Technical and Vocational Institute

Centre No.: 91043

BTEC
RQF – Assignment Brief (16)

Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND in Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Student Name/ID Number

Mahmoud Safwat Fawzy / 221010842
Unit 44: Industrial Power, Electronics and Storage
Unit Number and Title

Academic Year
2nd Semester: Feb. 2024

Assessor
Dr. Shady A. El-Kashlan
Assignment Title Energy sources aspects and efficiency measures application
issues

Issue Date 28 / 2 / 2024

Submission Date
28 / 3 / 2024

IV Name
Eng. Albert Anis Tawfik

Verification Date 22 / 2 / 2024

Student Declaration

“I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work, and I fully understand the
consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of
malpractice.”

Student Signature:

Submission Format
The submission is in the form of an individual written report. This should be written in a
concise, formal form. You are required to make use of headings, paragraphs and
subsections, as appropriate, and all work must be referenced.

Unit Learning Outcomes

LO1: Evaluate energy demand to determine the technology and methods of energy
production

LO2: Explore current energy efficiency measures, technologies and policies specific to the
building and transportation sectors
Transferable skills and competencies developed

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Establishing the concepts and perspectives of energy sources (conventional and

renewable) in addition to gaining enough knowledge about importance of using energy
efficiency criteria to integrate with various power system components both: technically and
economically.
Vocational scenario
Many sources of energy (conventional and renewable) are available, and have been used
for centuries. Most renewables are less available and/or have higher costs than fossil fuels
used in the recent past. Development of new technology will reduce cost but may not make
renewable energy cost competitive with market prices of fossil fuels in the near future
unless fossil-fuel externalities are considered.

After you have been in industrial companies, you noticed various forms of power system
generation forms. Your mission is to evaluate the energy demand to determine the
technology and methods of energy production; in addition to explore current energy
efficiency measures, technologies and policies specific to the building and transportation
sectors.
Assignment activity and guidance
Task 1
• Investigate current energy sources (conventional and renewable),
demand and their impact on the environment.

Conventional Energy Sources:

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Coal, oil, and natural gas are examples of fossil fuels that have long been
sources of energy. They are widely used in energy production,
transportation and industry. But burning fossil fuels releases more
greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere,
contributing to air pollution and climate change.
Nuclear energy:
Nuclear energy uses the energy released during the fission of nuclear
energy to produce electricity. When low-carbon resources are used, they
do not emit greenhouse gases. But it raises concerns, including the
possibility of radioactive fallout.

Renewable Energy Resources:

1. Solar energy:
photovoltaic cells and solar energy systems are used to capture solar
energy. It emits no emissions during use and is widely accessible and
versatile. To generate energy, solar panels are often placed on buildings or
inside solar panels.
2. Wind energy:
Electricity is produced by wind turbines by utilizing the kinetic energy of
the wind. Wind energy is a clean energy source because no greenhouse
gas emissions occur during operation. It is widely used in side or slope
wind farms and requires good wind conditions.
3. Power source:
This type of power supply uses falling or flowing power to generate
electricity. It is a proven technology and one of the world's most
important energy sources. On the other hand, large-scale hydroelectric
projects may have negative consequences for the environment and
society, such as displacement of people and destruction of living spaces.
4. Biomass energy:
It consists mainly of organic materials, biomass energy from trees, crop
residues and renewable energy plants. It can be used for transportation,
heating and electricity generation. Although it is considered a sustainable
energy source, management of the biomass market is affected by the way
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it impacts the environment.

5. Geothermal energy:
This type of energy uses heat from the Earth's interior to generate
electricity or directly generate heat. Although it requires special geological
conditions to be used effectively, it is a reliable source with its low carbon
content.

Energy Demand and Environmental Impact:

Population growth, economy and energy consumption contribute to

increasing global energy consumption. The use of fossil fuels to meet this
demand has caused environmental problems such as air pollution, climate
change and environmental degradation.

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and limiting climate change are the
driving force behind the transition to electric energy. The use of
renewable energy technologies has increased recently due to their high
capacity and flexibility. To reduce environmental impact, governments,
companies and individuals are investing in energy infrastructure and
renewable energy projects.

However, obstacles must be overcome in order to integrate renewable

energy into the existing energy system. They include grid connectivity,
energy storage, and seasonality (which affects solar and wind energy).
Advances in network technology, flexible response systems and energy
storage technologies provide solutions to these problems.
In summary, although traditional fossil fuel energy sources still play an
important role in the world energy mix, there is a growing trend towards
renewable energy sources due to reduced environmental impacts and
lower costs. Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and combating
climate change requires this change.

