Our victory is not in the last step actually it starts from our first step

11th std Chemistry Bestie

With additional question & answers

Name :
Std & Sec :
School :

Dr.R.Karthic M.Sc., B.Ed., M.A(Edu)., M.Phil., Ph.D.

PG Assistant in chemistry
Government Higher Secondary School - Vallipattu
Dr.R.Karthic M.Sc., B.Ed., M.A(Edu)., M.Phil., Ph.D. P.G Assistant, GHSS – vallipattu, 9943119933

1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL CALCULATION

1 Define relative atomic mass.
Average mass of the atom
Relative atomic mass =
Unified atomic mass
2 What do you understand by the term mole. (Jun-19, Jun-23)
One mole is the amount of substance of a system, which contains as many elementary
particles as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon-12 isotope. The elementary particles can be
molecules, atoms, ions, electrons or any other specified particles.
3 Define equivalent mass. (May-22, Mar-24)
Gram equivalent mass is defined as the mass of an element (compound or ion) that
combines or displaces 1.008 g hydrogen or 8 g oxygen or 35.5 g chlorine.
4 What do you understand by the term oxidation number.
It is defined as the imaginary charge left on the atom when all other atoms of the
compound have been removed in their usual oxidation states
5 Distinguish between Oxidation and Reduction. (Mar-23)
Oxidation Reduction
1 Addition of oxygen Addition of hydrogen
2 Removal of hydrogen Removal of oxygen
3 Reaction in which oxidation number of the Reaction in which oxidation number of the
element increases element decreases
4 Loss of electron Gain of electron
6 Calculate the molar mass of the following compounds.
i) Urea [CO(NH2)2] ii) Acetone [CH3COCH3]
N = 2 X 14 = 28 C = 3 X 12 = 36
H=4X1 = 4 H=6X1 = 6
C = 1 X 12 = 12 O = 1 X 16 = 16
O = 1 X 16 = 16 58
60 molar mass = 60 g mol-1. molar mass = 58 g mol-1.
iii) Boric acid [H3BO3] iv) Sulphuric acid [H2SO4]
B = 1 X 11 = 11 S = 1 X 32 = 32
H=3X1 = 3 H=2X1 = 2
O = 3 X 16 = 48 O = 4 X 16 = 64
62 98
molar mass = 62 g mol-1. molar mass = 98 g mol-1.
7 The density of carbon dioxide is equal to 1.965 kgm-3 at 273 K and 1 atm pressure.
Calculate the molar mass of CO2.
At 273 K and 1 atm pressure, 1 mole of CO2 occupies a volume of 22.4L
1.965Kg 1.965 X 103 g X 22.4 X 10−3 m3
Mass of 1 mole of CO2 = x 22.4 L = = 44.01 g mol-1.
1m3 1m3
Molar mass of CO2 = 44.01 g mol-1.
8 Which contains the greatest number of moles of oxygen atoms
i) 1 mol of ethanol ii) 1 mol of formic acid iii) 1 mol of H2O
Compound Given number of atoms Number of oxygen atoms
Ethanol – C2H5OH 1 1 X 6.022 X 1023
Formic acid - HCOOH 1 1 X 6.022 X 1023
Water – H2O 1 1 X 6.022 X 1023

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 Dr.R.Karthic M.Sc., B.Ed., M.A(Edu)., M.Phil., Ph.D. P.G Assistant, GHSS – vallipattu, 9943119933
9 Calculate the average atomic mass of naturally occurring magnesium using the
following data
Isotope Isotopic atomic mass Abundance (%)
Mg24 23.99 78.99

