4/18/24, 7:01 PM Function Generator : Circuit Diagram using LM324 IC & Its Specification

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What is Function Generator : Circuit Diag

Its Specifications
Function Generator is a type of instrument which is used to generate different types
sinusoidal, triangular, rectangular, square waveforms. The different types of wavefor
frequencies which can be generated by using the instrument as a function generato
generates five types of waveforms, they are sine, square, saw-tooth, triangle, and rect
There are two types of function generators they are analog and digital. The frequencie
generator is up to 20 MHz. A brief explanation of this generator is discussed in this arti
circuit diagram and block diagram.

What is Function Generator?

Definition: The function generator is defined as a type of device which produces
waveforms as its output signals. The common waveforms generated by this generato
square wave, triangular wave, and sawtooth waves. The waveforms of these frequencies
from hertz to a hundred kHz. This generator is considered as the most versatile instrume

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4/18/24, 7:01 PM Function Generator : Circuit Diagram using LM324 IC & Its Specification

and electronics laboratory because the waveforms generated by this generator hav
different areas.

The analog function generator and digital function generators are types of function
advantages of an analog generator are cost-effective, simple to use, flexibility, amplitud
are adjustable. The advantages of digital generators are of high accuracy and st
disadvantages of this digital generator are complicated and costly.

Function Generator Block Diagram

The block diagram of function generator contains various components they are frequenc
constant current supply source 1, constant current supply source 2, integrator, vo
multivibrator, capacitor, a resistance diode shaping circuit, and two output amplifiers. The
this generator is shown in the below figure.

Function Generator Block Diagram

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4/18/24, 7:01 PM Function Generator : Circuit Diagram using LM324 IC & Its Specification

The frequencies can be controlled by varying the current magnitude. The two constant-cu
change the frequency of the output signal. The output waveforms generated by t
sinusoidal, triangular, and square. The frequency range of these waveforms ranges fro
kHz. The frequency control network controls the frequency on the front panel of this gene
a knob called frequency control. The frequency of the o/p waveforms can be changed by
varying the frequency.

The frequency control network provides the voltage, and this voltage goes to regulate
current supply sources like upper and lower. The first output voltage of constant curre
increased linearly with the time, whereas the lower current source provides a voltage to
voltage of the integrator which will decrease linearly with time. The output voltage of the
the upper current source is expressed.

When the slope of the o/p voltage increases or decreases then the constant current supp
increases or decreases. The lower constant current source two supplies reverse contro
and due to this reverse current, the output voltage of the integrator decreases linearly w
output of the comparator provides a square wave which has the same frequency as th
The resistance diode network changes the triangle waveform slope as its amplitu
changes a sine waveform with a <1% distortion. The output waveforms of this generator

Output Waveforms of Function Generator

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4/18/24, 7:01 PM Function Generator : Circuit Diagram using LM324 IC & Its Specification

In this way, the three types of waveforms are produced by this generator which ar
frequencies. The clock source, timing margin test, dc power supply test, testing audio
the applications of a function generator.

Function Generator Products

The different type of function generators products are shown in the below table

S.NO Model No. Frequency Brand Model Number Wa

1 MetroQ MTQ 201T 2Hz to 200KHz MetroQ MTQ 201T Sin
Tria
2 Audio Frequency 0.2Hz to 200 kHz ASICO AE 512 Sin
Function Generator Tria
3 Metravi FG-5000 1Hz— 5Mhz Metravi FG-5000 Sin
Squ
Pul
4 MetroQ MTQ 1001 0.1Hz to 1MHz MetroQ MTQ 1001 Sin
Tria
Out
5 HTTC FG-2002 0.2Hz ~ 2MHz NAAFIE FG-2002 Sin
Wa
Wa

Function Generator Circuit Diagram with LM324 Op-Amp

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4/18/24, 7:01 PM Function Generator : Circuit Diagram using LM324 IC & Its Specification

The LM324 is a 14-pin integrated circuit, the circuit diagram of the function generator wit
below. The components required for this circuit are LM324 op-amp chip, two 10kΩ res
resistors, 22kΩ resistor, 220kΩ resistor, 1μF ceramic capacitor, 33 nF ceramic capacito
and 100k Ω potentiometer. The circuit contains three operational amplifiers, the first op
generates the square wave, the second operational amplifier generates the triangle wav
third operational amplifier generates the sine wave output.

Function Generator Circuit Diagram with LM324 Op-Amp

The pin diagram of the LM324 IC is shown below.

LM324 IC Pin Diagram

The LM324 is an integrated chip that consists of 14 pins. The pin 1, 7,8,14 are the outpu
are the inverting input pins, and pin 3,5,10, 12 are the non-inverting input pins, pin 4

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4/18/24, 7:01 PM Function Generator : Circuit Diagram using LM324 IC & Its Specification

supply), and pin 11 is the ground.

Specifications
The general-purpose functional generator specifications are shown below

This generator produces five types of waveforms

The wide range of frequencies are generated by this generator
For an analog generator, the frequency stability is 0.1 % per hour
The maximum sine wave distortion for analog generators is about 1%
The modulations AM (Amplitude Modulation), FM (Frequency Modulation), or PM (P
are supported
The amplitude output is up to 10V

Safety Precautions
Some of the safety precautions of function generator are

Use proper voltage setting

Provide proper ventilation
Don’t operate at high frequency and pressure

FAQs
1). What is the difference between a signal generator and a function generator?

The function generator generates multiple waveforms like a sine wave, sawtooth wav
rectangle waves, and square waveforms, but in the case of signal generators, only
generated.
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4/18/24, 7:01 PM Function Generator : Circuit Diagram using LM324 IC & Its Specification

2). What is the logic function generator?

The logic function generator is one type of generator which generates binary signals.

3). How do generators work?

The generator converts the energy from mechanical to electrical and it works on th
induction principle.

4). Where is the function generator used?

The function generators used to generate various waveforms like sine waveform, saw too

5). What are the types of function generators?

There are two types of generators they are analog and digital function generators.

In this article, the overview of function generator working, circuit diagram with LM324 op
block diagram, pin diagram of LM324 operational amplifier, output waveforms of functi
discussed. Here is a question for you what is the frequency range of function generator?
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