CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING IN GEOLOGY, MINES, PETROLEUM AND ENVIRONMENT

PETROLEUM SCHOOL
Thermodynamics and Physics – Chemistry

Name: Gualsaquí Túqueres Luis Felipe

Professor: Dr. Bolívar Enríquez Duty No.: 03

Semester: Fifth Oils Date: Quito-2013-04-10

Topic: Exercises proposed by the engineer

1.- 1m 3 of air is enclosed in a cylinder and under a piston at a pressure of 5 atm and at 20°C. Calculate:

a) The internal air pressure, if the position of the piston is kept constant, heats the air up to 120°C.
b) The pressure of the interior air, if after having heated the air to 120°C, it is allowed to expand
isothermally until it occupies a volume of 5 m 3 .

Answer: 6.70 atm; 1.34 atm

Data:
V 1 = 1m 3
P 1 = 5 atm
T 1 = 20°C + 273= 293°k
a) P= ?........... T= 120°C+ 273= 393°k
b) P=?...........V= 5 cm 3 (1m/100cm) 3 =0.000005 m 3

Solution
a) V=cte. ……………P 1 T 2 =P 2 T 1
Solving for P 2 we have:
P 2 = (P 1 T 2 )/T 1
P 2 = (5atm*393°k)/293°k
P2 =6.706484 atm

b) T=cte.…….. P 1 V 1 =P 2 V 2
Solving for P 2 we have:
P 2 = (P 1 V 1 )/ V 2
P 2 = (6.706484 atm*1 m 3 )/ 0.000005 m 3
P2 =1.34 atm

2.- Calculate the number of molecules per cm3 of an ideal gas at 27°C and at a pressure of 10 -6 mm Hg.

Answer: 3.2 x 10 10 molecules

Data:

V= 1 cm 3

T=27°C+273=300°k

P= 10 -6 mm Hg
 Solution

PV= n RT

n = PV/RT

n = [(10 -6 mm Hg(1atm/760 mm Hg))*1 cm 3 (1m/100cm) 3 *(1000L/1m 3 )//[( 0.08205 atm L/ mol °k)* 300
°k ]

n=5.345478 * 10 -14 moles (6.023*10 23 molecules/I mol)

n= 3.2 x 10 10 molecules

3.- Find the density of methane gas in g/liter, under normal conditions.

Answer: 0.714 g/l

Data

T= 273°k

V = 22.4L

P= 1 atm

M CH4 = 16 g/mol

Solution

PV= nRT

PV =(m/M)RT

₰=PM/RT

₰= (1 atm*16g/mol)/( 0.08205 atm L/ mol°k*273°k)

DENSITY= 0.7142 g/ L

4.- Calculate the density in g/l at 20°C and 80 cm Hg, of a gas mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen that
contains 20% by weight of hydrogen.

Answer 0.344g/l

Data
5.- When 4 grams of gas A is introduced into a flask without air and at a certain temperature, the
pressure it exerts is 1 atm. If 6 g of another different gas is then added, say “B”, the pressure of the
mixture rises by 1.50 atm, keeping the temperature constant. Calculate the ratio of the molecular weight
of gas A to that of gas B.

Answer: 1/3

PA  1atm PAB  1.5atm

Pa A  4 g PaB  6 g

TA  TB  cte

VA  VB

PB  PAB  PA  1.5atm  1atm  0.5atm

Pa RT 4g
Ma VP 1 atm 4 1
   
Mb Pb RT 6g 12 3
VP 0.5 atm

6.- At 100°C and 0.691 atm, a mass of 1.83 of a pure organic body with a carbon to hydrogen ratio of CH 2

occupies a volume of 1.90 liters in the vapor state.

a) Calculate the molecular weight of the substance

b) Determine its molecular formula

Answer: 42.6 g/mol; C 3 H 6

7.- Calculate the total pressure that 2 liters of a gas collected over water will exert at 25°C, taking into
account that under normal and dry conditions it occupied 0.80 liters. The vapor tension of water at 25°C
is 23.5 torr.

Answer: 355.5 torr

Data:

V 1 =0.80liters PV=nRT
P 1 =1atm
T 1 =0°C

V 2 = 2 liters PV=nRT
T 2 =25°C =298°K
Q 2 =?

Total pressure = 0.464atm x + 23.5Torr = 355.2Torr

8.-We want a gas mixture that contains 10 molar% of butane and 90 molar% of neon. Gaseous butane is
introduced into an airless cylinder until its pressure is 1 atm. The compressed neon gas is then forced to
pass through, so that it forms a mixture of the desired composition. The volume of the cylinder is 20
liters and the operation is carried out at 25°C. Calculate:

a) The moles of butane present

b) The moles of neon needed

c) the total pressure of the final gas mixture.

Answer: 0.820 moles; 7.38 moles; 10 atm.

Data:

10 mol% C4H10
90 mol% Ne
P = 1atm
V = 20 liters
T = 25°C

a) PV = nRT b) 10% 0.818moles

n= 90%

n= 0.818moles C4H10 X=n= 7.36moles Ne

c) PV=nRT
P=

9.- A gas leaving a chimney has the volumetric composition: CO 2 …10.5%; Or 2 …10.5%; N 2 …79%.
Calculate its composition by weight.