Mg25 24.99 10.00

Mg26 25.98 11.01

((78.99 X 23.99)+(10 X 24.99)+(11.01 X 25.98)) 2430.9
Average atomic mass = = = 24.31u
100 100
10 In a reaction x + y + z2 → xyz2 identify the Limiting reagent if any, in the following reaction
mixtures. a) 200 atoms of x + 200 atoms of y + 50 molecules of z2 b) 1 mol of x
+ 1 mol of y+3 mol of z2 c) 50 atoms of x + 25 atoms of y+50 molecules of z2
d) 2.5 mol of x +5 mol of y+5 mol of z2
Number of moles of reactants Number of moles of reactance
Limiting
allowed to react consumed during reaction
reagent
x y Z2 x y Z2
200 200 50
a) 50 molecules 50 atoms 50 molecules Z2
atoms atoms atoms
b) 1 mole 1 mole 3 mole 1 mole 1 mole 1 mole x and y
50 25 25
c) 25 atoms 50 molecules 25 molecules y
atoms atoms atoms
2.5
d) 2.5 mole 5 mole 5 mole 2.5 mole 2.5 mole x
mole
11 Mass of one atom of an element is 6.645 x 10-23 g. How many moles of element are
there in 0.320 kg.
Mass of one atom = 6.645 x 10-23 g
Mass of one mole of atom = 6.645 x 10-23 g X 6.022 X 1023 = 40 g
1 mole 1 mole
Number of moles of element in 0.320 kg = x 0.320 kg = x 320 g = 8 mole.
40 g 40 g
12 What is the difference between molecular mass and molar mass? Calculate the
molecular mass and molar mass for carbon monoxide.
Molecular mass Molar mass
It is the ratio of the mass of a molecule to The mass of one mole of a substance
1
the unified atomic mass unit.
The relative molecular mass of any The molar mass of a compound is equal to
compound can be calculated by adding the sum of the relative atomic masses of its
2
the relative atomic masses of its constituents
constituent atoms.
3 It is expressed in amu (or) u. It is expressed in g mol-1.
4 Molecular mass of CO = 12+16 = 28u. Molar mass of CO = 12+16 = 28 g mol-1.
13 What is the empirical formula of the
following? (Sep-21) Molecular Empirical
Compound
i) Fructose (C6H12O6) found in honey formula formula
ii) Caffeine (C8H10N4O2) a substance fructose C6H12O6 CH2O
found in tea and coffee. Caffein C 8H10N4O2 C4H5N2O

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 Dr.R.Karthic M.Sc., B.Ed., M.A(Edu)., M.Phil., Ph.D. P.G Assistant, GHSS – vallipattu, 9943119933
14 The reaction between aluminium and ferric oxide can generate temperatures up to 3273
K and is used in welding metals. (Atomic mass of Al = 27 u atomic mass of O = 16 u)
2Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 +2Fe; If, in this process, 324 g of aluminium is allowed to react with
1.12 kg of ferric oxide.
i) Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.
ii) How much of the excess reagent is left at the end of the reaction?
Reagents Products
Al Fe2O3 Al2O3 Fe
amount of reactant allowed to react 324 g 1.12 kg - -
1.12X103
324
number of moles allowed to react = 12mol 160 - -
27
= 7mol
stock your metric coefficient 2 1 1 2
number of moles consumed during reaction 12 mol 6 mol - -
number of moles of reactant unreacted and 12
- 1 mol 6 mol
number of moles of product formed mol
Molar mass of Al2O3 formed
Al2O3 = (2 x 27) + (3 x 16) = 54 + 48 = 102
= 6 mol X 102 g mol-1
= 612 g
Excess reagent left at the end of the reaction = Fe2O3
The excess amount of reagent left at the end of the reaction
= 1 mol x 160 g mol-1 = 160 g [Fe2O3 = (2x56) + (3x16) = 112 + 48 = 160]
15 How many moles of ethane is required to produce 44 g of CO2 (g) after combustion.
7
C2H6 + 2 O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

To produce 2 moles of CO2, 1 mole of ethane is required

 To produce 1 mole (44g) of CO2, required number of moles of ethane
1 mole ethane x 1 mole CO2
=
2 mole CO2
1
= mole of ethane
2
= 0.5 mole of ethane
16 Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidising agent. It oxidises ferrous ion to ferric ion and
reduced itself to water. Write a balanced equation.
-1 -2
H2O2 + Fe+2 Fe+3 + H2O

(1e- x 2) 1e-
H2O2 + 2Fe+2 Fe+3 + 2H2O
H2O2 + 2Fe+2 + 2H+ Fe+3 + 2H2O

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 Dr.R.Karthic M.Sc., B.Ed., M.A(Edu)., M.Phil., Ph.D. P.G Assistant, GHSS – vallipattu, 9943119933
17 Calculate the empirical and molecular formula of a compound containing 76.6%
carbon, 6.38 % hydrogen and rest oxygen. (Jul-22) Its vapour density is 47. (Sep-20)
Relative number whole
Element Percentage Atomic mass simple ratio
of moles number

