1

TEACHERS: Claudia M. Giuliani and Melisa A. Lecuona.

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Grammar: Simple Present and present continuous (Use)
Present simple (routine) vs. Present continuous (moment)
Level: Common Core
Instructor: Mr. H. Rouijel

Read the two texts carefully. Then answer the questions.

1. What does Isabel usually do on Saturday mornings?

2. What is she doing this Saturday?
3. What does Mark usually do on Christmas day?
4. What is he doing this Christmas?
5. Underline the verbs in the two text, compare between the verbs that describe habits (usually) and the verbs that describe
actions at the time of speaking (this Saturday/ Christmas…/ Now …) . Then complete the rules:
a) When we describe habits, we put the verb in the ……………………………………. tense.
b) When we describe actions at the time of speaking, we put the verb in the ……………………….………….. tense.

Complete the text about Leo by putting the verbs in the correct tense.

‘On my birthday I (go/ sometimes)……………………… out with friends, or I (go) …………

out to a restaurant with my family. My Mum (make/ usually) ………………………me a
birthday cake. My Dad and sisters (get/ usually) ………………………… me birthday presents.’

But this birthday is different! It’s Leo’s eighteenth birthday, so now he’s an adult. This morning
he got a lot of presents. Now he (have) ……………………………a big party with all his
friends. They (dance)……………….. and (sing) ……………………………….. They (eat)
……………………………. delicious food and cakes, and (drink)…………………………….
different sweet drinks. Leo (wear) ……………………………….. a blue jumber.

Write a short paragraph talking about what you usually do, and what you are doing right now.
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One of the most popular foods of all time is chocolate. People nowadays eat chocolate in
many different forms. We eat chocolate candy, and we drink hot and cold chocolate drinks.
The chocolate we eat today is made from a lot of different ingredients, but the most important
ingredient is cacao bean.
The story of cacao bean and its long journey to stores and supermarkets all over the world
started hundreds of years ago in Mexico. Cacao trees need hot and humid weather, and they
originally grew in the Yucatan Pinunsula.
The Maya were the fist people to eat cacao beans. They picked cacao beans from wild trees
and cleared land to cultivate their own trees. They made a drink from cacao beans and
exchanged the beans for other goods. They also used cacao beans for religious ceremonies.
Mayan merchants traveled north and introduced cacao beans to the Aztec people. Soon the
cacao bean was part of the Aztecs´ lives. They used it as a drink, as part of religious
ceremonies and even as money. With 10 beans, you could buy a rabbit. With 100 beans, you
could buy a slave. One of the Aztec god.
The Aztecs could not grow cacao trees because of the dry climate. When the Aztecs
conquered the Maya, they asked for cacao beans as a tribute.
I. Read and circle the mistakes in the sentences.
1. The chocolate isn´t popular nowadays.
2. The cacao trees grow in Europe.
3. The Maya made bread from cacao beans
II. Read the story and answer the questions.
1. Where does chocolate come from?

2. What is the most important ingredient in chocolate?

3. Where did cacao beans originally grow?

4. Who were the first people to eat cacao beans?

5. Who introduced the cacao beans to the Aztecs?

6. What did the Aztecs use the cacao beans for?

7. What did the Maya give the Aztecs as a tribute?

You can do it..!

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The Aztecs made a special drink from cacao beans. They mixed cacao with vanilla, black pepper and
honey. Then they poured the drink from height so it had foam. The drink wasn´t very sweet, and the
Aztecs called it Cacahuatl or “bitter water”. Only the king and the nobles drank Cacahuatl. Some
people say that the Aztec king Moctezuma II drank 50 cups of Cacahuatl a day.
When Hernán Cortés came to Mexico, Moctezuma gave him a Golden cup full of this precious drink.
Hernán Cortés took three chests of cacao beans back to Spain with him in 1528. At first, nobody liked
the strange drink. Someone added hot water and sugar to the cacao beans and this drink bacame
popular. The Spaniards tried to keep the recipe secret, but slowly it spread across Europe.
By the 1700s, there were chocolate shops in many European cities. Chocolate was very expensive.
Only rich people could buy it. In the early 1800s, a doctor in England invented a new chocolate recipe.
He added milk instead of water to the mixture of sugar and cacao. Children started drinking hot
chocolate, and it became even more popular.
The next step in the transformation of the cacao bean happened in Holland. In 1828, Conrad van
Houten made cocoa butter and cocoa powder from the beans. This was the start of solid chocolate.
With this new method, a company called Fry´s of England made the first chocolate bar in 1847. Then
in 1876, the Swiss company Nestlé added milk to the recipe and made the first milk chocolate bar.
At first, chocolate bars were very expensive, but then, in 1894, Hershey´s made the first cheap
chocolate bar. Other chocolate companies did the same, and soon ordinary people were buying
chocolate in stores all over the world.
I. Read the story and answer the questions.
1. What did the Aztecs mix with cacao?

