See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/278648617

Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers

Chapter · January 2014

DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2739-7_396

CITATIONS READS

7 1,838

2 authors, including:

Jan Taler
Cracow University of Technology
397 PUBLICATIONS 4,928 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Jan Taler on 29 January 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers 3181 M
180.2 Å and the height 18.3 Å using the molecu- Manufacturers of power block pressure compo-
lar dynamics method. Each copper atom is nents frequently advice the users to keep within
denoted by a small circle. The temperature of the prescribed limits for maximum heating and
both ends is controlled to 10 K. Electron beam cooling rates of components. The recommended
with the width 5.3 Å is induced to the top center allowable rates [5–7] should be treated as esti-
region of the plate. mated values, as they were determined under the
assumption that quasi-steady state of temperature
field is formed inside a pressure element during
References the heating and cooling of an element at constant
rate of fluid temperature variation. Due to the fact
1. Heermann DW (1990) Computer simulation methods that basic parameters change in time irregularly,
in theoretical physics. Springer, Berlin
the quasi-steady state rarely occurs in practice.
2. Thijssen JM (1999) Computational physics. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge Attempts are made to develop algorithms for
3. Daw MS, Baskes MI (1984) Embedded-atom operating power blocks. Thanks to these mathe-
method: derivation and application to impurities, matical systems, one is able to extend the lifetime
surfaces, and other defects in metals. Phys Rev
of pressure components and shorten the duration
B 29–12:6443–6453
4. Finis MW, Sinclair JE (1984) A simple empirical of all transient operations.
N-body potential for transition metals. Phil Mag The basic problem that is encountered in the
A 50–1:45–55 accurate calculation of temperature and stress
5. Baskes MI (1992) Modified embedded-atom potentials
distribution in monitored components is
for cubic materials and impurities. Phys Rev B
46–5:2727–2742 a difficulty in determining some of the thermal
6. Jacobsen KW, Norskov JK, Puska M (1987) boundary conditions. Frequently, an unknown
Interatomic interactions in the effective-medium the- boundary condition occurs at an inner surface of
ory. Phys Rev B 35:7423–7442
pressure components, which remain in contact
with a fluid. In order to define this condition,
M
one needs to determine the heat transfer coeffi-
cient and fluid bulk temperature. It is very diffi-
Monitoring of Thermal Stresses cult to measure both quantities because they do
in Pressure Components of not only change in time but also in space. It is
Steam Boilers possible, however, to calculate them through
a numerical analysis of all phenomena that
Jan Taler1 and Bohdan We˛glowski2 occur in a flowing fluid. Calculations are very
1
Institute of Thermal Power Engineering, Faculty time-consuming; this is why the method is not
of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University used during the monitoring of power block
of Technology, Cracow, Poland components.
2
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow There is another method, which can be used
University of Technology, Cracow, Poland for determining thermal stresses; it is the method
of solving inverse heat conduction problems in
monitored components [8–25]. Inverse methods
Overview enable one to determine the entire time-space
temperature distribution in an element on the
High thermal stresses occur during the operation basis of measured temperature histories at
of power unit components such as boiler drums, selected spatial points. It is possible to find the
water separators, outlet headers, steam valves, solution even when some thermal boundary con-
turbines, and heat exchangers [1–4]. Due to ditions are unknown. The practical application of
a cyclic character of such stresses, a phenomenon the inverse methods for thermal stress monitoring
of low-cyclic fatigue occurs, which may lead in the pressure components of large steam boilers
to the premature use of pressure components. is presented in numerous papers [26–28].
M 3182 Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers

Also, new methods for determining optimum out. Thermal stresses are determined indirectly
fluid temperature changes during heating of on the basis of measured temperature values at
thick-walled components were proposed [29– selected points at the outer surface of a pressure
36]. To determine optimum time variations of element. Having determined transient tempera-
the fluid, inverse heat conduction problems were ture distribution in the entire component, thermal
used using different methods. stresses are determined using the finite element
method. Measured pressure changes are used to
calculate pressure-caused stresses. The calcu-
Introduction lated temperature histories will be compared
with the experimental data at selected interior
Thermal stresses can limit the heating and points.
cooling rates of temperature changes. The largest The developed methods for monitoring ther-
absolute value of thermal stresses appears at the mal stresses and pressure-caused stresses are suit-
inner surface. Direct measurements of these able for fossil and nuclear power plants, since it
stresses are very difficult to take, since the inner does not require drilling holes for sensors in pres-
surface is in contact with water or steam under sure element walls. Measurements conducted
high pressure. For that reason, thermal stresses over the last few years in power plants demon-
are calculated in an indirect way based on mea- strate that the presented methods of stress moni-
sured temperatures at selected points, located on toring based on the solutions of the inverse heat
an outer thermally insulated surface of a pressure conduction problems can be applied in systems
element. First, time-space temperature distribu- for automatic power boiler start-up operations
tion in pressure element is determined using the and in systems for monitoring the fatigue and
inverse space marching method [20–28]. creep use factor of pressure components.
High thermal stresses often occur in partially
filled horizontal vessels. During operation
under transient conditions, for example, during Present Methods Used to Determine
power plant start-up and shutdown, there are Temperature and Thermal Stress
significant temperature differences over the cir- Transients in Boiler Pressure Elements
cumference of the horizontal pressure vessels
[2, 3]. This phenomenon is caused by the differ- The simplest and most frequently used method
ent heat transfer coefficients in the water and for reducing thermal stresses in pressure elements
steam spaces. This takes place in large steam is to limit heating and cooling rates. The allow-
generator drums, superheater headers, and able rates of fluid temperature changes can be
steam pipelines. High thermal stresses caused determined using German Boiler Code TRD
by nonuniform temperature distribution on ves- 301 [4, 5, 7] or European Standard EN 12952–3
sel circumference also occur in emergency situ- [4, 6]. The allowable heating rate of temperature
ations such as fire of partially filled fuel tanks. changes is determined from the following condi-
The upper part of the horizontal vessel is heated tion [5, 6]:
much faster than the lower part filled with liquid
[26–28].
ðp  po Þd m v T s2
Similar phenomenon occurs in inlet nozzles in am þ aT fw ff ¼ smin ð1Þ
PWR nuclear reactor, at which high temperature 2s k
differences on the circumference of the feedwater
nozzles are observed. The maximum allowable cooling rate is
In the following, an analysis of transient tem- calculated in a similar way:
perature and stress distribution in a cylindrical
pressure component during start-up of the steam ðp  po Þd m v T s2
am þ aT fw ff ¼ smax ð2Þ
boiler and shutdown operations will be carried 2s k
Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers 3183 M
In (1–2), the following nomenclature is used: formulated as an inverse transient heat conduc-
k ¼ k/(c r), thermal diffusivity, m2/s; rin, rout, tion problem. The temperature distribution will
inner and outer radius, m; dm ¼ rout + rin, mean be determined on the basis of temperature histo-
diameter, m; p, absolute pressure, MPa; po, ambi- ries measured at selected points at the outer insu-
ent pressure, MPa; s ¼ rout  rin, thickness of the lated surface of a pressure component. After
cylindrical element, m; vT, rate of temperature determining transient temperature distribution in
changes of fluid or pressure element wall, K/s; the entire pressure component, thermal stresses
am, pressure-caused stress intensity factor; aT, will computed using the FEM. Inverse problem is
thermal stress intensity factor; smin, allowable solved using the finite volume method (FVM).
stress during start-up (heating); and MPa, smax, Thermal and pressure caused stresses are calcu-
allowable stress during shutdown (cooling), MPa. lated using the FEM.
Coefficients fw and ff are defined as follows:

Ea Formulation of Inverse Method

fw ¼ ð3Þ
1n
The inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) is
ð3u2  1Þðu2  1Þ  4u4 ln u defined as the estimation of the boundary condi-
ff ¼ ð4Þ
8ðu2  1Þðu  1Þ2 tions from transient temperature measurements at
one or more interior locations. Due to the ill-
where E, Young’s modulus, MPa; a, linear coef- posedness of the IHCP, it is more difficult to
ficient of thermal expansion, 1/K; n, Poisson’s solve than the direct problem. In the past two
ratio; and u ¼ rout/rin, ratio of outer to inner decades, various solution methods have been
surface radius. developed to handle the one-dimensional and
Equations (1–2) can also be used to calculate multidimensional IHCP [8–28]. One-
the maximum total stress at hole edges. The dimensional IHCPs are very often solved using
M
heating or cooling rate of temperature changes the space marching methods [13–16].
in pressure elements vT can be calculated using Temperature distribution and thermal stresses
the moving average filter: in the component are determined based on the
solution of the inverse heat conduction problem
df 1 (IHCP). From the transient temperature measure-
vT ¼ ¼ ð300f i5  294f i4  532f i3 ments at the selected points inside the component
dt t¼ti 514 Dt
or on its outside surface, the temperature distri-
 503f i2  296f i1 þ 296f iþ1 þ 503f iþ2 bution at the entire component over the specified
þ532f iþ3 þ 294f iþ4  300f iþ5 Þ ð5Þ time interval is estimated.
In the following, two space marching methods
where fi are medium or wall temperatures at nine for the solution of the IHCP encountered in the
successive time points with Dt time step. thermal stress monitoring in power plants will be
Equations (1–2) and (5) are not only valid for presented. In the following, two-dimensional
a quasi-steady state but also when the inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) will be
temperature change rate vT is the function of solved (Fig. 1) using the space marching method
time, vT ¼ vT(t) [1], provided that fluid tempera- [13, 14, 20–27]. The analyzed domain is divided
ture changes are not irregular and too fast. For into two subdomains: direct and inverse. Bound-
pressure components with complex geometry, the ary and initial conditions are known for the direct
stress value in the stress concentration areas can region so that the transient temperature distribu-
be calculated using the finite element method tion is obtained for the solution of the boundary
(FEM). initial problem. The temperature distribution on
The problem of determining the transient tem- the inner closed surface Sm which is located
perature distribution in a pressure element will be inside the analyzed area (Fig. 1) is known from
M 3184 Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 1 The analyzed body
divided into the inverse and
direct regions

measurements. Based on the solution of the direct In the following, a few examples of thermal
problem, the heat flux on the boundary Sm can be stress monitoring based on solutions of IHCP will
evaluated. Thus, the two boundary conditions are be presented.
known on the surface Sm:

T ðs; tÞjSm ¼ f ðs; tÞ ð6Þ Laboratory Experimental Validation

of the Developed Method

@T In the first example, the inverse formulation is

k ¼ qðs; tÞ ð7Þ
@n Sm applied to a set of experimental data. A tube
having an inside radius of rin ¼ 0.1425 m and
while on the inner surface Sin of the body, the an outside radius of rout ¼ 0.1785 m, made of
temperature and heat flux are unknown. 13CrMo44 (grade 31) steel, was heated on the
In order to evaluate the transient temperature inside surface by a water of the known tempera-
distribution in the inverse region, this region is ture Tf. The water was preheated to the saturation
divided into control volumes. The method temperature in the horizontal tank by 12 electric
marches in space toward the inner surface of the heaters (Fig. 2). The tube is perfectly insulated at
body S by using the energy balance equations for the external surface. In this experiment, the cyl-
the finite volumes placed on the boundary Sm to inder whose wall temperature is at first uniform
determine the temperatures in adjacent nodes. In was heated suddenly by hot water. The water
this way of proceeding, the time derivatives of the temperature Tf changes with time as the hot
measured temperature changes have to be calcu- water does not flow through the cylinder. The
lated. The accurate calculation of the time deriv- temperature distribution in the tube wall was
atives of the measured temperature histories is calculated based on the surface temperature mea-
difficult since the measured temperature values sured at seven points uniformly distributed over
are burdened with random measurement errors. outer tube circumference (Fig. 3).
Thus, time-temperature charts have to be For the relatively narrow range of temperature
smoothed before evaluating the time derivative. changes, the mean thermal diffusivity is
In this entry, this was achieved by using the local k ¼ 1.2105 m2/s and thermal conductivity is
polynomial approximation. The successive nine k ¼ 44 W/(m·K). The temperature at the outside
temperature data points were approximated using surface was recorded at a rate of one reading per 5 s
the polynomial of the 3rd degree, and then the using a data acquisition system. The inverse anal-
derivatives in the middle of each interval were ysis was performed in an on-line mode. The results
calculated. for the water region are shown in Figs. 4 and 5.
Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers 3185 M
Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 2 Experimental
stand: 1 drum model, 2
thermocouples, 3, 6 inlet
and outlet pipes, 4
circulating pump, 5 water-
level glass, 7, 9 valves,
8 heater, 10 water heater