76.6 6.38
C 76.6 12 = 6.38 =6 6
12 1.06

6.38 6.38
H 6.38 1 = 6.38 =6 6
1 1.06

17.02 1.06
O 17.02 16 = 1.06 =1 1
16 1.06

Emperical formula = C6H6O (Mar-19)

Molar mass
n=
Calculated empirical formula mass
2 X vapour density 2 X 47
= = = 1.
94 94
Molecular formula (C6H6O) x 1 = C6H6O
18 A Compound on analysis gave Na = 14.31% S = 9.97% H= 6.22% and O= 69.5%
calculate the molecular formula of the compound, if all the hydrogen in the compound
is present in combination with oxygen as water of crystallization. (molecular mass of
the compound is 322). (Mar-23)

Relative
whole
Element Percentage Atomic mass number of simple ratio
number
moles
14.31 0.62
Na 14.31 23 = 0.62 =2 2
23 0.31
9.97 0.31
S 9.97 32 = 0.31 =1 1
32 0.31
6.22 6.22
H 6.22 1 = 6.22 = 20 20
1 0.31
69.5 4.34
O 69.5 16 = 4.34 = 14 14
16 0.31

Emperical formula = Na2SH20O14

Molar mass
n=
Calculated empirical formula mass
322 Na2SH20O14 = (2x23) + (1x32) + (20x1) + (14x16)
= = 1. = 46 + 32 + 20 + 224 = 322
322
Molecular formula= Na2SH20O14
All the hydrogen in the compound present as water, molecular formula is = Na2SO4 . 10H2O.

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 Dr.R.Karthic M.Sc., B.Ed., M.A(Edu)., M.Phil., Ph.D. P.G Assistant, GHSS – vallipattu, 9943119933
19 Balance the following equations by oxidation number method
i) K2Cr2O7 + KI + H2SO4 K2SO4 + Cr2(S04)3 + I2 + H2O
+6 -1 +3 0
K2Cr2O7 + KI + H2SO4 K2SO4 + Cr2(S04)3 + I2 + H2O

2 x 3e- 1e-
K2Cr2O7 + 6KI + H2SO4 K2SO4 + Cr2(S04)3 + I2 + H2O
K2Cr2O7 + 6KI + H2SO4 K2SO4 + Cr2(S04)3 + 3I2 + H2O
K2Cr2O7 + 6KI + 7H2SO4 4K2SO4 + Cr2(S04)3 + 3I2 + 7H2O
ii) KMnO4 + Na2SO3 MnO2 + Na2SO4 + KOH (Mar-23)
+7 +4 +4 +6
KMnO4 + Na2SO3 MnO2 + Na2SO4 + KOH

3e- 2e-
2KMnO4 + 3Na2SO3 MnO2 + Na2SO4 + KOH
2KMnO4 + 3Na2SO3 2MnO2 + 3Na2SO4 + KOH
2KMnO4 + 3Na2SO3 + H2O 2MnO2 + 3Na2SO4 + 2KOH
iii) Cu + HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O (Mar-23)
0 +5 +2 +4
Cu + HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O

2e- 1e-
Cu + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O
Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
iv) KMnO4 + H2C2O4 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + MnSO4 + CO2 + H2O
+7 +3 +2 +4
KMnO4 + H2C2O4 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + MnSO4 + CO2 + H2O

5e- 1e- x 2
2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + MnSO4 + CO2 + H2O
2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + H2O
2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + 3H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O
20 Balance the following equations by ion electron method.
i) KMnO4 + SnCl2 + HCl MnCl2 + SnCl4 + H2O + KCl
Half reaction:
+7
MnO4- Mn2+ ………(1)
and Sn2+ Sn4+ …...….(2)
(1) ⇒ MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O
(2) ⇒ Sn2+ Sn4+ + 2e-
(1) x 2 ⇒ 2MnO4- + 16H+ + 10e- 2Mn2+ + 8H2O
(2) x 5 ⇒ 5Sn2+ 5Sn4+ + 10e-
2MnO4- + 5Sn2+ + 16H+ 2Mn2+ + 5Sn4+ + 8H2O