2. What was the drink called?

3. Was the drink sweet?

4. Who did Moctezuma II meet?

5. How many chests did Hernán Cortés take to Spain?

6. What did the Spaniards add to the recipe?

7. What did an England doctor add to the recipe?

8. When was the first milk chocolate bar made?

9. Were the first chocolate bars expensive?

10. Who made the first cheap chocolate bar?

You can do it..!

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1-I ........................................................ ( go ) to İstanbul last summer.

2- My parents ............................................................ ( be ) in İstanbul last year.
3- They ................................................................. ( not / be ) at home last night.
4- Where .................................................................( you / be ) yesterday ?
5- He............................................................... ( see ) me late last night.
6- She ........................................................... ( not / go ) to the theatre with us yesterday .
7- Who .............................................. ( break ) the window yesterday morning ?
8- What time ................................................................... ( you / come ) to the school in the morning ?
9 ( you / watch ) the match on Sunday ?
10 ( your father / buy ) you a bike last year ?
11 ( you / be ) at home at 8.00 last night ?
12 ( the teacher / be ) at school last week ?
13-There ............................................................... ( be ) a good film on TV yesterday .
14 ........................................................ (there / be ) any exams last week ?
15-What .................................................................( happen ) to him ?

Ask questions.

1. Pam came home yesterday.

?
2. We went to the park after school.
?
3. Mary ate a lot of sweets.
?
4. Susan slept seven hours yesterday.
?
5. Paul travelled to France by plane.
?
6. Carol invited Tim to her party.
?
7. I spent £20 on a T-shirt.
 9

?
8. My brother woke up at 7:15a.m.
?
9. Alan made lots of food for dinner.
?
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Will vs. Be Going to

(predictions, offers, promises, intentions and decisions)
predictions, especially after I (don’t) think…. predictions, especially when they’re

I think he’ll become a lawyer. based on what we can see

We use offers and promises Look at that girl. She’s going to cry.

will for I’ll carry your bags. We use

I won’t reveal your secret going to for intentions

1) Complete the sentences with will or going to, then write P (prediction),
O (offer), D (decision) or I (intention)
1. Have you had lunch? I (make) you a sandwich if you want.
2. Next month we (visit) our friend in Chester.
3. In ten years, no one ( use) CDs any more.
4. It’s such a lovely day. I think I (walk) home.
5. There’s ice on the path. They (slip) and fall.

2) Complete with the affirmative or negative form of will or going to and the verbs in brackets.
1. Alan, promise me you (drink) all the juice. I want some too.
2. ‘What are you doing later?’ ‘I (play) football.’
3. I’m so tired! I (definitely/ get up) early tomorrow.
4. Scientists say the weather (be) hot this summer.
5. ‘Jane, have fun at the party.’ ‘Thanks! I (come) home too late, I promise.’
6. Jack, you’ve been in the sun for hours. You (have) terrible sunburn.
7. I (get) a job this summer. I need the money.

3) Complete these mini-dialogues. Use will or going to and the verbs given below.

/ do / turn up / lend / spend / get / tell / enter / buy /

1. Have you decided where to go for your

1. Can you keep my secret? next holiday?
2. Yes, don’t worry! I anyone.
2. Yes, we a week in
A
France. D

1. Oh, no. My MP3 player is broken! 1. Jane, I can’t hear the TV.
I’m going on holiday tomorrow! 2. OK, Dad. I
2. Don’t worry I _it . E
you mine. B

1 You’ve done your test well. What you

1. What you after finishing school?
for Ann’s birthday? 2. I the university.
2. Oh, I forgot about that. I think I her F
some flowers. C
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TENSE PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT PAST SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT FUTURE
CONTINUOUS
USE: -habits and routines - actions taking place at -finished events in the past - a past action with a result - predictions without
the moment of speaking in the present evidence
- experiences - to make promises
- decisions of the moment
- when we refuse to do
things
KEY -Always/ - Now - Ten days/ a minute - For - Probably
WORDS: Usually/ - At the moment ago - Since - I think/ expect
Often/ - Today / this week - Last weekend/ year - Just - Perhaps
- Tomorrow
Sometimes - In 1990 - Already
- Tonight
- Never - Yesterday - Yet - Next week/year
- Every day/ - In July - Ever - On Friday
week/ month/ - Never - This afternoon/
year evening
- Once a week - In a week/month…
- Twice a year/ - Soon
week
- Three times a
year
- On Wednesday
FORMS: Affirmative Affirmative Affirmative Affirmative Affirmative
I I + am working I I I
You You You + have + worked/ You
We + work You We We gone We
They We + are working They They They
They + worked/ + will work/
She +s She went She She go
He + work + es She He He + has + worked/ He
It + ies He + is working It It gone It
It
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Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative
I I + am not working I I I
You You You You + haven’t + worked/ You
We + DON’T + We + aren’t working We We gone We
work They They They They
They + DIDN’T + work/ + WON’T + work/
She She go She She go
She He + isn’t working He He + hasn’t + worked/ He
He + DOESN’T + It It It gone It
work
It

