LESSON 1

Biology
 w/o nuclear
- Study of living organisms
membrane
 nucleoid
Microbiology • Archaea
• Bacteria
- Advanced biology course dealing with the
▪ Eukaryotes (True Nucleus)
study of microbes.
 With nuclear
- Extremely small (microscopic) living
membrane
organisms and certain nonliving entities
• Algae
- Living microbes
• Fungi
o Known as cellular microbes or
• Protozoa
microorganisms
▪ Ex: bacteria, archaea, some Indigenous Microbiota
algae, protozoa, and some
- Microbes that live on and in our body
fungi
o Ex: Lactobacillus Acidophilus
- Nonliving Microbes
▪ Aka as Doderlein’s bacillus
o Known as acellular microbes or
▪ Help in acidity of the
infectious particles
vaginal pH and prevents
▪ Ex: viroid, prions, and
microorganisms from
viruses
growing
- Microbes are ubiquitous
- Some members of indigenous microbiota
o They are found virtually
are opportunistic pathogens.
everywhere
o Microbes that can cause disease,
- Germs/Pathogens
but usually do not
o Disease-causing microbes
o Can be thought as microbes that
- Nonpathogens
are awaiting the opportunity to
o Microbes that do not cause
cause disease
disease
o Ex: AIDS, Cancer patients,
o Majority of microbes are
Neonate, Organ transplant
nonpathogens
recipient
o Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
▪ Yeast Microbial Ecology
▪ Present in wine, bread, etc..
- Study of relationship between microbes
o Lactobacillus Casei Shirota
and the environment
▪ Bacteria found in Yakult
- Plankton
▪ Dr. Minoru Shirota
o Microscopic organisms in the
▪ Prevents pathogenic
ocean that serves as the starting
bacteria from growing in our
point of many food chains
intestines
- Phytoplankton
o Tiny marine plants and algae
Acellular and Cellular Microbes - Zooplankton
o Tiny marine animals
- Microbes is divided into two:
o Acellular Infectious Agents
▪ Prions
Antibiotics
▪ Viruses
▪ Viroid - plants - Substance that’s produced by a microbe
o Cellular Microorganisms that is effective in killing or inhibiting the
▪ Prokaryotes (Primitive growth of other microbes
Nucleus)
 - Penicillin o Saprophytes
o First antibiotics discovered by ▪ Organisms that love on
Alexander Fleming in 1928 dead/ decaying organic
- Genus Penicillium matter
o Blue veins in blue cheese o Bioremediation
- Biotechnology ▪ Use of microbes to clean up
o Use of microbes in the antibiotic toxic wastes and other
industry industrial waste products
▪ Utilized to decompose
organic matter
Pathogens can cause two categories of
disease:
Why Study Microbiology?
1. Infectious Disease
o A pathogen colonizes a person’s - Play essential roles in various elemental
body cycles, such as the carbon, nitrogen,
o Ex: MRNA Infection oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus cycles
2. Microbial Intoxication - Algae and Bacteria
o A pathogen produces toxin in vitro o Serve as food for tiny animals
o Ex: Clostridium Tetani, o Important links in food chains
Staphylococcal Food poisoning - Ruminants
o Microbes that live in the intestinal
tracts of animals aid in the
First Microorganisms on Earth digestion of food and produce
beneficial substances
- Date back about 3.5 billion years
- Microorganisms have been used as ‘cell
- Candidates for the first microorganisms
models’, the more the scientists learned
on Earth
about microbial cells, the more they
o Archaea
learned about cells in general
▪ Bacteria with no cell wall
o Escherichia Coli (E.coli)
▪ Live in extreme
▪ Most studied bacteria
environment
▪ 3 kinds of Archaebacteria
• Halophiles
Pioneers in the Science of Microbiology
• Methanogens
• Thermoacidophiles - Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
o Cyanobacteria o First person to see live bacteria
- Infectious diseases of humans and and protozoa
animals have existed for as long as o Father of Microbiology,
human and animals have inhabited the Bacteriology, Protozoology
planet. o He was a fabric merchant, a
- Earliest known pestilence surveyor, a wine essayer, and a
o Occurred in Egypt in about 3180 minor city official in Delft, Holland
BC o As a hobby, he ground tiny glass
lenses which he mounted in small
metal frame, thus creating what
Photosynthetic algae and bacteria
today are known as single lens
- Produce much of the oxygen in our microscope or simple
atmosphere microscopes.
o Ex: Cyanobacteria (blue-green
algae)
- Microorganisms are involved in the
decomposition of dead organisms and
waste products.
Spontaneous Generation Theory

- John Needham - Robert Koch (1843-1910)

o By 1945, an English scientist used o Made significant contributions to
microscope observations to the germ theory of disease
support the theory of abiogenesis. o Discovered that Bacillus anthracis
o To test this, he boiled meat broth produced spores
for several minutes in a loosely o Developed methods of fixing and
sealed flask staining bacteria
o Immediately after boiling he saw o Developed methods to cultivate
under the microscope that the bacteria
broth had no living things but after
a few days, he examined the flask
and found microorganism Koch’s Postulate

Disproving Spontaneous Generation - Robert and his colleagues established an

experimental procedure to prove that a
- Francesco Redi
specific microbe is the cause of a specific
o Proved that maggots did not come
infectious disease.
from a piece of meat
- Published in 1884
- Lazaro Spallanzani
- Aka as the germ theory of a disease
o Heated the soup before culturing

Louis Pasteur ‘Swan Neck Experiment’

- Filled a flask with medium, heated it to kill

all life and then drew out the neck of the
flask into long S.
o This prevented microorganisms in
the air from entering the flask yet
allowed air to flow freely.
o If the swan neck was broken,
microbes could enter the flask and
grow.

- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

o Investigated different fermentation
products
▪ Anaerobic breakdown of
carbohydrates
• No oxygen
▪ If fermented by yeast, the
product is Alcohol.
▪ If fermented by bacteria,
the product is Acid/Vinegar.
o Developed pasteurization process
o Discovered Anaerobes
▪ Could exist without oxygen
o Developed several vaccines,
including rabies and anthrax
vaccines