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 Dr.R.Karthic M.Sc., B.Ed., M.A(Edu)., M.Phil., Ph.D. P.G Assistant, GHSS – vallipattu, 9943119933
ii) C2O42- + Cr2O72- Cr3+ + CO2 (in acid medium)
Half reaction:
+3 +4
C2O42- CO2 ………(1)
+6
and Cr2O72- Cr3+ …...….(2)
(1) ⇒ C2O42- 2 CO2 + 2e- ……….(3)
Cr2O72- + 14H+ 2 Cr3+ + 7H2O ……….(4)
(3) x 3 ⇒ 3C2O42- 6CO2 + 6e-
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
Cr2O72- + 3C2O42- + 14H+ 2Cr3+ + 6CO2 + 7H2O

iii) Na2S2O3 + I2 Na2S4O6 + NaI

Half reaction:
S2O32- S4O62- ………(1)
and I2 I- …...….(2)
(1) ⇒ 2S2O32- S4O62- + 2e-
(2) ⇒ I2 + 2e- 2I-
2S2O32- + I2 S4O62- + 2I-
iv) Zn + NO3- Zn2+ + NO (in acid medium)
Half reaction:
0
Zn Zn2+ ………(1)
+6
and NO3- NO …...….(2)
(1) ⇒ Zn +Zn2+ ……….(3)
2e-
(2) ⇒ NO3- -
+ 3e + 4H + NO + 2H2O ……….(4)
(3) x 3 ⇒ 3Zn 3Zn2+ + 6e-
(4) x 2 ⇒ 2NO3- + 6e- + 8H+ 2NO + 4H2O
-
3Zn + 2NO3 + 8H + 3Zn2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
21 Define unified atomic mass?
The C-12 atom is considered as standard by the IUPAC and its mass is fixed as 12 amu
(or) u. The amu (or) unified atomic mass unit is defined as one twelfth of the mass of a
Carbon-12 atom in its ground state. (1 amu (or) 1 u= 1.6605x10-27 kg)
22 Define Avogadro Number?
The total number of entities present in one mole of any substance is equal to 6.022 x
23
10 . This number is called Avogadro number
23 Define molar volume?
The volume occupied by one mole of any substance in the gaseous state at a given
temperature and pressure is called molar volume.
24 Define limiting reagent? (Jul-22)
when a reaction is carried out using non-stoichiometric quantities of the reactants, the
product yield will be determined by the reactant that is completely consumed. It limits the
further reaction from taking place and is called as the limiting reagent. The other reagents
which are in excess are called the excess reagents.

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 Dr.R.Karthic M.Sc., B.Ed., M.A(Edu)., M.Phil., Ph.D. P.G Assistant, GHSS – vallipattu, 9943119933
25 Write the equations for calculating equivalent mass of acids, bases, oxidizing and
reducing agents?
Molar mass of the acid
Equivalent mass of acid =
Basicity of the acid
Molar mass of the base
Equivalent mass of base =
Acidity of the base
Molar mass of the oxidising agent
Equivalent mass of oxidising agent = No.of moles of electrons gained by
one mole of the oxidising agent
Molar mass of the reducing agent
Equal and mass of reducing agent = No.of moles of electrons lost by
one mole of the reducing agent

26 Explain the types of redox reactions?

1. Combination reactions:
Redox reactions in which two substances combine to form a single compoundare called
combination reaction.

2. Decomposition reactions:
Redox reactions in which a compound breaks down into two or more components are
called decomposition reactions. In these reactions, the oxidation number of the different
elements in the same substance is changed.

3. Displacement reactions:
Redox reactions in which an ion (or an atom) in a compound is replaced by an ion (or
atom) of another element are called displacement reactions. They are further classified into
two types.
(i) Metal displacement reactions:

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 Dr.R.Karthic M.Sc., B.Ed., M.A(Edu)., M.Phil., Ph.D. P.G Assistant, GHSS – vallipattu, 9943119933
ii) Non-metal displacement

4. Disproportionation reaction (Auto redox reactions) (Jun-19)

In some redox reactions, the same compound can undergo both oxidation and
reduction. In such reactions, the oxidation state of one and the same element is both
increased and decreased.

5. Competitive electron transfer reaction

These reactions explain the electron releasing and gaining behavior between metals.
Among the three metals, namely, zinc, copper and silver, the electron releasing tendency is in
the following order.
Zinc > Copper > Silver

27 An organic compound present in vinegar has 40 % carbon, 6.6 % hydrogen and 53.4 %
oxygen. Find the empirical formula of the compound.