Interrogative Interrogative Interrogative Interrogative Interrogative

I Am I I I I
You You Have + You You
DO + We + work? You We We We
They Are + We They They They
They DID She + work/ go? + worked/ WILL + work/ go?
She + He She gone? She
Does + He + work? working? It Has + He He
It She It It
Is + He
It
Short answer Short Short answer Short answer Short answer
answer
Yes, I/You/We/They DO Yes, I/You/We/They/He/She/It Yes, I/You/We/They HAVE Yes, I/You/We/They/He/She/It
Yes, He/She/It DOES Yes, I AM DID Yes, He/She/It HAS WILL
Yes, You/We/They ARE
No, I/You/We/They DON´T Yes, He/She/It IS No, I/You/We/They/He/She/It No, I/You/We/They HAVEN´T No, I/You/We/They/He/She/It
No, He/She/It DOESN´T DIDN´T No, He/She/It HASN´T WON´T
No, I´M NOT
No, You/We/They AREN´T
No, He/She/It
ISN´T
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LISTA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE PARTICIPIO ESPAÑOL
PASADO
Arise Arose Arisen Surgir, Levantarse
Awake Awoke Awoken Despertarse
Be/ am, are, is Was / Were Been Ser / Estar
Bear Bore Borne / Born Soportar, dar a luz
Beat Beat Beaten Golpear
Become Became Become Llegar a Ser
Begin Began Begun Empezar
Bend Bent Bent Doblar
Bet Bet Bet Apostar
Bind Bound Bound Atar, encuadernar
Bid Bid Bid Pujar
Bite Bit Bitten Morder
Bleed Bled Bled Sangrar
Blow Blew Blown Soplar
Break Broke Broken Romper
Breed Bred Bred Criar
Bring Brought Brought Traer Llevar
Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Radiar
Build Built Built Edificar
Burn Burnt / Burned Burnt / Burned Quemar
Burst Burst Burst Reventar
Buy Bought Bought Comprar
Cast Cast Cast Arrojar
Catch Caught Caught Coger
Come Came Come Venir
Cost Cost Cost Costar
Cut Cut Cut Cortar
Choose Chose Chosen Elegir
Cling Clung Clung Agarrarse
Creep Crept Crept Arrastrarse
Deal Dealt Dealt Tratar
Dig Dug Dug Cavar
Do (Does) Did Done Hacer
Draw Drew Drawn Dibujar
Dream Dreamt /Dreamed Dreamt /Dreamed Soñar
Drink Drank Drunk Beber
Drive Drove Driven Conducir
Eat Ate Eaten Comer
Fall Fell Fallen Caer
Feed Fed Fed Alimentar
Feel Felt Felt Sentir
Fight Fought Fought Luchar
Find Found Found Encontrar
Flee Fled Fled Huir
Fly Flew Flown Volar
Forbid Forbade Forbidden Prohibir
Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Perdonar
Freeze Froze Frozen Helar
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Get Got Got / Gotten Obtener
Give Gave Given Dar
Go (Goes) Went Gone Ir
Grow Grew Grown Crecer
Grind Ground Ground Moler
Hang Hung Hung Colgar
Have Had Had Haber o Tener
Hear Heard Heard Oir
Hide Hid Hidden Ocultar
Hit Hit Hit Golpear
Hold Held Held Agarrar Celebrar
Hurt Hurt Hurt Herir
Keep Kept Kept Conservar
Know Knew Known Saber Conocer
Kneel Knelt Knelt Arrodillarse
Knit Knit Knit Hacer punto
Lay Laid Laid Poner
Lead Led Led Conducir
Lean Leant Leant Apoyarse
Leap Leapt Leapt Brincar
Learn Learnt / Learned Learnt / Learned Aprender
Leave Left Left Dejar
Lend Lent Lent Prestar
Let Let Let Permitir
Lie Lay Lain Echarse
Light Lit Lit Encender
Lose Lost Lost Perder
Make Made Made Hacer
Mean Meant Meant Significar
Meet Met Met Encontrar
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Equivocar
Overcome Overcame Overcome Vencer
Pay Paid Paid Pagar
Put Put Put Poner
Read Read Read Leer
Ride Rode Ridden Montar
Ring Rang Rung Llamar
Rise Rose Risen Levantarse
Run Ran Run Correr
Say Said Said Decir
See Saw Seen Ver
Seek Sought Sought Buscar
Sell Sold Sold Vender
Send Sent Sent Enviar
Set Set Set Poner(se)
Sew Sewed Sewed / Sewn Coser
Shake Shook Shaken Sacudir
Shear Shore Shorn Esquilar
Shine Shone Shone Brillar
Shoot Shot Shot Disparar
Show Showed Shown Mostrar
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Encogerse
Shut Shut Shut Cerrar
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Sing Sang Sung Cantar
Sink Sank Sunk Hundir
Sit Sat Sat Sentarse
Sleep Slept Slept Dormir
Slide Slid Slid Resbalar
Smell Smelt Smelt Oler
Sow Sowed Sowed / Sown Sembrar
Speak Spoke Spoken Hablar
Speed Sped Sped Acelerar
Spell Spelt Spelt Deletrear
Spend Spent Spent Gastar
Spill Spilt / Spilled Spilt / Spilled Derramar
Spin Spun Spun Hilar
Spit Spat Spat Escupir
Split Split Split Hender / partir / rajar
Spoil Spoilt / Spoiled Spoilt / Spoiled Estropear
Spread Spread Spread Extender
Spring Sprang Sprung Saltar
Stand Stood Stood Estar en pie
Steal Stole Stolen Robar
Stick Stuck Stuck Pegar Engomar
Sting Stung Stung Picar
Stink Stank/Stunk Stunk Apestar
Stride Strode Stridden Dar zancadas
Strike Struck Struck Golpear
Swear Swore Sworn Jurar
Sweat Sweat Sweat Sudar
Sweep Swept Swept Barrer
Swell Swelled Swollen Hinchar
Swim Swam Swum Nadar
Swing Swung Swung Columpiarse
Take Took Taken Coger
Teach Taught Taught Enseñar
Tear Tore Torn Rasgar
Tell Told Told Decir
Think Thought Thought Pensar
Throw Threw Thrown Arrojar Tirar
Thrust Thrust Thrust Introducir
Tread Trod Trodden Pisar, hollar
Understand Understood Understood Entender
Undergo Underwent Undergone Sufrir
Undertake Undertook Undertaken Emprender
Wake Woke Woken Despertarse
Wear Wore Worn Llevar puesto
Weave Wove Woven Tejer
Weep Wept Wept Llorar
Wet Wet Wet Mojar
Win Won Won Ganar
Wind Wound Wound Enrollar
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Retirarse
Wring Wrung Wrung Torcer
Write Wrote Written Escribir
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The River Thames is known all