must also be accounted for. The exact measure-

ment of temperature at the inner surface of a solid
subjected to cooling or heating by a fluid is
extremely difficult.
Figure 5 shows the estimated surface heat flux
and heat transfer coefficient at the inside surface
of the cylinder. During initial time transients, h(t)
increases to a maximum value. The calculated
qs(t) and h(t) functions have their maximum
about 30 s after flooding the cylinder with hot
water. Then the heat transfer coefficient
M
decreases with time as the temperature difference
between the heating fluid and the cylinder surface
DT ¼ Tf –Ts decreases.
In order to validate IHCP solutions and to
Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Compo- improve the computer system for continuous ther-
nents of Steam Boilers, Fig. 3 Locations of tempera- mal stress monitoring during the steam boiler
ture measuring points at the outer surface of the drum operation, an experimental installation was built
model: (a) drum model, (b) thermal insulation (Figs. 6 and 7) [26]. During its construction, par-
ticular emphasis was placed on ensuring that the
To test the accuracy of the presented method, the conditions are similar to those that may occur in
temperature at the inside surface of the drum pressure components installed in power plants. In
model was also measured (Fig. 4). addition to metal temperature, temperature, mass
The results show good accuracy despite the flow rate, and pressure of the steam were measured
relatively small time step Dt. However, the accu- as a function of time. To measure temperature
racy for initial time period is not as good as for distribution over the circumference of the outer
large time. This deviation is attributed to the surface of the steam header, pre-calibrated ther-
small number of control volumes. The cylinder mocouples were used. The experimental installa-
wall should be divided into more control volumes tion consists of the following elements:
to achieve higher accuracy for smaller values of • Steam generation unit with steam output
time. Finer division of the space domain into capacity 700 kg/h, equipped with a three-
control volumes results in the higher-order deriv- stage oil burner
atives in the inverse solution and in its better • Installation for boiler feedwater treatment
accuracy. The temperature measurement errors • Tray-type (cascade-type) deaerator
M 3186 Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 4 Comparison of the
measured inner surface
temperature with the
inverse solution based on
the measured temperature
transients at the outer drum
model surface: 1 measured
temperature, 2 inverse
solution, 3 temperature of
the outer surface (input
data), 4 fluid temperature

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 5 Calculated heat flux
and heat transfer coefficient
at inner cylinder surface
based on temperature
measurements at outer
surface: 1 heat flux, 2 heat
transfer coefficient

• Blowdown flash vessel for heat recovery physical properties of the P91 steel have been
• Steam pressure reduction station 10 bar/4 bar/ adopted for calculations: specific heat,
2 bar c ¼ 486 J/(kgK); thermal conductivity,
• Boiler control system k ¼ 29 W/(mK); density, r ¼ 7,750 kg/m3;
• Steam header made of martensitic high alloy modulus of elasticity, E ¼ 2.281011 Pa;
P91 steel Poisson’s ratio, n ¼ 0.29; and coefficient of ther-
The measurements of temperature carried out mal expansion a ¼ 0.098104 1/K. The outer
on the outer surface of the steam header will be diameter dout, wall thickness d, and the length L
used for the determination of the temperature and are 355, 50, and 3,765 mm, respectively. Thirteen
stress distributions at the wall cross section includ- thermocouples NiCr-NiAl (K type) were
ing the inner and outer surfaces of the steam mounted every 15
on the half of the outer cir-
header using the inverse heat conduction methods. cumference at the distance of 2,150 mm from the
The steam header was made out of the mar- inlet of steam (Fig. 7a). The actual temperatures
tensitic high alloy P91 steel. The following measured at the outer surface of the steam header
Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers 3187 M
were used in the analysis. To validate the inverse header (Fig. 8) were used for the determination of
technique developed in this entry, four thermo- the temperature and stress distributions at the
couples were installed at the interior locations: wall cross section including the inner surface.
d1 ¼ d2 ¼ dout – 0.50d, d3 ¼ dout – 0.75d and The measured temperature histories are depicted
d4 ¼ din + 6 mm (Fig. 7b), where the symbol d in Fig. 9.
denotes the tube thickness. These measurements The agreement between the calculated and
were carried out with sheathed thermocouples measured temperature values is satisfactory
NiCr-NiAl (K type) with outer diameter of (Fig. 10). The small discrepancies are caused by
3 mm. The temperatures measured at seven the delayed and damped response of the thermo-
nodes 22–28 on the outer surface of the steam couples. The comparison of the calculated and
measured temperature values at the interior
points is shown in Fig. 10.
After determining the temperature distribu-
tion, the thermal stresses and stresses due to
inner pressure were calculated using the FEM.
Circumferential and longitudinal stresses at the
inner and outer header surfaces as functions of
time are shown in Figs. 11 and 12, respectively.
The largest stresses (Figs. 11–13) occur at the
beginning of the heating process, when the
ratio of wall temperature change is significant.
The stresses at the outer surface are lower in
comparison to the inner surface. The greatest
absolute value has the longitudinal stress at the
Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Compo- inner surface (Fig. 12). The influence of the inner
M
nents of Steam Boilers, Fig. 6 View of the experimen- pressure on the calculated stresses is negligible
tal installation for testing the computer system for on-line
monitoring thick-wall pressure components since the inner pressure is very low (Fig. 10).

Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Compo- surface of the steam header (b) location of interior ther-
nents of Steam Boilers, Fig. 7 Location of thermocou- mocouples used for experimental validation of the inverse
ples on the steam header: (a) thermocouples at the outer procedure [26]
M 3188 Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers

Examples of the Monitoring of Pressure calculates and displays the following data: instant
Elements in Power Plants rate of temperature variations in the component
walls, thermal stresses at the inner surface of the
A computer system for thermal load monitoring pressure components, stresses caused by fluid
in thick-walled components of boilers during the pressure, and the total equivalent stresses due to
boiler start-up and shutdown was developed and thermal and pressure loads. First, cylindrical
implemented in fossil power plants. The system components such as boiler drums, superheater
headers, and steam attemperators will be
analyzed.