The empirical formula is CH2O

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 Dr.R.Karthic M.Sc., B.Ed., M.A(Edu)., M.Phil., Ph.D. P.G Assistant, GHSS – vallipattu, 9943119933
28 Calculate the oxidation number of underlined elements

i) CO2 x +2(-2) = 0 ; x – 4 = 0 ; x = +4
12
ii) K2Cr2O7 2(+1)+2x+7(-2) = 0 ; 2+2x-14 = 0 ; 2x-12 = 0 ; 2x = 12 ; x = ;x=6
2
iii) KMnO4 1+x+4(-2) = 0 ; 1+x-8 = 0 ; x-7 = 0 ; x = +7

iv) H2SO4 2(+1)+x+4(-2) = 0 ; 2+x-8 = 0 ; x - 6 = 0 ; x = +6

12
v) S2O72- 2x + 7(-2) = -2 ; 2x – 14 = -2 ; 2x = 14-2 ; 2x = 12 ; x = ;x=6
2
H2O2 -2
vi) 2(+1)+2x =0 ; 2 + 2x = 0 ; 2x = -2 ;x= ; x = -1
(Jun-23) 2
29 Calculate the equivalent mass of
i) Acids (Eg – H2SO4) (Mar-19)
H2SO4 basicity = 2 eq mol–1
Molar mass of H2SO4 = (2 × 1) + (1 × 32) + (4 × 16) = 98 g mol-1
Molar mass of the acid 98
Equivalent mass = = = 49 g eq–1
Basicity of the acid 2
Ii) Bases (Eg – KOH)
KOH acidity = 1 eq mol–1
Molar mass of KOH = (1 × 39)+(1 × 16)+(1 ×1) = 56 g mol-1
Molar mass of the base 56
Equivalent mass = = = 56 g eq–1
Acidity of the Base 1
Iii) Oxidizing or Reducing agent (Eg – KMnO4)
KMnO4 is an oxidising agent
Molar mass of KMnO4 = (1 × 39) +(1 × 55) + (4 ×16) = 158 g mol–1
In acid medium permanganate is reduced during oxidation and is given by the following
equation,
.MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O
∴n = 5 eq mol–1.
Molar mass of the oxidising (or) reducing agent 158
Equivalent mass = No.of moles of electrons gained or lost by = = 31.6 g eq–1
5
one mole of the oxidising (or) reducing agent

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 Dr.R.Karthic M.Sc., B.Ed., M.A(Edu)., M.Phil., Ph.D. P.G Assistant, GHSS – vallipattu, 9943119933
2. Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom
1 Which quantum number reveal information about the shape, energy, orientation and
size of orbitals?
1. Principal quantum number - Size and shape
2. Azimuthal Quantum number - Energy
3. Magnetic quantum number - Orientation
2 How many orbitals are possible for n =4?
4s, 4p, 4d and 4f orbitals = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16 orbitals
3 How many radial nodes for 2s, 4p, 5d and 4f orbitals exhibit? How many angular nodes?
radial nodes angular nodes
orbitals n l
n-l-1 l
2s 2 0 1 0
4p 4 1 2 1
5d 5 2 2 2
4f 4 3 0 3
4 The stabilisation of a half-filled d - orbital is more pronounced than that of the p-orbital
why?
The half field orbitals are more stable due to symmetry and exchange energy.
when a greater number of exchanges are possible, more exchange energy is released and
more stable
half-filled d orbitals - 10 possible exchanges.
half-filled p orbitals - 3 possible exchanges.
5 Consider the following electronic arrangements for the d5 configuration.

(i) which of these represents the ground state - arrangement (c)

(ii) which configuration has the maximum exchange energy. - arrangement (c)
6 Define orbital? what are the n and l values for 3px and 4dx2-y2 electron?
Orbital is a three-dimensional space in which the probability of finding the electron is
maximum
Orbitals n l
3px 3 1
4dx2−𝑦 2 4 2
7 State and explain pauli exclusion principle.
No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of values of all four quantum numbers.
8 Explain Aufbau principle?
In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled in the order of their increasing
energies. That is the electrons first occupy the lowest energy orbital available to them.
9 Define Hund's rule?
It states that electron pairing in the degenerate orbitals does not take place until all the
available orbitals contains one electron each.
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 Dr.R.Karthic M.Sc., B.Ed., M.A(Edu)., M.Phil., Ph.D. P.G Assistant, GHSS – vallipattu, 9943119933
10 Explain briefly the time independent schrodinger wave equation?
Erwin Schrödinger expressed the wave nature of electron in terms of a differential
equation. This equation determines the change of wave function in space depending on the
field of force in which the electron moves. The time independent Schrödinger equation can be
expressed as,