over the world.
The Tower of London isn’t used
1.- WRITE SENTENCES ABOUT THE TOWER BRIDGE WITH THE WORDS as a prison today.
Are the Crown Jewels kept at
BELOW. USE THE PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE.
Buckingham Palace?
1. Tower Bridge / situate / on the River Thames
2. the bridge / paint / red, white and blue
3. many famous London landmarks / see / from the bridge
4. the bridge’s towers / use / as a museum
5. Tower Bridge / visit / by more than 380,000 tourists / every year
6. Tower Bridge / cross / by over 40,000 people / every day

2.- COMPLETE THE TEXT WITH THE VERBS IN BRACKETS. USE THE PRESENT
SIMPLE PASSIVE.

THE TOWER RAVENS

Six ravens are permanent residents of the Tower of London. Good care 1.
(take) of these ravens because they are very important. According to legend, if the ravens
leave the Tower, the kingdom of England will fall.
Some facts:
 The ravens 2. (lock) in the Tower every night to protect them from cats and foxes.
 The birds 3. (keep) on a special diet. Each bird 4. (give) 170
grams of meat a day. Visitors 5. (not allow) to feed the birds.
 The health of the birds is important. They 6. (examine) every week. Every three weeks,
their wings 7. (cut) to prevent them from escaping.
 Disobedient ravens 8. (not tolerate). Raven George had to leave the tower because he
liked eating television antennas.

3.- MAXIME IS GETTING INFORMATION ABOUT MADAME TUSSAUDS WAX MUSEUM. USE THE WORDS
BELOW AND THE PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE TO WRITE HER QUESTIONS.

1. Tickets / sell / on the internet.

2. The museum / situate / near the underground
3. Cameras / permit / in the museum
4. A discount / give / to students
5. Visitors / allow / to touch / the statues

4.- NOW MATCH THE ANSWERS BELOW TO THE QUESTIONS ABOVE.

a. Yes, guests are allowed to take pictures in the museum.
b. Yes, guests can touch the statues.
c. No, students pay the same amount as adults.
d. Yes. It’s a two-minute walk from Baker Street station.
e. Yes, and online tickets are 10% cheaper than tickets at the museum.
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Important landmarks were built near the Thames.

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE VERBS IN The tourists weren’t taken on a boating trip.
BRACKETS. USE THE PAST SIMPLE PASSIVE. Was the Thames used for entertainment in the past?
THEN ADD THE CORRECT PERSON.