Cylindrical Components

In order to raise the efficiency of electric energy

production in steam power stations, the parame-
ters of fresh steam are higher, achieving in super-
critical power block pressure of the order of
33 MPa and temperature 650
C. On the other
hand, it increases the wall thickness of the pres-
sure component, despite introducing new steel
grades. High thermal stresses occur during the
power boiler operation in its thick-walled com-
ponents, especially during the boiler start-up and
shutdown. The greatest loads are generated in
pressure elements such as superheater headers,
Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Compo- high-pressure pipelines, and casings of steam
nents of Steam Boilers, Fig. 8 The cross section of the gate valves. There is a danger of water accumu-
half horizontal cylindrical element divided into the control lation in the lower part of the element while
volumes, temperature measured at seven points from 22 to
28, temperature on the inner surface at points 1 to 7 were superheated steam flows through the upper part.
determined based on the solution of the inverse heat It leads to considerable temperature differences
conduction problem over the element circumference that can

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 9 Time changes of the
measured temperature
values
Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers 3189 M
Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 10 Comparison of the
calculated and measured
time changes of the wall
temperature at the interior
points

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 11 Circumferential
stress at the inner surface as
a function of time

sometimes exceed 200 K. This phenomenon is caused by the condensation of steam on the
not observed in the computer systems for thermal inner surface of the drum in the steam space.
stress monitoring used so far because they mea- The upper part of the drum is heated faster
sure only the temperature difference through the because of the high value of the heat transfer
wall thickness. The temperature measurement coefficient resulting from the steam condensa-
“up-down” in boilers is also unreliable because tion. Large difference in temperatures of the
the value of the thermal stress not only depends upper and lower drum parts leads to high thermal
on the temperature difference measured at two stresses. Filling the installation with feedwater
points but also on temperature variations versus between the periods of boiler operation also
angle on the outer surface of the horizontal causes the significant increase in the thermal
element. stresses in the boiler drum, especially over its
The nonuniform heating of the boiler drum circumference and in the region of the boiler
over its circumference during the start-up is drum-downcomer intersections. Very large
M 3190 Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 12 Longitudinal
stress at the inner surface as
a function of time

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 13 Equivalent stress
at the inner surface as
a function of time

thermal stresses can occur during the injection of monitor the operation of the thick-walled pres-
cold water into the thick-walled component, as in sure components, especially during the boiler
case of the attemperator. In some cases, the thick- start-ups and shutdowns.
walled boiler components are subject to a thermal The system for monitoring the temperature
shock, especially when the steam condensation changes, thermal stresses, and rate of heating
occurs on their inner surface or cooling water of allows to determine the following parameters:
lower temperature flows into the installation. The • Rates of wall temperature changes of the
critical components, with respect to allowable thick-walled components
heating or cooling rates in the whole system, are • Thermal stresses caused by the nonuniform
boiler drums, superheater headers, and temperature distribution over the wall thick-
attemperator headers. Because the thick-walled ness and circumference of the thick-walled
boiler components are subject to the irregular and components
fast temperature changes, it is necessary to • Stresses caused by the fluid pressure
Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers 3191 M

Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Compo- the diameter d to the outer surface of the pressure compo-
nents of Steam Boilers, Fig. 14 Thermocouple attach- nent, 2 thick-walled element, 3 thermocouple with the
ment to the component surface: 1 pad with dimensions diameter d
of 30  30  5 mm for attaching the thermocouple with

• Total longitudinal, circumferential, and equiv-

alent stresses at the inner surface of the thick-
walled pressure components
All the measured and calculated data are avail-
able in the on-line mode and are displayed on the
monitor. Assuming that the temperature distribu-
tion over the drum circumference is symmetrical
with respect to the vertical plane, the temperature
measurement points are located only in the half of
the drum cross section.
M
The location of the temperature measurement
points is shown in Fig. 3.
The NiCr-Ni thermocouples installed on the
drum outer surface in the way ensuring maximum
thermal contact were used for the temperature
measurements. The thermocouples NiCr-Ni
with the outside diameter d ¼ 3 mm or less, for
example, 1.5 mm, are attached to the outside
drum surface using a steel pad (Fig. 14).
The sheathed thermocouple is inserted into Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Compo-
machined groove in the steel pad and attached nents of Steam Boilers, Fig. 15 Temperature measure-
ment at the outside surface of an element; 1 component
to it using the ceramic glue. To avoid welding the
wall, 2 cooper disk pressed in a wall hole, 3 thermocouple
steel pad with the dimensions 30  30  5 mm to
the drum surface, it is possible to use another way
of the thermocouple attachment (Fig. 15). input data to the monitoring system. It should be
Employing a cooper disk, the temperature emphasized that although all the wall tempera-
indicated by the thermocouple is nearly the ture measurements are made at the outer surface
same as the temperature of the drum wall because of the component, the values of the thermal
the thermal conductivity of cooper is very high stresses are determined at the points at the
(k ffi 400 W/(m·K)). inner surface of the component, opposite to
Additionally, the pressure and temperature of each temperature measurement point, without
the fluid flowing inside the pressure component the need of drilling holes for sensors in the
are measured. All the measured values are the component walls.
M 3192 Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers

Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers, Fig. 16 The boiler drum-
downcomer intersection divided into finite elements

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 17 Influence function
us(t) at the node 1114 at the
edge of the downcomer
nozzle

Based on the temperature histories measured which is necessary for evaluating the Duhamel
at the outer component surface, the temperature integral, is determined using the FEM. The FEM
distribution is determined in the whole cross sec- model of the boiler drum-downcomer joint is
tion of the pressure component. Then the thermal shown in Fig. 16. The calculated influence func-
stresses are calculated and added to the stresses tion as a function of time is depicted in Fig. 17.
caused by fluid pressure. The finite element Knowing the response us(t) of the system to
method (FEM) is used to calculate the stresses. the unit stepwise increase in the fluid tempera-
At the locations of the stress concentration, ture, so-called influence function, it is possible to
that is, at the edges of the downcomer nozzles, calculate the stresses for any variations of the
thermal stresses are calculated using the Duhamel fluid temperature with time. Stresses caused by
integral. The stress history us(t) for the unit step the fluid pressure at the locations of stress con-
change in fluid temperature (influence function), centration are calculated by an approximate
Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers 3193 M

Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers, Fig. 18 The fragment of the display
concerning the boiler drum

Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers, Table 1 Monitored pressure
elements of a power boiler with 650·103 kg/h capacity

rout rin k fw a k E c r
m m m2/s MPa/K 1/K W/(mK) MPa J/(kgK) kg/m3
Boiler drum (18GMNA) Ø1,800 0.9 0.785 8.15106 3.51 1.35105 39 1.82105 610 7,840
 115 mm
Live steam outlet header 0.1885 0.1385 8.52106 3.76 1.33105 41 1.98105 625 7,700
(12H1MF) Ø377  50 mm