Where is called Hamiltonian operator,  is the wave function and is a function of position
co-ordinates of the particle and is denoted as  (x,y,z) E is the energy of the system

The above schrodinger wave equation does not contain time as a variable and is referred to as
time independent Schrödinger wave equation.
11 Determine the values of all the four quantum numbers of the 8th electron in O- atom and
15th electron in Cl atom.
i) 8 electron of oxygen atom is present in 2px orbital
1s2 2s2 2p2X 2p1Y 2p1Z
↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿ ↿ Electron n l m s
ii) 15th electron of chlorine atom is present in 3pZ 2p4 th 2 1 +1 or -1 -1/2
orbital
3p3 th 3 1 +1 or -1 +1/2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2X 3p2Y 3p1Z
↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿

12 How fast must a 54g tennis ball travel in order to have a de Broglie wavelength that is
equal to that of a photon of green light 5400 A°?

λ = 5400 A° = 5400 x 10-10 m ; m = 54g = 54 x 10-3 Kg ; V=?

h h 6.626 x 10−34 Kg m2 s−1
λ= ;V= = ; V = 2.27 x 10-26 ms-1
mV mλ 54 x 10−3 Kg x 5400 x 10−10 m

13 For each of the following, give the sub level designation, the allowable m values and the
number of orbitals
i) n = 4, l = 2, ii) n = 5, l = 3 iii) n= 7, l = 0
n l sub level m values number of orbitals
i) 4 2 4d -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5
ii) 5 3 5f -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3 7
iii) 7 0 7s 0 1
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 Dr.R.Karthic M.Sc., B.Ed., M.A(Edu)., M.Phil., Ph.D. P.G Assistant, GHSS – vallipattu, 9943119933
14 An atom of an element contains 35 electrons and 45 neutrons. Deduce
i) the number of protons
ii) the electronic configuration for the element
iii) All the four quantum numbers for the last electron
An atom of an element has 35 electrons and 45 neutrons contains,
i) the number of protons = 35
ii) the electronic configuration for the element = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5
iii) All the 4 quantum numbers for the last electron are ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿

4p2X 4p2Y 4p1Z

n = 4: l = 1; m = +1 (or) -1; s = -1/2
15 Calculate the energy required for the process. He+(g) → He2+ (g) + e-. The ionisation
energy for the H atom in its ground state is -13.6 ev atom-1.
He+(g) He+(g) + e- E =?
13.6 Z2
En =−
n2
13.6 x (2)2
E1 =− = -56.4 ev (ஃ Atomic number of He Z = 2)
12
13.6 x (2)2
E∞ =− = 0 ev
∞2
The energy required for the process = E∞ - E1 = 0 - (-56.4) = 56.4 eV.
16 Show that the circumference of the Bohr orbit for the hydrogen atom is an integral
multiple of the de Broglie wave length associated with the electron revolving arround
the nucleus.
According to the de Broglie concept, the electron that revolves around the nucleus
exhibits both particle and wave character.
In order for the electron wave to exist in phase, the circumference of the orbit should be
an integral multiple of the wavelength of the electron wave. Otherwise, the electron wave is out
of phase.
Circumference of the orbit = nλ
2πr = nλ
h nh
Here, λ = 2πr =
mv mv The above equation was already
nh predicted by Bohr. Hence, De
mvr =
2π Broglie and Bohr’s concepts are in
nh agreement with each other.
Angular momentum =
2π
17 Give the electronic configuration of Mn2+ and Cr3+
The electronic configuration of Mn2+ and Cr3+ were,
2+ (23 e-s) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s0 3d5
25Mn