• Determine the use of energy sources to assess their global impact

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on energy demand.

To assess the impact on global energy demand, current consumption and

different energy sources must be taken into account. Please note that
although I can provide information based on historical statistics and
general trends, energy patterns are dynamic and subject to change. Below
is an overview of energy sources and how they affect the world's energy
needs:

1. Fossil Fuels:
Historically, fossil fuels have met most of the world's energy needs and
have been the world's most important energy source. While coal and
natural gas were used for heating, manufacturing and electricity
generation, oil was used for transportation. On the other hand, negative
impacts on the environment, especially in connection with air pollution
and greenhouse gas emissions, are increasingly recognised.

2. Renewable energy sources:

Energy resources can be expanded to solve environmental problems
caused by fossil fuels. Solar and wind energy have grown rapidly in recent
years due to falling costs, stricter regulations and technical advances. The
global energy mix includes contributions from biomass and hydropower.
The use of renewable energy is expected to continue to increase in order
to meet energy demand and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

3. Nuclear energy:
Although it has become the main source of energy production in some
countries, the proliferation of nuclear energy has stalled in recent years.
The growth of nuclear energy has been hampered by concerns about
waste management, safety and expensive initial investments. Some
countries still rely on nuclear energy as a low-carbon alternative to fossil
fuels.

4. Energy Efficiency and Conservation:

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In addition to energy resources, energy and environmental

protection measures should also be given priority. Reducing total energy
demand and dependence on a single energy source can be achieved by
increasing energy consumption in industry, buildings and transportation.
To achieve sustainable energy use, energy saving measures such as
encouraging behavioral changes and the use of energy efficient devices
are necessary.

The impact of energy markets on energy demand varies globally from

region to region due to factors such as resource availability, legal
framework and economy. But there is a growing international agreement
that we need to switch to clean and sustainable energy sources to
mitigate climate change and reduce its impact on the environment. The
change combines the use of renewable energy, energy efficiency and
research into new technologies

Task 2
• Among the alternative energies, examine the benefits and
effectiveness of renewable energy sources.

Renewable energy sources are widely accepted as practical solutions to

environmental problems and the achievement of sustainable
development. The main advantages and benefits of renewable energy are:

1. Climate Change Mitigation:

The use of renewable energy is important in reducing the effects of
climate change. Renewable energy sources such as hydroelectricity, wind
energy and solar energy do not emit greenhouse gases during their
operation, unlike fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources are supported
worldwide in order to reduce climate change by switching from space
vehicles to electric vehicles. This helps reduce carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gas emissions.
2. Reducing air pollution:
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When fossil fuels are used, pollutants such as sulfur dioxide,

nitrogen oxides and other pollutants are released into the atmosphere.
These pollutants have a negative impact on human health and air quality.
On the other hand, air pollution is more or less caused by renewable
energy sources, which improves air quality and reduces the effects of
pollution on health.

3. Energy security and independence:

Renewable energy provides a high level of independence assurance as it
can produce domestic resources.Reducing dependence on imported fossil
fuels can promote energy self-sufficiency and reduce geopolitical
problems related to energy supply in countries with many renewable
energy sources.

4. Economic opportunities and employment creation:

Renewable energy industries have the potential to increase employment
and the economy as a whole. Skilled labor is needed to install, maintain
and operate employment-creating renewable energy infrastructure.
Additionally, the rising level of renewable energy can stimulate innovation
and investment that will stimulate the economy.

5. Separation of mixed energies:

Using different energy sources, such as renewable energy, helps diversify
energy sources and reduce dependence on commodity prices and supply
disruptions. In light of changing market dynamics and unpredictable
geopolitical conditions, this diversification can increase energy supply and
security.

Renewable energy sources have many benefits, but there are some
barriers to their use, such as connectivity, energy storage, time (solar and
wind) and related infrastructure. However, ongoing research and
development focuses on solving these problems and increasing the
efficiency and reliability of renewable energy sources.

Taken together, the pros and cons of renewable energy sources can be an
important part of the global energy system that is once again moving
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towards a low-carbon and sustainable world.

• Evaluate the effectiveness and drawbacks of renewable energy

systems for short and long term energy demands.

