001
10011000 1010100
10001111100
1011100101011100
101100011101001
1011110100011010
00001010010110010
1001010101100111
1111010101000101
1101001101010011
001010010101010
1010101000110010
010101001011000
110101100011010
11010100001011
001010100110
1001010010
IP Addressing
and
Subnetting
Workbook
Version 1.2
11111110
10010101
00011011
10000110
11010011
IP Address Classes
Class A 1 – 127 (Network 127 is reserved for loopback and internal testing)
Leading bit pattern 0 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
Network . Host . Host . Host
Class B 128 – 191 Leading bit pattern 10 10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
Network . Network . Host . Host
Class C 192 – 223 Leading bit pattern 110 11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
Network . Network . Network . Host
Class D 224 – 239 (Reserved for multicast)
Class E 240 – 255 (Reserved for experimental, used for research)
Private Address Space
Class A [Link] to [Link]
Class B [Link] to [Link]
Class C [Link] to [Link]
Default Subnet Masks
Class A [Link]
Class B [Link]
Class C [Link]
Produced by: Robb Jones jonesr@[Link]
Frederick County Career & Technology Center
Cisco Networking Academy
Frederick County Public Schools
Frederick, Maryland, USA
Special Thanks to Melvin Baker and Jim Dorsch for
taking the time to check this workbook for errors.
Inside Cover
ANDING With
Default subnet masks
Every IP address must be accompanied by a subnet mask. By now you should be able to look at an IP
address and tell what class it is. Unfortunately your computer doesn’t think that way.
For your computer to determine the network and subnet portion of an IP address it must
“AND” the IP address with the subnet mask.
Default Subnet Masks:
Class A [Link]
Class B [Link]
Class C [Link]
ANDING Equations:
1 AND 1 = 1
1 AND 0 = 0
0 AND 1 = 0
0 AND 0 = 0
Sample:
What you see...
IP Address: 192 . 100 . 10 . 33
What you can figure out in your head...
Address Class: C
Network Portion: 192 . 100 . 10 . 33
Host Portion: 192 . 100 . 10 . 33
In order for you computer to get the same information it must AND the IP address with the
subnet mask in binary.
IP Address:
Network
Default Subnet Mask:
AND: 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 1 0Host
0100.00001010.00100001 (192 . 100 . 10 . 33)
11111111.1111111.11111111.00000000 (255 . 255 . 255 . 0)
11000000.1100100.00001010.00000000 (192 . 100 . 10 . 0)
ANDING with the default subnet mask allows your computer to figure out the network portion
of the address.
8
ANDING With
Custom subnet masks
When you take a single network such as [Link] and divide it into five smaller networks
([Link], [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link]) the outside
world still sees the network as [Link], but the internal computers and routers see five smaller
subnetworks. Each independent of the other. This can only be accomplished by using a custom
subnet mask. A custom subnet mask borrows bits from the host portion of the address to create a
subnetwork address between the network and host portions of an IP address. In this example each
range has 14 usable addresses in it. The computer must still AND the IP address against the custom
subnet mask to see what the network portion is and which subnetwork it belongs to.
IP Address: 192 . 100 . 10 . 0
Custom Subnet Mask: [Link]
Address Ranges: [Link] to [Link] (Invalid Range)
[Link] to [Link] (1st Usable Range)
[Link] to [Link] (Range in the sample below)
[Link] to [Link]
[Link] to [Link]
[Link] to [Link]
[Link] to [Link]
[Link] to [Link]
[Link] to [Link]
[Link] to [Link]
[Link] to [Link]
[Link] to [Link]
[Link] to [Link]
[Link] to [Link]
[Link] to [Link]
[Link] to [Link] (Invalid Range)
Sub
Network Network Host
IP Address: 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 (192 . 100 . 10 . 33)
Custom Subnet Mask: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 (255 . 255 . 255 . 240)
AND: 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 (192 . 100 . 10 . 32)
Four bits borrowed from the host
portion of the address for the
custom subnet mask.
The ANDING process of the four borrowed bits
shows which range of IP addresses this particular
address will fall into.
In the next set of problems you will determine the necessary information to determine the correct
subnet mask for a variety of IP addresses.