3+ (21 e-s) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s0 3d3

24Cr

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 Dr.R.Karthic M.Sc., B.Ed., M.A(Edu)., M.Phil., Ph.D. P.G Assistant, GHSS – vallipattu, 9943119933
18 An ion with mass number 37 possesses unit negative charge. If the ion contains 11.1%
more neutrons than electrons. Find the symbol of the ion.
Given: An ion with mass number 37 is 37ZX −
If No. of electrons = x
Then No. of protons = x – 1
No. of neutrons = 11.1% more neutrons than electrons = = x + 11.1% x
11.1
=x+ x = 1.11 x
100
⇒ (x - 1) + 1.11 x = 37 ஃ Atomic number Z = No. of protons
2.11 x -1 = 37 ⇒ 2.11 x = 37 + 1 =x–1
2.11 x = 38 = 18-1 = 17
38 So, the symbol of the ion = 37 −
x= = 18 17Cl ஆகும்.
2.11
19 The Li2+ ion is a hydrogen like ion that can be described by the Bohr model. Calculate
the Bohr radius of the third orbit and calculate the energy of an electron in 4 th orbit.
0.529n2 13.6 Z2
rn = A° ; En = − eV atom-1
Z n2
Atomic number of Li2+ ion = 3; No. of electrons = 1
0.529(3)2
i) Bohr radius of the third orbit r3 = = 1.587 A°
3
13.6 (3)2
ii) Energy of an electron in 4 orbit E4 = −
th = -7.65 eV atom-1
42
20 Identify the missing quantum numbers and the sub energy level
Ans:
n l m Sub energy level n l m Sub energy level
? ? 0 4d 4 2 0 4d
3 1 0 ? 3 1 0 3p
? ? ? 5p 5 1 0 (or) +1 (or) -1 5p
? ? -2 3d 3 2 -2 3d

21 Calculate the total number of angular nodes and radial nodes present in 3d and 4f
orbitals? (Sep-20)
Radial nodes Angular nodes Total nodes
Orbitals n l
(n – l – 1) l (n – 1)
3d 3 2 0 2 2
4f 4 3 0 3 3

22 Energy of an electron in ground state of hydrogen atom is -13.6ev What is the energy of
this electron in the second excited state?
13.6 Z2
En = − eV atom-1
n2
For first excited state n = 2. so, for second excited state n = 3
13.6 (1)2
ஃ E3 = − = -1.51 eV atom-1
32

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 Dr.R.Karthic M.Sc., B.Ed., M.A(Edu)., M.Phil., Ph.D. P.G Assistant, GHSS – vallipattu, 9943119933
23 Write the assumptions of Bohr’s atomic model?
1. The energies of electrons in an atom are quantised.
2. The electron is revolving around the nucleus in a certain circular path of fixed energy called
stationary orbit.
3. Electron can revolve only in those orbits in which the angular momentum (mvr) of the
electron must be equal to an integral multiple of h/2π.
i.e. mvr = nh/2π where n = 1, 2, 3... etc.,
4. As long as an electron revolves in the fixed stationary orbit, it doesn’t lose its energy.
However, when an electron jumps from higher energy state (E2) to a lower energy state (E1),
the excess energy is emitted as radiation.
E2 − 𝐸1
The frequency of the emitted radiation is E2 – E1 = h and  =
ℎ

−13.6 Z2 −1312.8 Z2
Energy of an electron En = eV atom-1 (or) En = KJmol-1
n2 n2
(0.529)n2
Radius of an atom rn = A°
Z
24 Write two limitation of Bohr's atom model?
1. The Bohr's atom model is applicable only to species having one electron such as
hydrogen, Li2+ etc... and not applicable to multi electron atoms.
2. It was unable to explain the splitting of spectral lines in the presence of magnetic field
(Zeeman effect) or an electric field (Stark effect).

25 Derive de Broglie equation? (Mar-19)

Planck’s quantum hypothesis: E = h (particle nature) ……..(1)
Einstein's mass-energy relationship E = mc2 (wave nature)……(2)
From eqn (1) and (2), h = mc2
c c
ஃ = h = mc2
λ λ

h
=
mc
For a particle of matter with mass m and moving with a velocity v, the above equation can be
h
written as, =
mv
26 State Heisenberg uncertainty principle? (Sep-20, Jul-22, Mar-23)
It is impossible to accurately determine both the position and the momentum of a
microscopic particle simultaneously.
h
Δx.Δp ≥
4
where, Δx and Δp are uncertainties in determining the position and momentum, respectively.