◾ the Beatles ◾ artist John Constable ◾ Alfred Hitchcock ◾ Charles Dickens ◾

◾ Florence Nightingale ◾ architect Christopher Wren ◾

1. The painting Salisbury Cathedral (paint) by .

2. The books David Copperfield and Oliver Twist (write) by .
3. The song Yesterday (sing) by .
4. Many famous suspense films (make) by .
5. St. Paul’s Cathedral and many other buildings (build) by .
6. A school for nurses (open) in London by .

2.- COMPLETE THE NEWS ARTICLE WITH THE VERBS IN BRACKETS. USE THE PAST SIMPLE PASSIVE.

Wednesday, 18th January 2009

Polar Bears on the Thames_________________________________
Two strange visitors 1. (see) on the river Thames
earlier today. At 8 o’clock this morning, surprised Londoners saw a polar bear
and her cub on the river Thames. The five-metre sculpture 2.
(pull) by a boat from Greenwich to the Houses of
Parliament.
The giant sculpture 3. (create) by 15 artists. It 4.
(make) to show people the desperate situation of the
polar bear. Because of the global warming, the polar bear has lost much of its
natural habitat.
The River Thames has had some other unusual visitors. In 2004, some
dolphins 5. (find) near Vauxhall Bridge. In 2006, a
seven-tonne whale 6. (discover) near Battersea
Bridge. People tried to rescue the whale, but sadly it died.

3.- COMPLETE THE QUESTIONS IN THE QUIZ WITH THE VERBS BELOW. USE THE PAST SIMPLE PASSIVE. THE
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWERS.
build play write wear destroy
1. Where (golf) for the first time?
a. in Scotland b. in Wales c. in England
2. Which famous British landmark more than 4,000 years ago?
a. Windsor Castle b. Stonehenge c. Buckingham Palace
3. When (many London buildings) in a fire?
a. 1666 b. 1866 c. 1966
4. Which two plays by Shakespeare?
a. Macbeth b. Antigone c. Romeo and Juliet
5. When (the first mini skirt)?
a. 1965 b. 1940 c. 1997
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Good luck superstitions and bad luck superstitions

Do you believe in superstitions?

Thousands of people believe in superstitions but a lot of people they are not
based on reason. Where does the word “superstition” come from? The word
superstition comes from two Latin words: “Super’’ and “Stare”. Super means
above and stare means to stand. Stand Above.

Do you know anyone who does not have a superstition? Most of the people,
more or less, believe in them. Superstitions are all around the world. They
change from culture to culture and they have a big influence in our lives.

There are two types of superstition. Good luck superstitions and bad luck superstitions.

Some common superstitions around the world: Listen to some superstitions and tick ( ) the
ones you hear.

Good luck superstitions

- If you find a four-leaf clover, you will have good luck.

- If you see a horseshoe which was lost, you will have good luck.

-If you throw salt over your left shoulder, this will bring you good luck

- If you see a black cat which walks towards you, it brings you good luck.

- If you keep a rabbit foot in your pocket, you will have good luck.

- If you put the sugar into the cup first, before the tea, you will have good luck.

- If you step on your shadow, it brings you good luck.

- If you catch a falling leaf on the first day of autumn, you will have good luck all winter.

-If you find a loose eyelash and make a wish, this wish will come true.

- If you blow out all the candles on your birthday cake in one blow, you will get whatever you
want.

- If the first butterfly you see in the year is white, it brings you good luck all year.

-If you say “touch wood” about something you want, this will happen.
 24

Activity: Match the parts of the superstitions.

1- If a girl drinks salty water then goes to sleep, a- they will have many
children.

2- If you see a shooting star and make a wish, b- bad spirits won’t enter.

3- If you throw rice on a new bride and groom, c- someone is speaking

well of you.

4- If your right ear itches, d- She will see her future

husband in her dream.

5- If you hang up garlic in your house, e- that wish will come

true.

Bad luck superstitions

- If you open an umbrella indoors, it brings you bad luck.

- If you sleep with your feet towards the door, a nightwalker will steal your soul.

- When a cat sneezes three times indoors, it will rain in 24 hours.

-If you put a pair of new shoes on a table, you will have bad luck.

- If you dream about a dog, you will have a lot of enemies.

- If the 13th. day of the month falls on Friday, it will be a very bad day.

- If you walk under a ladder, you will have bad luck.

- If you sleep on a table, you will have bad luck.

- If you see a bird that comes towards you, you will have bad luck.

Activity: Match the parts of the superstitions.

1- If you whistle at night, a-it will bring you seven years of bad luck.

2- If a dog howls at night, b-you will lose money.

3- If you start a trip on Friday,. c- a nightwalker will come to your home.

4- If you break a mirror, d- you will meet misfortune

5- If your left hand itches, e- somebody will die.