Short-term Long-term
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Effectiveness  Quick Deployment:  Sustainability:

Compared to traditional Providing low- or
electricity, energy low-carbon
solutions can be alternatives to fossil
implemented much fuels could help
faster. energy sources
regain long-term
 Flexibility: They can be goals.
scaled to meet short-
term energy needs and  Energy
are easy to install. Independence: In the
long term, it
increases energy
independence and
reduces dependence
on imported fossil
fuels.
Drawbacks  Intermittency: Balancing  Scale and
energy supply and Infrastructure
demand can be difficult Requirements: To
depending on the timing meet long-term
and availability of energy demands,
renewable energy infrastructure needs
systems. to be significantly
expanded, creating
 Grid Integration: challenges in terms
Integrating large of startup costs and
amounts of sustainable land requirements.
energy into the existing
electricity system may  Technological
be difficult in the short Developments: Long-
term. term improvements
are needed in energy
storage, network
connectivity and
short-term solutions.

Task 3

• Explore renewable energy technologies and their costs.

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Renewable energy technologies such as solar photovoltaics, wind

energy, electricity, biomass and geothermal energy use new sources.

1. Solar PV:

It gets its energy from the sun; As a measure of scale and sophistication,
prices have fallen and are now competitive with traditional sources.

• Cost per kilowatt hour (kW) for solar power: $0.04 to $0.09.
• Commercial and industrial PV: $0.05 to $0.16 per kilowatt
• Rooftop solar PV costs between $0.06 and $0.21 per kilowatt.

2. Wind energy:

Produces electricity from wind energy; Onshore wind is cheap, but

offshore wind is becoming increasingly expensive as technology advances.

• $0.04 to $0.09 per kilowatt for wind energy

• Outdoor wind energy costs $0.07 and $0.14 per kilowatt.

3. Hydropower:

Energizes the movement of water; prices are determined by the size and
design of the project; Larger projects have higher initial costs, but there
are ongoing costs.

• The cost of large hydroelectric power plants varies between $0.05 and
$0.15 per kilowatt.
• Low-rate electricity: 0.05 to 0.22 USD/kW

4. Biomass:

Using natural resources to produce energy or heat; The size of the project
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and the feeding of the animals affect the costs.

• The cost of producing biomass energy is between $0.06 and $0.14 per
kilowatt.

5. Geothermal:

Produces energy using heat from below the surface; prices vary
depending on durability and length; Startup expenses are expensive but
ongoing expenses are cheap.

• The price of electricity per kilowatt varies between $0.08 and $0. 12.

• Critically evaluate the performance of a renewable energy system

and the technologies used in energy efficiency improvement.

In addition to the efficiency of the renewable energy system, many factors

need to be taken into account and the efficiency of the technology used in
energy development needs to be evaluated. When evaluating technology
and systems in detail, consider the following points:

1. Performance of renewable energy systems:

Analyzes system performance, power, reliability and energy production.

2. Technologies to increase energy efficiency:

Evaluate technology related to industrial processes, HVAC systems,

building envelopes, and energy conservation.

3. Impact on the environment:

Conduct carbon footprint and health assessment to determine

sustainability and what is good for the environment.

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4. Financial development:

Analysis of incentives/policies affecting payback period, efficiency and

financial performance.

5. Integration and testing:

Consider integration with modern infrastructure and scale to meet

fluctuations in energy demand.

Task 4
Energy efficiency measures can be applied through the supply chain as
well as at the end-user. Consider the different points in the supply chain
where energy efficiency measures can be applied and the types of
techniques that can be used to achieve energy efficiency.

Discuss current energy efficiency measures and their benefits to

industrial, commercial and residential sectors.

It is true that energy saving techniques can be applied at every stage of

the supply chain, from production to distribution and consumption. Below
are a few points on how energy efficiency can be achieved and how
energy saving measures can be implemented:

1. Measures of Energy Efficiency in the Supply Chain:

• Production phase: heat recovery, power plants and development.

• Distribution and storage class: energy storage and transportation
technologies.

2. Measures of Energy Efficiency for the End User:

• Building envelope improvements: Windows handles power, locking and

storage.
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• LED lighting, spotlights, and daylight capture are examples of advanced

lighting.

• HVAC systems: Zone controls, programmable applications and energy-

efficient HVAC systems.

• Efficiency of devices and equipment: Devices and equipment that use

less energy.

Task 5
• What are energy efficiency benchmarks and what are their roles
when determining the energy efficiency of a building?

The energy performance of buildings is evaluated and compared with

standard or reference point energy efficiency standards. They provide
energy to the building during the assessment process and serve as a
starting point in identifying areas of concern. The application of energy
standards in assessing the energy efficiency of buildings is as follows:

• Performance comparison: Energy performance standards can be used to

evaluate how a building consumes energy relative to industry standards or
other comparable standards.
• Set realistic energy efficiency targets for building efficiency and
availability.
• Performance evaluation: The use of parameters allows the energy
performance of buildings to be monitored and evaluated over time.