M
method using the stress concentration coeffi- maximum allowable values according to the rec-
cients. These coefficients are calculated by ommendations of the manufacturers of boilers
means of the FEM accounting for the real geom- and other regulations, for instance, German
etry of the analyzed component. All the values, TRD 301 [5] or European Standard EN 12952-3
both measured and calculated, are then displayed [6]. The right window in Fig. 18 shows the equiv-
on the monitor screen. The allowable values for alent stresses as a function of the angle over the
some of the data are also displayed. drum circumference compared to their allowable
Figure 18 illustrates the fragment of the mon- value. The possibility of monitoring the above
itor with data concerning the boiler drum taken mentioned values and comparing them with the
during monitoring of the boiler start-up. The left allowable values in real time allows to perform
window shows the cross section of the half of the the boiler start-up and shutdown in the way sat-
drum with the locations of the temperature mea- isfying the manufacturers requirements and not
suring points and the current temperature. The allowing the stress to exceed the prescribed
current difference between the top and the bottom values. Thanks to the optimization of the start-
of the drum is also displayed. In the middle, there up and shutdown operations, lifetime of the pres-
is a chart of the rate of temperature changes (V7 surized components can be significantly
and V1) for the top and bottom of the drum, extended. It should also be noticed that the
respectively. The rate of temperature changes is presented system makes it possible to archive
depicted as bars with their height corresponding all the characteristic parameters like time, pres-
to the value of the rate of temperature changes sure, temperatures at the drum circumference, the
and their location reflecting the value of the fluid rate of heating, as well as radial, circumferential,
pressure. This way of visualizing the rate of the longitudinal, and equivalent stresses at the
temperature changes allows also to show their inner surface of the thick-walled component.
M 3194 Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers

Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers, Table 2 Calculated allowable
stresses and heating or cooling rates for pressure elements using TRD regulations
vT heating rate – vT heating vT cooling rate – vT cooling rate –
beginning of rate – the end beginning of the end of
smin smax start-up of start-up shutdown shutdown
MPa MPa K/min K/min K/min K/min
Boiler drum 198.567 511.310 2.468 6.355 2.468 6.355
18GMNA
(15NcuMNb)
Live steam outlet 192.275 312.295 9.448 15.346 9.448 15.346
header 12H1MF

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 19 Measured
pressure and boiler drum’s
outer surface temperature
transients (location of
measurement points is
shown in Fig. 8)

This allows to analyze the whole heating or Temperature and stress distributions in the
cooling process of the monitored thick-walled horizontal elements, such as the boiler drum and
components of the boiler. outlet headers, were obtained on the basis of
Next, temperature and stress transients for temperature readings taken at the seven points,
a selected pressure elements of a steam power located on the outer insulated surface at a uniform
boiler with a capacity of 650  103 kg/h, which distance from each other. It was assumed that
produces steam with the parameters, a cylindrical element can lengthen and bend itself
p ¼ 13.5 MPa and T ¼ 540
C, will be discussed. freely. Figure 8 shows the division of a half of the
The reheated steam parameters are p ¼ 2.2 MPa, cylindrical element’s cross section into finite
T ¼ 540
C. From among many monitored pres- elements. Temperature distribution and stresses
sure elements, two were chosen for the analysis: in the component were determined based on
the boiler drum and outlet header (Table 1). the solution of the inverse heat conduction
Allowable stresses smin and smax are deter- problem (IHCP).
mined using fatigue strength diagram [5, 6] The determined temperature and stress tran-
under the assumption that n ¼ 2,000 start-ups sients are shown in Figs. 19–21. Measured tem-
from a cold state. perature transients at points 1 and 7, that is,
Table 2 presents the results obtained from the at the lowest and highest points, and pressure
allowable heating and cooling rates of compo- transient inside the header are presented in
nents determined from equations (1–4). Fig. 19.
Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers 3195 M
Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 20 Temperature
transients on boiler drum’s
inner surface (opposite
points 1–7) and
temperature difference
transients between boiler
drum’s top and bottom
DT ¼ T7-T1, T7 and T1 –
boiler drum’s inner surface
temperatures at the highest
and lowest points

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
M
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 21 Equivalent stress
transients on boiler drum’s
inner surface at points
located opposite points
1–7; internal pressure and
thermal loadings are
accounted for

From the analysis of results presented in The determined temperature and stress transients
Figs. 20 and 21, one can see that the maximum are shown in Figs. 23, 24 and 25.
temperature difference on the drum’s circumfer- One can observe that while wall temperature
ence during a pressure decrease does not exceed at lower part is about 150
C, upper part has
15 K, and therefore, thermal stresses on the inner considerably higher temperature. This is most
surface, both circumferential and longitudinal, probably caused by the flow of non-evaporated
are not large. Equivalent stresses, presented in water from the reheater’s non-drainageable loop
Fig. 21, are caused at large by pressure. The tubes into reheater outlet header. Water is accu-
equivalent stresses, calculated for internal pres- mulating in the lower part of the outlet header.
sure and thermal loading, are considerably Temperature transients at the seven points on the
smaller than the allowable stresses. inner surface located opposite the measurement
Similar calculations were done for the steam points on the outer surface are shown in Fig. 23.
reheater’s outlet header. Measured temperature Temperature difference DT at the inner surface of
transients at points 1–7 and pressure transient the wall between the highest and the lowest
inside the header are presented in Fig. 22. points DT ¼ T 7  T 1 is also presented [37].
M 3196 Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 22 Measured
pressure and temperature
transients at the outer
header’s reheater surface

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 23 Temperature
transients at the outlet
header’s inner surface
(opposite points 1–7) and
temperature difference
transients between the
outlet header’s top and
bottom DT ¼ T7T1, T7 and
T1 – outlet header’s inner
surface temperatures at the
highest and lowest points

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 24 Circumferential
thermal stress transients at
the outlet header’s inner
surface at the points located
opposite 1–7 points
Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers 3197 M
Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 25 Longitudinal
thermal stress transients on
the outlet header’s inner
surface at the points located
opposite points 1–7

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 26 Measured
pressure and temperatures
at the outer surface of the
attemperator header; nodes
22–28 are shown in Fig. 8