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Activity: Here are some more superstitions. Complete the gaps with the first
conditional

1- If you…………………….. (dig) at the end of the rainbow, you ........................... (find) a pot with
gold.
2- If it ……………………….(rain) on your wedding day, you .................................. ( have) a bad
marriage.
3- If you ……………………….( find) a grasshopper, you ................................ ( be) lucky.
4- If it ……………………………( rain) on a sunny day, an old women .................................. ( get)
married.
5- If your right hand…………………………..( itch), you ........................................ (earn) money.

Do you know some good or bad luck superstations, which weren’t listed above?

Write 5 superstitions not mentioned here.

1-………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3- ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4- …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 26

1. Complete the following sentences using the first conditional.

1) If you (eat) another cake, you (be) sick.

2) You (fail) your exam if you (not study).
3) Our children and grandchildren (suffer) if we
(not look after) our planet.
4) If I (pass) my driving test, I (buy) a car.
5) If they (not give) him the job, he (not buy) the house.

2. Complete the following sentences using the second conditional.

1) If I (live) in the country, I (have) a dog.

2) If I (have) a lot of money, I (not work).
3) I (go) if I (not be) so busy.
4) If I (be) you, I (look) for another job.
5) If she (not spend) so much money on silly things, she
(not be) so poor.
 27

Applying for a job

If you want to apply for a holiday job or a position in a
company, you should send them a CV (curriculum vitae,
BE)/résumé (AE)and a covering letter (BE)/cover letter
(AE).
résumé
 gives an outline A résumé is usually divided up into
of a person's the following sections:
education, quali-  Personal and contact information: address,
fications and work telephone number, (professional) email address,
experience photo (only if explicitly asked for), age (only if
explicitly asked for)
 Education and qualifications: start off with the
most recent and only mention the most
important ones
 Work history and experience: list the most
relevant
the employer's name, your job title and how long and
you recent
workedfirst, including
there, hol iday jobs,
as well as
giving a brief description of what you didvoluntary work and placements; menti on
in each job
 Skills: put in skills that are relevant to the job; show that you have the skills by
giving examples rather than just listing them
 Interests and activities: give brief details and choose ones that also reflect
your skills and personality (but be truthful!)
source: Green Line Oberstufe. Stuttgart: Klett, 2015, S. 167.

Ready for action (verbs)?

When describing what you have done it is possible to use action verbs:
to assist sb. to be responsible for sth. to devise1 sth.
to initiate sth. to complete sth. successfully to liaise2 with

1
to devise = to invent a plan, system, object, etc. usually using your intelligence or imagination
2
to liaise /li'eiz/= to speak to people in other organizations, etc. in order to work with them or exchange information with them
28
 29

Cover Letter
 present yourself, state in what ways you are suited for the position
you are applying for, show that you have profound knowledge of the
company and/or job and express real interest in the position

Many employers only spend thirty seconds reading each job application, so
your cover letter needs to be convincing in order to get the reader's attention
and make them want to learn more about you. However, do not try to be
funny. If your potential employer does not share your sense of humor, this
might backfire. Show a genuine interest in the company, but do not flatter -
you will only sound insincere.

1. Why are you suitable for the job? Describe the skills you have and
the qualifications that specifically apply to the job or placement. If
qualifications are mentioned in an ad, make sure you refer to them.
2. Briefly state the job or placement for which you are applying,
where you saw the job advertised and who you are. Keep it short and
to the point.
3. Restate your interest in the job and say why you are the right person
for the job (in one sentence!). Request action, so show that you are
happy to come for an interview and say that you are looking forward
to hearing from them. Mention that your résumé is enclosed.
4. What can you do for the company (not what the company can do
for you)? Outline a relevant career goal and expand on the most relevant
points in your résumé.
source: Green Line Oberstufe. Stuttgart: Klett, 2015, S. 166.

Ready to go?
Remember that both the cover letter and the résumé follow the rules of a formal letter
(→formal language, no spelling mistakes).
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31
32
 33

Read the following text carefully.

