = j2*f*pi*C = j0.00065

A, B, C, D parameters calculation

𝑍𝑌
A=1+ = 0.96719 + j2.574
2

B=Z = 7.922+j100.9455
𝑍𝑌
C = 𝑌(1 + ) = -0.000000836 + j0.000639
4

D=A = 0.96719 + j2.574

Ir = 𝐼(𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ − 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛∅) = 538.676<-18.19

Sending End Voltage (Vs) = A*Vr +B*Ir

= (0.96719+j2.574)*(220/√3) + (7.922+j100.9455)*(538.676√-18.19)
=383.93 KV
(|Vs|/A −|Vr| )
Now Voltage Regulation = = 9.926%
|Vr|

Corona Inception Voltage Criterion

Corona Inception voltage (Vci) =√3 *21.1*GMRc*m*δ*ln (GMD/GMRc)
= 357.72 KV

B. Mechanical characteristics:
Length of span =250 m
Tension at toughest condition = T1 = 7175 kg
Tension at stringing condition = T2= 5283.56 kg
Tension at easiest condition =T3= 2687.16 kg
Tower Heights:
H1 = 15.89 m
H2 = 18.77 m
H3 = 21.66 m
Ht = 32.51 m
Maximum sag (Dmax) = 5.80 m
Bending Moment on Earth wire due to Wind Force (BMeW) = 8523.03 kg/m
Bending Moment on Earth wire due to Turning (BMet) = 13327.64 kg/m
Bending Moment on Power Conductor due to wind force (BMpW) = 59642.88kg/m
Bending Moment on Power Conductor due to turning (BMpt) = 65993.91 kg/m
Total Bending Moment (TBM) = 147487.47 kg/m
Tower Weight = 11.141 tonnes
Tower Cost per unit Length = Rs 6695044.68
No. of Towers (Nt) = 960
Capital Cost per km = Rs. 7353521.38
Total Annual cost per km = Rs. 1405901.58