Due to a relatively high temperature differ- The monitoring of steam boilers with a natural
ence recorded at the header’s circumference, circulation shows that the attemperator header is
axial thermal stresses are high (see Fig. 25). one of the most loaded elements. The measured
Therefore, longitudinal tension stresses occur in temperature and stress histories that were
the header’s lower, colder part. One should, observed during the shutdown of the OP-430
therefore, expect a relatively high thermal stress drum boiler with a natural circulation, with
at the hole edges of downcomers because of steam capacity 430  103 kg/h and the steam
a stress concentration at the hole edges. parameters, p ¼ 13.8 MPa and T ¼ 545
C, will
Pressure-caused maximum equivalent stresses in be analyzed. The chart of the pressure and the
header are small since the pressure of the temperature at the outer surface of the
reheated steam is relatively low. attemperator header during a boiler shutdown is
Next, results obtained during monitoring of shown in Fig. 26. The dimensions of the compo-
the OP-430 boiler will be presented. nent are as follows: outer diameter do ¼ 0.355 m
M 3198 Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 27 Calculated
temperatures at the inner
surface of the attemperator
header; nodes 1–7 are
shown in Fig. 8

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 28 The temperature
differences T1-T22, T2-
T23, and T3-T24 calculated
by means of the inverse
space marching method;
locations of the nodes are
shown in Fig. 8

and wall thickness s ¼ 0.07 m. The header is inner surface of the attemperator header are
made of the 10CrMo910 low alloy steel. The presented in Fig. 27 and the temperature differ-
transient temperature distribution in the cross ences over the wall thickness in Fig. 28.
section of the header was obtained from the solu- As the results of sudden cooling of the inner
tion of the inverse heat conduction problem with surface of the attemperator by cold water coming
the cross section divided into the control volumes into it through the leaking valve, high tempera-
shown in Fig. 8. ture differences occur over the wall thickness
The inverse transient heat conduction problem (Fig. 28). Also the thermal stresses are high
was solved based on the temperature histories (Fig. 29). In the time point t ¼ 13,980 s, the
presented in Fig. 26 and under the assumption maximum equivalent thermal stress is higher
that the outer surface is perfectly thermally insu- than 200 MPa (in the lowest part of the
lated. The calculated temperature histories at the attemperator at the inner surface).
Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers 3199 M
In power plants, only the temperature differ- the component circumference are neglected
ence ðT c  T 0 w Þ is usually controlled. Thermal [5, 6]. It is calculated only a difference between
stresses due to the nonuniform temperature on the measured temperature T 0 w situated in the dis-
tance d ¼ 4–10 mm from the inner surface and the
temperature Tc in the middle of the wall thick-
ness. The temperature T 0 w is assumed for the
inner surface temperature and the temperature
Tc in the middle point for the mean temperature
over the wall thickness. Assuming that the tem-
perature distribution is one dimensional, thermal
stresses are calculated from the following
equation:

0 Ea
sw ¼ ðT c  T 0 w Þ ð8Þ
1n

that should be close to the real thermal stresses

given by formula

Ea
sw ¼ ðT m  T jr¼rin Þ ð9Þ
1n

where Tm is a mean temperature over the wall

thickness calculated from the expression
M
Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Compo- rðo
nents of Steam Boilers, Fig. 29 The equivalent ther-
2
Tm ¼ 2 rTdr ð10Þ
mal stresses in Pa in the time point t ¼ 13,980 s calculated ro  rin
2

from temperature measurements at the outer surface of the r in

attemperator

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 30 Temperature
difference over the wall
thickness versus time
M 3200 Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 31 Temperature
histories for the chosen
time points versus angle

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 32 Measured
temperature histories at the
outer surface of the
superheater header,
location of the measuring
points is shown in Fig. 8

The symbols in Eqs (8–10) denote E, Young’s solution, is presented in Fig. 30. The point 2 is
modulus in MPa; a, linear coefficient of thermal denoted by P in Fig. 29. The difference between
expansion in 1/K; n, Poisson’s ratio; rin, ro, inner the measurement temperature situated in the
and outer surface radius of the pressure element; distance d ¼10 mm from the inner surface and
Tc, temperature measured at the center of the wall the measured temperature at the middle point
thickness; and T 0 w , temperature measured in the ðT 0 w  T c Þ, where T 0 w ¼ T(rin+d,t), is also
distance d from the inner surface. shown in Fig. 30. This is the temperature differ-
The temperature difference (T2Tm) between ence recorded by the installed thermocouples to
the temperature in the point 2 (angle j ¼ 30
) measure the temperature difference over the
(Fig. 8) and the mean temperature over the wall wall thickness. Figure 31 shows that the inverse
thickness, both calculated from the inverse solution and the measurement gave significantly
Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers 3201 M
Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 33 Calculated
temperature histories at the
inner surface of the
superheater header,
location of the measuring
points is shown in Fig. 8

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 34 Temperature
difference on the wall
thickness versus time

different results particularly for time The equivalent thermal stress in the point 2
t ¼ 13,980 s. Moreover, the measurement over situated on the inner surface of the attemperator
the wall thickness does not take into consider- header (Fig. 9) (point P in Fig. 29) calculated by
ation significant temperature differences over the FEM is equal to sP ¼ 151.4 MPa, whereas the
the attemperator circumference (Fig. 31). For thermal stress s0 w given by (8) and calculated for
the time point t ¼13,980 s, the temperature dif- the same point P is equal s0 w ðr in ; 30o Þ ¼ 75.9 MPa.
ference over the element circumference is The thermal stresses calculated by the FEM are
almost equal 150 K. It is considerably larger significantly different than the stresses calculated
than the maximum temperature difference over from (8).
the wall thickness, which is equal 35 K (Figs. 30 Also, the results of monitoring pressure ele-
and 31). ments of the once-through boiler are presented.
M 3202 Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers

header and measured temperatures at the seven

points situated evenly on one-half of the circum-
ference of the outer surface.
The diagram of the division of the superheater
header into control volumes is presented in Fig. 8.
The temperature of the outer surface was mea-
sured using the NiCr-Ni thermocouples at the
points 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28.
The temperature distribution in the whole
cross section was determined on the basis of the
measured temperature histories presented in
Fig. 32. Figure 33 shows the temperature histo-
ries at the inner surface obtained from the space
marching method. The analysis of the tempera-
ture difference over the wall thickness between
points 1 and 22 in Fig. 34 shows that the temper-
ature difference over the wall thickness is signif-
icantly smaller than the temperature difference
over the header circumference.
The equivalent stresses caused by thermal and
pressure loading calculated for the time point
15,000 s are presented in Fig. 35. Calculations
Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Compo- were made using the FEM. The internal pressure
nents of Steam Boilers, Fig. 35 The equivalent stresses
in the superheater header was equal to 0.15 MPa.
in Pa caused by thermal and pressure loading calculated
for the time point 15,000 s In this component, only the temperature differ-
ence over the wall thickness was controlled. It is
obvious that this measurement is insufficient
The boiler has the steam capacity of 1,150103 because the largest thermal load was not caused
kg/h and the following parameters of live steam: by the temperature difference over the wall thick-
p ¼ 18.3 MPa and T ¼ 540
C. The superheater ness but by the temperature difference over the
header made of the 15HM low alloy steel has circumference.
the following dimensions: outer diameter Thanks to the determination of the rate of
do ¼ 355.6 mm and wall thickness s ¼ 40 mm. temperature changes in real time, it is possible
It was situated after the second steam to operate the boiler transients according to the
attemperator header at the inlet to the third stage manufacturer requirements and other regulations.
of the superheater. Figure 32 shows the chosen The system also allows to optimize the start-up
measured temperature histories during the shut- and shutdown of the boiler, contributing to min-
down. After a 12,000-s time period, the tempera- imize the heat losses during these operations and
ture difference over the circumference of the to extend boiler life.
header rose what probably happened because Keeping the monitored values during start-
steam had condensed in the lower part of the up and shutdown of the boiler below the allow-
superheater header. The temperature histories able limits, it is possible to significantly
measured at the seven points uniformly distrib- decrease the number of surface cracks of the
uted over the outer surface of the superheater downcomer edges inside the drum. Compared
header are presented in Fig. 32. with the conventional way of controlling the
The time-space temperature and stress distri- temperature difference between the top and
butions in the whole element were reconstructed bottom of the component, the presented system
on the basis of measured pressure inside the allows to determine the maximum thermal
Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers 3203 M
Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure ∅
Components of 2
35
5.
Steam Boilers, 11 6

13
1
Fig. 36 Longitudinal 62 20
2 565
cross section of the ∅ 16
1.
analyzed Y-branch 9
showing the locations of the
thermocouples for
measuring temperature
4
difference used for 31

15°
R280
conventional thermal stress
monitoring, dimensions are
given in millimeters
D

45°
0
R23 45

20°

2°
456

40
40
20

25

145.8 D (1:5)
177.8

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 37 Measured wall
temperature and live steam
pressure transients

stress caused by the nonuniform temperature value strongly depends on the circumferential
distribution over the component circumference temperature distribution. The computer system
much more accurately. Measuring the temper- can be used for monitoring various pressure
ature only at the top and bottom of the boiler components of steam boilers like drums, super-
component is not sufficient to determine the heater headers, attemperators, valves, and
maximum stress correctly since its maximum steam pipelines.
M 3204 Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 38 Heat flux q (a) and
heat transfer coefficient h
(b) at the inner surface of
the Y-branch obtained from
the solution of IHCP

The system can work as a separate unit or can Only the branch Y1 made from P91martens-
be a part of another monitoring system. It can be itic steel will be analyzed. The location of
a basis for full automation of start-up and shut- the temperature measurement points is shown
down processes of the power boilers. in Fig. 36. Additionally, the steam pressure
was measured. The measured steam tempera-
ture and pressure transients are shown in
Component of Complex Shape: Fig. 37.
Y-Branch The temperature distribution over the wall
thickness was calculated based on two measured
Temperature and stress identification was made temperature transients. The locations of the ther-
for the main steam gate valve, Y-branches Y1 and mocouples at the Y-branch wall are shown in
Y2, which were installed on the steam pipeline in Fig. 36. The wall temperature was measured in
once-through power boiler BP-1150 of the steam the middle of the wall thickness and 5 mm
capacity 1,150  103 kg/h [38]. beneath the inner surface. The inverse method
Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers 3205 M
Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 39 Division of the
Y-branch quarter into finite
elements (a) and equivalent
stress distribution in the
Y-branch in MPa for time
t ¼ 25,000 s (b)

presented in [13, 19] was used to determine the for the calculation of time-space temperature
heat flux and heat transfer coefficient at the inner and stress distribution. Assuming the symmetry,
surface of the Y-branch. The wall was divided only a quarter of the Y-branch was divided into
into 11 control volumes. The stable solution was eight-node finite brick elements (Fig. 39a).
achieved using the time step Dt ¼ 20 s and 10 The largest stresses are caused by the steam
future time steps. The calculated heat flux q and pressure and nonuniform temperature distribu-
heat transfer coefficient h at the inner surface of tion at time 25,000 s. The equivalent stress dis-
the Y-branch are presented in Fig. 38. The iden- tribution in MPa at this time point is presented in
tification of the heat transfer coefficient allows Fig. 39b. The most loaded region is located close
for carrying out the full 3-D thermal and to the point P. The equivalent stress in MPa at
mechanical analysis. The ANSYS software, the point P as a function of time is shown in
based on the finite element method, was used Fig. 40.
M 3206 Monitoring of Thermal Stresses in Pressure Components of Steam Boilers

Monitoring of Thermal
Stresses in Pressure
Components of
Steam Boilers,
Fig. 40 Equivalent stress
caused by inner pressure
and thermal load in MPa
at the point P shown in
Fig. 39a