I have believed for a while that mobiles, mobile phone masts and another technology
is harmful to our health, due to the exposure of radiation. Scientists at the very least
think mobile phones should be used as little as possible. They think it is better to be
cautious about using mobiles and a lot of scientists believe they are harmful to your
health. Mobile phones are particularly bad for children. The phone companies will tell
you that they are safe. But remember they are selling a product so they are hardly
going to put you off buying their product by telling you it is unsafe. Where there is a lot
of money involved there tends to be corruption. So don't think that they or the
government, who get a tax of the money from the use of masts and mobile phones that
are put up, have your best interests in mind.
After all people said that smoking, asbestos, a medication called Thalidomide,
pesticides and so on were either safe or wouldn't cause you serious harm. However they
were wrong as they caused cancer, disability and terrible illnesses.
I think technology will be to the next generation what drink, smoking and drugs have
been to previous generations. In fact research claims mobile phones could kill more
people than smoking.
Wireless (wi-fi) can cause headaches, nausea, tiredness and memory loss in some
people. Technology can be particularly hazardous if you are sensitive to it. We have so
much technology now there is 24 hour television, computers, Nintendo games, phones
and so on. It is not just mobiles but Dect phones (cordless) too and on top of all this
there is wireless as well.
Electrical gadgets in the bedroom can also cause sleep problems. It is best to have no
electronic items in your bedroom. But if you can't do without them at least make sure
you don't have a computer, cordless phone or mobile in your bedroom or at least make
sure that are turned off. Cordless phones emit a high amount of radiation this is because
they have to be on all the time so that the phone can be charged up. If you didn't do
this the phone wouldn't work. So keep your technology use to a limited amount of time
each day. Particularly keep your use of mobile phones to a minimum and use a landline
instead, because mobile phones can cause cancerous brain tumours if they are used for
a long period of time over the years.
Always remember that your health is very important as you might find you are unable
to return to good health once you have lost it.
To find out more about protecting yourself from these dangers visit
www.wiredchild.org.
 34

http://www.childrenswebmagazine.com/Technology%20and%20your%20Health.html (slightly adapted)

A) Say who or what the following words B) Match the e quivalent words.
refer to.
1. they -------------------------------------- a while ● ● careful
2. they -------------------------------------- harmful ● ● secure
3. it -------------------------------------- cautious ● ● some time
4. them -------------------------------------- safe ● ● exhaustion
5. your -------------------------------------- tiredness ● ● release
6. this -------------------------------------- emit ● ● without wires
7. it -------------------------------------- wireless ● ● dangerous

C) Say if the following statements are True or False. Correct the false ones.
1. The author of the text is against the use of technology.

2. We should use mobile phones as much as possible.

3. Scientists consider mobile phones shouldn’t be used by children.

4. Scientists and phone companies’ opinion on mobile security diverge.

5. Research claims smoking kills much more than mobile phone use.

6. Electrical appliances in the bedroom are advisable.

D) Answer the following questions about the text.

1. What’s the author’s position about the use of technology?

2. Why do phone companies say mobile phone use is safe?

3. Which symptoms may wireless cause in human beings?

4. Why does the author advise us not to have turned on wireless gadgets in our bedrooms?

5. Which possible hazard may excess use of mobiles cause?

6. Which piece of advice does the author give at the end of the text?
 35

E) Topics for discussion.

1. Have you got a mobile phone?
2. How many hours a day do you spend talking on your mobile?
3. Could you do without it?
4. What’s your opinion about the subject raised in the text?
5. Have you ever felt some of the symptoms the text refers?
6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of mobile phones?
7. Are you worried about radiation from your mobile phone?
8. At what age do you think you should be allowed to have a mobile phone?
9. What could happen if mobile phones were banned?
10. Does technology bring happiness to people’s lives?

The environment

No part of our environment has escaped the effects of pollution. All over the
world, our land, air and water have been contaminated by an increasing number
of waste materials and substances that issue daily from factories, homes and
vehicles .In some cases, this waste is only an eyesore, which spoils the beauty of
our surroundings, while in other cases, It is a serious threat to our health and can
result in death.
Some of the most dangerous waste substances are, without a doubt, those
produced by factories. Industrial waste often contains toxic substances that can
kill plant and animal life. When there is no proper government control, factories
allow these substances to pour into rivers, while their chimneys fill the
atmosphere with poisonous fumes, sometimes in areas no more than a few
kilometers from heavily populated cities.
Nuclear waste is even more hazardous than industrial waste .Although
everything is done to ensure that it is buried safely at great depths, the fact
remains that plutonium waste continues to be dangerously radioactive for 24,000
years, while uranium waste remains so for 700 million years.
 36

In towns and cities, the use of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and gas) for heating
results in large amounts of carbon dioxide filling the atmosphere .Although some
cities have been made "smokeless zones" where no coal or oil fires are allowed,
the exhaust fumes from vehicles on the roads has meant that air pollution
continues to be a major problem.
But, if we stop to think, each of us is guilty of polluting our
environment to some extent. Almost everything we buy today comes in
some sort of container or packaging , made of paper plastic, glass ,or
aluminium which we usually throw away .Besides being expensive to
collect, many of these materials -especially plastic , glass and aluminium -
are very difficult to get rid of and lie in huge dumps on the outskirts of many
cities , one of the ugliest types of pollution. Attempts have been made to
encourage factories to recycle these materials , but few have shown any
interest .
How much longer can we allow this pollution to continue? Scientists tell us
that the increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere may soon have
disastrous effects. They fear that it will raise average temperatures around
the world and cause the polar ice caps to melt .If this happens ,they say the
level of the world's oceans will rise by twelve to eighteen feet (four to six
meters ), and vast populated areas of our planet will be covered by water. Can
we afford to make such risks by continuing to pollute our environment?