9
Custom Subnet Masks
Problem 1
Number of needed usable subnets 14
Number of needed usable hosts 14
Network Address [Link]
Address class ____C______
Default subnet mask ____2__5__5__._2__5__5__. _2__5_5___.
_0______
Custom subnet mask ____2__5__5__._2__5__5__._2__5_5___.
_2__4_0___
Total number of subnets _________1_6_________
Number of usable subnets _________1_4_________
Total number of host addresses _________1_6_________
Number of usable addresses _________1_4_________
Number of bits borrowed _________4__________
Show your work for Problem 1 in the space below.
Number of
256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 - Hosts
Number of
Subnets - 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 - Binary values
192 . 10 . 10 . 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
128
1 Observe the total number of
Add the binary value
6 hosts.
numbers to the left of the line to
-2
6
create the custom subnet mask. 4 Subtract 2 for the number of
1 usable hosts.
3
4
2
+16 16
240 -2
Subtract 2 for the total number of subnets to
get the usable number of
subnets.
14
10
Custom Subnet Masks
Problem 2
Number of needed usable subnets 1000
Number of needed usable hosts 60
Network Address [Link]
Address class ____B______
Default subnet mask
____2__5__5__._2__5__5__. _0__.__0_________
Custom subnet mask
____2__5__5__._2__5__5__._2__5_5___. _1_9__2___
Total number of subnets _______1_,0__2_4________
Number of usable subnets _______1_,0__2_2________
Total number of host addresses _________6_4_________
Number of usable addresses _________6_2_________
Number of bits borrowed _________1_0_________
Show your work for Problem 2 in the space below.
65,5 32,7 16,3
4,0 2,0 1,0
36 68 84 8,1
Number of 92 96 48 24 5
1
Hosts - 2 . 256 128 64 32 16 4 8 2
10 16,3 32,7 65,5
Number of
5 24 20 4,0 8,1 84 68 36
1 48 96 92
Subnets - 2 4 16 32 64 128 256.
2
8
Binary values - 128 64 16 8 4 2 1 . 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
32
128 12
165 . 100 . 0 0640 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8
32 +6 6 Observe the total number of
16 hosts.
Add the binary value
numbers to the left of the line to 8 4 -2
4 Subtract 2 for the number of
create the custom subnet mask. 4 19 6 usable hosts.
2 2
2 255
1024 ets.
11
-2 1,022 S
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Custom Subnet Masks
Problem /26 indicates the total number of bits
used for the network and subnetwork
3 Network Address [Link] /26 portion of the address. All bits
remaining belong to the host portion
of the address.
Address class _____B_____
Default subnet mask _____2_5__5__.__2_5__5__._0___.
_0_________
Custom subnet mask
_____2_5__5__.__2_5__5__.__2_5__5__._1__9_2___
Total number of subnets _______1_,0__2_4________
Number of usable subnets _______1_,_0_2_ 2________
Total number of host addresses _________6_4_________
Number of usable addresses _________6_2_________
Number of bits borrowed _________1_0_________
Show your work for Problem 3 in the space below.
65,5 32,7 16,3
4,0 2,0 1,0
36 68 84 8,1
Number of 92 96 48 24 5
1 . 256 128 64 32 16 4 2 8
Hosts - 2
16,3 32,7 65,5
10 20 4,0 8,1 84 68 36
Number of 5 24 48 96 92
Subnets - 2 4 16 32 64 128 2561.
2
8
Binary values - 128 64 16 8 4 2 1 . 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
32
128 12
148 . 75 . 0 0640 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8
32 +6 6 Observe the total number of
16 hosts.
Add the binary value
numbers to the left of the line to 8 4 4 Subtract 2 for the number of
create the custom subnet mask. 4 19 - usable hosts.
2 2
6
2
2 255
12
102 Subtract 2 for the total number of subnets to
4 get the usable number of subnets.
-2
1,022
Custom Subnet Masks
Problem 4
Number of needed usable subnets 6
Number of needed usable hosts 30
Network Address [Link]
Address class ___C____
Default subnet mask ___255.255.255.0________________
Custom subnet mask ____255.255.255.224_____________
Total number of subnets ____14_______________
Number of usable subnets _____12______________
Total number of host addresses _____62______________
Number of usable addresses _____60______________
Number of bits borrowed _____3______________
Show your work for Problem 4 in the space below.