Conclusions 3. Rop P (2010) Drum Plus: a drum type HRSG with

Benson benefits. Modern Power Systems 30:35–40
4. Staff report (2007) Dealing with cycling: TRD 301
A computer system for thermal stress monitoring and Euro Norm compared. Modern Power Systems
in thick-walled components of boilers during the 27: 33–38
boiler start-up and shutdown was developed. 5. TRD (2002) Technische Regeln f€ ur Dampfkessel.
Temperature and thermal stresses are determined Carl Heymans Verlag, Köln und Beuth-Verlag, Berlin
6. European Standard EN 12952–3 (2001) Water-tube
on the basis of temperature transients measured at boilers and auxiliary installations – Part 3: Design and
the easily accessible outer surface of the pressure calculation for pressure parts. European Committee
component. The system was implemented in for Standardization, Brussels
many fossil power plants. The presented system 7. We˛glowski B (2011) Analysis of boilers operation
under transient conditions. In: Taler J (ed) Thermal
calculates and displays the following data: instant and flow processes in large steam boilers. Modeling
rate of temperature variations in the walls of the and monitoring. PWN, Warsaw, pp 385–404
component, temperature differences between 8. Taler J (1986) Ein numerisches Verfahren
characteristic points inside the component, and zur experimentellen Ermittlung des
W€arme€ ubergangskoeffizienten in zylindrischen
thermal stresses and total stresses caused by pres- Bauteilen. W€arme- und Stoff€ ubertragung 20:229–235
sure and thermal loading. Also, the remaining life 9. Taler J (1993) Notk€ uhlsimulation der Reaktordruck-
of pressure components, working under creep and beh€alter von Druckwasserreaktoren. Monograph No.
low-cycle thermal fatigue conditions, is deter- 151. Publishing House of Cracow University of Tech-
nology, Cracow, Poland
mined in on-line mode. €
10. Taler J (1997) Uberwachung von instation€aren
W€armespannungen in dickwandigen Bauteilen.
Forschung im Ingenieurwesen 63:127–135
11. Taler J (1997) Analytical solution of the over-
References determined inverse heat conduction problem with an
application to monitoring thermal stresses. Heat Mass
1. Taler J (1995) Theory and practice of identification of Transfer 33:209–218
heat transfer processes. Ossolineum, Wrocław (in 12. Taler J, Gra˛dziel S (1997) Nichtlineares inverses
Polish) €
W€armeleitungsproblem bei Uberwachung von
2. Fetköter JM, Lauer DJ, Wedemeyer M, Engelhard G W€armespannungen. Forschung im Ingenieurwesen
(2001) Replacement of shutdown cooling system and 63:102–111
repair of nozzle welds of reactor pressure vessel in the 13. Taler J (1996) A semi-numerical method for solving
Forsmark 1 + 2 Nuclear Power Plant. VGB inverse heat conduction problems. Heat Mass Trans-
PowerTech 81(6):62–64 fer 31:105–111
Moving Heat Source, Thermal Stresses 3207 M
14. Taler J (1999) A new space marching method for 31. Taler J, Zborowski M, We˛glowski B (2002) Optimi-
solving inverse heat conduction problems. Forschung zation of construction and heating of critical struc-
im Ingenieurwesen 64:296–306 tural components of boiler drums. VGB Power Tech
15. Duda P, Taler J (2000) Experimental verification of 82(11):19–24
space marching methods for solving inverse heat con- 32. Taler D, Taler J (2009) Optimum heating of thick
duction problems. Heat Mass Transfer 36:325–331 plate. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 52:2335–2342
16. Taler J, Duda P (2001) Solution of non-linear inverse 33. Taler J, Dzierwa P, Taler D (2009) Optimum heating
heat conduction problems using the method of lines. of pressure components of large steam boilers.
Heat Mass Transfer 37:147–155 Forschung im Ingenieurwesen 73:183–192
17. Taler J (1992) Nonlinear steady-state inverse heat con- 34. Taler J, Dzierwa P, Taler J (2011) Optimization of
duction problem with space- variable boundary condi- heating of thick walled boiler components. In: Taler J
tions. Trans ASME J Heat Transfer 114:1048–1051 (ed) Thermal and flow processes in large steam
18. Taler J (1992) Numerical solutions for general boilers. Modeling and monitoring. PWN, Warsaw,
inverse heat conduction problem. W€arme -und pp 584–637 (in Polish)
Stoff€ubertragung 27:505–513 35. Taler J, Lubecki S (2011) Optimization of steam
19. Taler J, Gra˛dziel S (1999) An over-determined two- pipeline and T-pipe heating. J Thermal Stress
dimensional transient inverse heat conduction prob- 34:1021–1034
lem. Forschung im Ingenieurwesen 65:98–106 36. Taler J, Dzierwa P (2011) A new method for optimum
20. Taler J (1996) A numerical method for the solution of heating of steam boiler pressure components. Int
the transient nonlinear inverse heat conduction. In: J Energy Res 35:897–908
XVI Polish conference on thermodynamics in 37. Taler J, Duda P (2011) Steam component loading, mon-
Kołobrzeg – Koszalin, Poland Vol. II, pp 413–424 itoring and life assessment. In: Okey JE (ed) Power
(in Polish) plant life management and performance improvement.
21. Taler J, Zima W (1999) Solution of inverse heat Woodhead Publishing, Oxford, pp 490–517
conduction problems using control volume approach. 38. Taler J, Duda P, We˛glowski B (2008) Thermal-
Int J Heat Mass Transfer 42:1123–1140 strength monitoring and remnant life time assessment
22. Taler J, Duda P (1999) A space marching method for of pressure components of power boilers. In:
multidimensional transient inverse heat conduction Chmielniak T, Trela M (eds) Diagnostics of new-
problems. Heat Mass Transfer 34:349–356 generation thermal power plants. The Szewalski Insti-
23. Duda P, Taler J (2000) Numerical method for the
solution of non-linear two-dimensional inverse heat
tute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Gdańsk, pp 253–338
M
conduction problem using unstructured meshes. Int
J Num Meth Eng 48:881–899
24. Duda P, Taler J, Roos E (2004) Inverse method for
temperature and stress monitoring in complex-shape- Moving Heat Source
bodies. Nucl Eng Design 227:331–347
25. Taler J, Cebula A (2011) Verification of heat flux and
temperature calculation on the control rod outer ▶ Moving Heat Source, Thermal Stresses
surface. Arch Thermodynamics 32:157–173
26. Taler J, We˛glowski B, Sobota T, Jaremkiewicz M,
Taler D (2011) Inverse space marching method for
determining temperature and stress distributions in
Moving Heat Source, Thermal
pressure components. In: Marco Aurélio dos Santos Stresses
Bernardes (ed) Developments in heat transfer. Intech,
Rijeka, Croatia, pp 273–292 Naobumi Sumi1 and Naotake Noda2
27. Taler J, We˛glowski B, Zima W, Gra˛dziel S, 1
Faculty of Education, Shizuoka University,
Zborowski M (1999) Analysis of thermal stresses in
boiler drum during start-up. Trans ASME J Pressure Shizuoka, Japan
2
Vessel Technol 121:84–93 Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
28. Taler J, We˛glowski B, Gra˛dziel S, Duda P, Zima W
(2002) Monitoring of thermal stresses in pressure
components of large steam boilers. VGB Power
Tech 82(1):73–77 Synonyms
29. Taler J (1985) Optimierung des Aufheiz- und
Abk€ uhlvorganges bei dickwandigen Bauteilen eines Fourier; Galerkin function; Hankel and Laplace
Dampferzeugers. W€arme 91:34–39
transforms; Moving heat source; Quasi-stationary
30. Taler J, Zborowski M (1998) Solution of the inverse
problems in heat transfer and thermal stress analysis. thermal stress; Thermoelastic displacement func-
J Thermal Stress 21:563–579 tion; Transient thermal stress

View publication stats