Comprehension.

A-Choose the best title for the passage.

A) Types of pollution.
B) A threat to our planet. ---------------------------------------
C) Recycling waste.

B-Are these sentences true or false? Justify.

1-Waste is not a real threat to our health. -------------------------------------------------

2- The government is responsible for the waste factories produce. -----------------------------

3- Industrial waste is more dangerous than nuclear waste. ----------------------------------------

4- The uranium waste is highly radioactive.

 37

5- The increased amount of carbon dioxide is the cause of global warming. ------------------

6-The more goods we buy, the more waste we produce. ------------------------------------------

C-Answer these questions.

1-Why is industrial waste very dangerous?

2-How do factories dispose of nuclear waste? --------------------------------------------------------

3-What are the causes of air pollution?

4-What are "smokeless zones" in your opinion? -----------------------------------------------------

5-What are the results of rising temperatures? ------------------------------------------------------

D-Complete these sentences.

1- Our land, air and water have been contaminated because of ---------------------------------

2- Although many efforts have been done to recycle waste, --------------------------------------

3- If the average temperatures rise,

E-What do the underlined words in the text refer to?

1-it:
2-their:
3-they:
4-this:

F-Find in the text words that mean

almost the same as:

1-makes less attractive (paragraph 1) ------------------------------------

2-menace (paragraph 1)
3-dangerous (paragraph 3)
4-responsible for something wrong (paragraph 5) --------------------
5-to dispose of (paragraph 5)
6-surroundings (paragraph 5)
 38

Read the text carefully.

Years ago there wasn't a problem with rubbish because things like plastic and disposable
nappies hadn't been invented. There wasn't so much packaging on items you bought either.
But now with everything so over packaged wrapped and disposable we are suffering the
consequences of far too much waste. The trouble is not everything can be recycled or will
rot away. You used to be able to get a refund on glass bottles when you took them back to
the shop. Now they are either collected from your house by the council or you can take them
to a bottle bank.

The fact that paper can be recycled and is easy to dispose is great, but remember paper
is made from trees, which are important to the environment. The rainforests have been
slowly disappearing for a while now. We need them not just because it helps with the
climate. They are important as like all plants they give us oxygen. They are also a home to
many animals who rely on them for their survival.

The best waste is organic, dead leaves; carrot tops, onion skins and so on all rot down
and make fertile soil. This in turn will help the plants and vegetables giving them much
needed food. So if you are able to have a compost heap in your garden you'll be helping the
environment and your garden will love you for it.

Acid rain is another serious problem it is damaging to plants and is caused by pollutants
such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These come from the burning of coal, oil and
gas.

Dropping litter is not just a lazy thing to do it makes work for other people, is bad for the
environment and looks ugly. So think before you drop litter either bin it or keep it and then
bin it.

When rivers and seas are polluted by waste we are not only stealing their beauty but were
spoiling it for ourselves too. Our health can also suffer. Sadly accidents do occur; oil slicks
sometimes happen and wreck the environment. Animals tend to suffer the most from these
incidents. We should really have in place something that will prevent so much destruction,
rather than just waiting for it to happen, then trying to clean up the damage.
 39

Nuclear waste has been the cause of controversy over the years. Radioactive material
leaking out would be very serious indeed, it can cause real harm. This is why it is the most
worrying.

Although we are trying to stop the hole in the ozone layer getting any bigger, nuclear
waste is still a serious problem. The ozone layer protects us from harmful ultra - violet rays.
Its hole has been caused by chlorofluorocarbons (cfc's) a chemical that was found in some
products. Refrigerators used to contain them. So do we care enough about the earth we
have inherited and our passing onto future generations? Or is it now all too late to do
anything? Each one of us can make a difference and each and every one of us is responsible
to the environment. It takes care of us; we should take care of it.

Source: http://www.childrenswebmagazine.com/Environment.htm (slightly adapted)

A) Say who or what the following words refer to. 7. these ---------------------------------------------
1. them 8. it
2. they 9. their
3. them 10. these
4. us 11. we
5. who 12. them
6. them 13. it

B) Go through the text and enumerate some of the environmental problems mentioned in it.

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ●

C) Say if the following statements are True or False. Correct the false ones.

1. Some years ago diapers weren’t used.

2. Nowadays products are over packaged.

3. Some products are difficult to destroy.

4. Both animals and humans need trees to survive. ------------------------------------------------------

5. Acid rain is caused by organic waste.

6. Ozone layer depletion and nuclear waste are two most serious problems. ---------------------------

7. It’s useless for us to try and make a healthier environment. ------------------------------------------