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 Dr.R.Karthic M.Sc., B.Ed., M.A(Edu)., M.Phil., Ph.D. P.G Assistant, GHSS – vallipattu, 9943119933
27 Write the main features of the quantum mechanical model of an atom?
1. The energy of electrons in atoms is quantised
2. The solutions of Schrödinger wave equation gives the allowed energy levels (orbits).
3. Orbital is a three-dimensional space in which the probability of finding the electron is
maximum.
4. The solution of SchrÖdinger wave equation for the allowed energies of an atom gives the
wave function ψ, which represents an atomic orbital. The wave nature of electron present in an
orbital can be well defined by the wave function ψ.
5. The wave function ψ itself has no physical meaning. However, the probability of finding the
electron in a small volume dxdydz around a point (x,y,z) is proportional to |ψ(x,y,z)| 2 dxdydz
|ψ(x,y,z)|2 is known as probability density and is always positive.
28 Explain (n+l) rule?
• Other than hydrogen atom the relative order of energies of various orbitals is given
approximately by the (n+ l) rule.
• It states that, the lower the value of (n + l) for an orbital, the lower is its energy. If two
orbitals have the same value of (n + l), the orbital with lower value of n will have the lower
energy.
29 Define Exchange energy? (Sep-21)
If two or more electrons with the same spin are present in degenerate orbitals, there is a
possibility for exchanging their positions. During exchange process the energy is released and
the released energy is called exchange energy.
30 Explain the experiment conforms the wave nature of an electron? (Davison and Germer
experiment)
• The wave nature of electron was experimentally confirmed by Davisson and Germer.
• They allowed the accelerated beam of electrons to fall on a nickel crystal and recorded the
diffraction pattern. The resultant diffraction pattern is similar to the x-ray diffraction pattern.
31 Define radial node? Give examples.
•The region where this probability density function reduces to zero is called nodal surface or
a radial node.
• it has been found that ns-orbital has (n–1) nodes. In other words, number of radial nodes
for 2s orbital is one, for 3s orbital it is two and so on.
32 What is effective nuclear charge?
• In a multi-electron atom, in addition to the electrostatic attractive force between the electron
and nucleus, there exists a repulsive force among the electrons. These two forces are
operating in the opposite direction.
• This results in the decrease in the nuclear force of attraction on electron. The net charge
experienced by the electron is called effective nuclear charge.
33 Write a short note on Quantum numbers?
The electron in an atom can be characterised by a set of four quantum numbers, namely
principal quantum number (n), azimuthal quantum number (l), magnetic quantum number (m)
and spin quantum number (s).

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Principal quantum number (n) (Sep-21, Mar-23):
• This quantum number represents the energy level in which electron revolves around the
nucleus and is denoted by the symbol 'n'.
• The 'n' can have the values 1, 2, 3,… n=1 represents K shell; n=2 represents L shell and
n = 3, 4, 5 represent the M, N, O shells, respectively.
• The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in a given shell is 2n 2.
(-1312.8)Z 2
• 'n' gives the energy of the electron, En = KJ mol-1 and the distance of the
n2
(0.529)n2
electron from the nucleus is given by rn = A°
Z
Azimuthal Quantum number (l) or subsidiary quantum number (Jun-23):
• It is represented by the letter ' l ', and can take integral values from zero to n-1, where n is
the principal quantum number
• Each l value represents a subshell (orbital). l = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 represents the s, p, d, f and
g orbitals respectively.
• The maximum number of electrons in a given subshell (orbital) is 2(2 l +1).
• It is used to calculate the orbital angular momentum using the expression, Angular
h
momentum = √l(l+1)
2π
Magnetic quantum number (ml) (Jul-22, Jun-23):
• It is denoted by the letter ' ml '. It takes integral values ranging from -l to +l through 0. i.e. if
l=1; m = -1, 0 and +1
• Different values of m for a given l value, represent different orientation of orbitals in space.
• The Zeeman Effect (the splitting of spectral lines in a magnetic field justifies this quantum
number.
• The magnitude of the angular momentum is determined by the quantum number l while its
direction is given by magnetic quantum number.
Spin quantum number (ms) (Mar-24):
• It represents the spin of the electron and is denoted by the letter 'ms'
• The electron in an atom revolves not only around the nucleus but also spins in its own axis
either in a clockwise direction or in anti-clockwise direction.
• Corresponding to the clockwise and anti-clockwise spinning of the electron, maximum two
values are possible for this quantum number.
• The values of 'ms' is equal to +½ and -½

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