• Fault detection: Measurements help identify inefficient areas in a

building so that specific changes can be made.

• Reliability and transparency: By integrating energy performance

assessment, measurement data supports decision-making processes and
promotes transparency.
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• Determine the main factors that impact on energy use and efficiency
in a building.

• Building envelope: Energy efficiency depends on the shape and design of

the building envelope, including windows and insulation.

• HVAC systems: Correct sizing, maintenance, thermal management and

energy efficiency of HVAC systems are critical to energy savings.

• Lighting: Reducing the amount of light, using controls, and implementing

lighting solutions can help save energy.

• Appliances and devices: Energy-saving devices and devices that

consume less energy.

• Occupant behavior: Energy performance is affected by occupant

activities, such as turning off lights and appliances when not in use.

• Ease of use and building management: Modern controls optimize energy

efficiency depending on where you live and what you want.

• Integration of renewable energy: The use of renewable energy sources

reduces energy consumption and increases efficiency.

• Energy management and monitoring: better energy analysis and

decision-making is possible with better systems and monitoring.

• Consider an electric vehicle or a certain building fed by a renewable

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energy source (wind or solar). Use Matlab/Simulink software

package to model the prescribed combination in addition to the
associated energy management system.

• Based on the above work, evaluate the selection of suitable

technologies to improve energy efficiency in a building or electric
vehicle.

• For the above modeled system, analyse the dynamic performance of

a power electronic converter for the suggested renewable energy
source (wind or solar) and calculate the energy and cost savings
against conventional power sources, including consideration for
development and installation costs.

Task 6
• There exists a high potential for energy-efficient transportation and
needs to be encouraged on different levels. Discuss the technologies
that could be used to support more sustainable transport.
Environmentally friendly and energy-saving transportation can be
facilitated by many technologies. Increasing its acceptability on multiple
levels could make a big difference in achieving sustainable transportation.

Here are some important technologies:

• Electric vehicles (EVs) are battery-powered vehicles that are more
economical and less polluting.

• Hybrid car: combination of a combustion engine and an electric motor

to reduce fuel consumption.

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• Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, or PHEVs, use an internal

combustion engine and an electric motor to reduce emissions and fuel
consumption.

• Fuels: Greenhouse gas emissions are reduced by using renewable fuels

obtained from plants and agricultural waste.

• Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs): These vehicles use hydrogen fuel cells to power
an electric motor that produces zero emissions.

• The use of technology (V2G) can support energy sharing and enable
energy flow between EVs and the electricity grid.

Recommended Resources
Please note that the resources listed are examples for you to use as a starting point in your
research – the list is not definitive.

Useful reference(s):
TWIDELL, J. and WEIR, T. (2015) Renewable Energy Resources. 3rd Ed. Taylor & Francis.
(ISBN 9781317660361)

Useful website:

http://www.nrel.gov/ National Renewable Energy Laboratory

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Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria

Learning Outcome Pass Merit Distinction

LO1 Evaluate energy P1 Investigate current M1 Determine the use D1 Critically evaluate
demand to energy sources, of energy sources the performance
determine the demand and their to assess their of a renewable
technology and impact on the global impact on energy system
methods of environment P2 energy demand M2 and the
energy Examine the Evaluate the technologies used
production benefits and effectiveness and in energy
effectiveness of drawbacks of efficiency
renewable energy renewable energy improvement
sources systems for short
P3 Explore renewable and long term
energy energy demands

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LO2 P4 Discuss current M3 Apply modelling D2 Analyse the

Explore current energy efficiency of energy dynamic
energy efficiency measures P5 management in performance of
measures, Determine the a building or a power electronic
technologies and main factors that electric vehicle converter for
policies specific impact on energy using Matlab/ a given renewable
to the building use and efficiency Simulink (or energy source and
and in a building equivalent) calculate the
transportation P6 Discuss the M4 Evaluate the energy and cost
sectors technologies that selection of savings against
could be used to suitable conventional
support more technologies to power sources,
sustainable improve energy including
transport efficiency in a consideration for
building or development and
electric vehicle installation costs

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RQF – Summative Assignment Feedback Form

Qualification

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• Please note that grade decisions are provisional. They are only confirmed once internal and external moderation has taken place and
grades decisions have been agreed at the assessment board.
• Please note that each lecturer could add several formative dates which are done during the assignment.

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