Number of
Number of
256 128 32 16 8 4 2 - Hosts
64
Subnets - 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 - Binary values
210 . 100 . 56 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13
Custom Subnet Masks
Problem 5
Number of needed usable subnets 6
Number of needed usable hosts 30
Network Address [Link]
Address class ___C____
Default subnet mask __255.255.255.0_________________
Custom subnet mask ___255.255.255.224______________
Total number of subnets ___8________________
Number of usable subnets ____6_______________
Total number of host addresses ____32_______________
Number of usable addresses ____30_______________
Number of bits borrowed ____3_______________
Show your work for Problem 5 in the space below.
Number of
Number of
256 128 32 16 8 4 2 - Hosts
64
Subnets - 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 - Binary values
195 . 85 . 8 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
14
Custom Subnet Masks
Problem 6
Number of needed usable subnets 126
Number of needed usable hosts 131,070
Network Address [Link]
Address class __A_____
Default subnet mask ____255.0.0.0___________________
Custom subnet mask _____255.254.0.0________________
Total number of subnets _____128______________
Number of usable subnets ______126_____________
Total number of host addresses ______131,072_____________
Number of usable addresses _______131,070____________
Number of bits borrowed _____7______________
Show your work for Problem 6 in the space below.
4,1942,0971,048524, 262,
131, 65,32,
Number of ,304 ,152 ,576 288 144 16,
072 53676 8 4, 2, 1,
38 0 0 0 5
Hosts ,
- 8 4
1 9 4 2 1 . 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2
6 8 4 2
9 1,0482,0974,194
2 65, 131, 262, 524,
16, 32, ,576 ,152 ,304
1, 2, 4, 8 536 072 144 288
Number of 5 0 38 76
0 0 ,
Subnets - 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 2561 .
2 4 9 1 4 8 .
Binary values -128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 2 .41288 64 632 16 8 4 2 1 . 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
9
2
118. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15
Custom Subnet Masks
Problem 7
Number of needed usable subnets 2000
Number of needed usable hosts 15
Network Address [Link]
Address class ___B_______
Default subnet mask ___255.255.0.0________________
Custom subnet mask ____255.255.255.224____________
Total number of subnets _____2048______________
Number of usable subnets ______2046_____________
Total number of host addresses ______32_____________
Number of usable addresses ______30_____________
Number of bits borrowed _____11______________
Show your work for Problem 7 in the space below.
65,5 32,7 16,3
4,0 2,0 1,0
36 68 84 8,1
Number of 92 96 48 24 5
1 . 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2
Hosts - 2
16,3 32,7
65,5
10 20 4,0 8,1 84 68
Number of 5 36
24 48 96 92
Subnets - 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256. 1
2
Binary values
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
-
.
178 . 100 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16
Custom Subnet Masks
Problem 8
Number of needed usable subnets 1
Number of needed usable hosts 45
Network Address [Link]
Address class ____C___
Default subnet mask ____255.255.255.0_______________
Custom subnet mask ____255.255.255.192_____________
Total number of subnets _____4______________
Number of usable subnets _____2______________
Total number of host addresses _____64______________
Number of usable addresses _____62______________
Number of bits borrowed ______2_____________
Show your work for Problem 8 in the space below.
17
Custom Subnet Masks
Problem 9
Number of needed usable subnets 60
Number of needed usable hosts 1,000
Network Address [Link]
Address class ___B____
Default subnet mask ____255.255.0.0_______________
Custom subnet mask ____255.255.252.0_____________
Total number of subnets ______64_____________
Number of usable subnets _____62______________
Total number of host addresses _____1024______________
Number of usable addresses ______1022_____________
Number of bits borrowed ______6_____________
Show your work for Problem 9 in the space below.
18
Custom Subnet Masks
Problem 10
Number of needed usable hosts 60
Network Address [Link]
Address class ___C____
Default subnet mask ___255.255.255.0________________
Custom subnet mask ___255.255.255.192______________
Total number of subnets ____6_______________
Number of usable subnets ____4_______________
Total number of host addresses _____64______________
Number of usable addresses _____62______________
Number of bits borrowed ____2_______________
Show your work for Problem 10 in the space below.