Answer: CO 2 ….15, 5; Or 2 ……11.2; N 2 ……73.4 g%

Data:

10.5% CO 2

10.5%O 2

79%N 2

Total weight of 100moles = (2212+462+336) grams = 3010g

3010g 100%

2212g X x=73.48% N 2

3010g 100%

462g X x=15.35% CO 2

3010g 100%

336g X x=11.16% O 2

10.- A 22 liter capacity flask contains 40g of argon gas, and one weight of hydrogen gas, at a certain
pressure and temperature. The density of the soda mixture is 2 g/liter. The atomic weight of argon can
be taken as 40. Calculate:

a) The grams of hydrogen present.

b) The average molecular weight of the gas mixture.

Answer: 4.0g; 14.7 g/mol.

Data:

V= 12mL δ= m T = m Ar +m H2 n Ar = nH2 =

M Ar = 40g mT = δT V T m H2 = m T + m Ar n Ar = nH2 =

δ=2g/L mT = (2g/L)(22L) mH2 = (44-40)g n Ar = 1mol n H2 = 2 moles

μ = 40 g/mol mT = 44g mH2 = 4g

n T =n Ar + n H2 M= X Ar μ Ar + X H2 μ H2

n T = 1mol + 2 moles M=

n T = 3 moles M= (13.33 +1.3)g/mol

M= 14.7 g/mol

11.- A gas consists of a mixture of ethane (A) and butane (B). A 200ml cylinder is filled with the gas at a
pressure of 750 torr, at 20°C. Due to the difference in weighing, the weight of the gas is 0.3846g.
Calculate the molar composition of the mixture.

Answer: C 2 H 6 39.3; C 4 H 10 60.7 moles.

Data:

μ C2H2 =30 g/mol PV= nRT XA+XB=1

μ C4H10 =58 g/mol μ= X A = 1- X B

V= 200mL = 0.2L μ= M= X A μ A + X B μ B

P= 7502torr = 0.9868 atm μ= 46.844 g/mol 46,844= (1- X B )(30)+ X B (58)

T= 20° C = 293.15 K 46,844= 30-30X B +58 X B

M= 0.3846g 16,844= 28 X B

X A = 1- X B X B = 0.6016 *100 = 60.16%

X A = 1- 0.06016

X A = 0.3984* 100= 39. 84%

12.- Calculate the percentage dissociated of nitrogen tetraoxide (N 2 O 4 ), a colorless gas, into nitrogen
dioxide (NO2), a brown gas, when 2.33g of N2O4 is heated to 22.9 °C and 441 mm Hg of final pressure at
equilibrium, if the resulting mixture occupies a volume of 1.30 liters under these conditions.

Answer: 22.5%
Data: N 2 O 4 2NO 2 x=

μ N2O4 =92 g/mol x- α 2α X = 0.02533moles

m N2O4 = 2.33 g PV= nRT X- α+2 α= 0.03107

T= 22.9° C = 296.05 K n= 0,02533+ α = 0,03107

P= 441mm-Hg = 0.5803atm n= α =0,00574

V= 1.30L n= 0.03107moles %dis=

%dis = 22.66%

13.- When a mixture of 2CS 2 and 5 Cl 2 is heated to 373°K, 90 mol% of the chlorine is consumed as
indicated by the following reaction in the gas phase:

CS 2(g) + 3Cl 2  CCl 4 (g) + S 2 Cl 2(g)

Calculate:

a) The volume of the gas mixture resulting in equilibrium at 373°k and 1 atm of total pressure

b) The partial pressures of the components of the system at equilibrium.

Answer: 123 liters; pCl 2 = pCS 2 = 0.125; pCCl 4 = pS 2 Cl 2 = 0.375 atm

Data:

T= 373 °k

Cl 2 = 90%

P= 1 atm

Solution: α= 1.5

CS 2(g) + 3Cl 2  CCl 4 (g) + S 2 Cl 2(g) 2-α+5-3α +α+α= n

2-α 5-3α α α 7-2α=n

5( 0.9)= 3α 7-2(1.5)=n

n = 4 mol

a) PV = nRT

V= n RT/ P

V= (4 mol*0.08205 atm L/ mol°k* 373°k)/ 1atm

V =122.34 L
 b) n Cs 2 = 2-1.5 =0.5 mol X CCl4 = 0.375

n Cl2 = 5- 3(1.5)= 0.5 mol X S2Cl2 =0.375

n CCl4 = 1.5 mol Pi=xi*P

n S2Cl2 =1.5 mol P Cs2 =o.125 atm

TOTAL n = 4 mol P Cl2 =0.125 atm

X i =n i /n total P CCl4 = 0.375 atm

X Cs2 = 0.125 P S2Cl2 =0.375 atm

X Cl2 =0.125

14.- When air is passed through a bed of carbon, part of the oxygen reacts to form CO 2 and the rest
forms CO. If the average molecular weight of the combustion gases is 29, calculate its composition,
assuming that the volumetric composition of the air is 21% O 2 and 79% N 2

Answer: N 2 = 69.5; CO 2 = 6.5; CO = 24 moles % 1.5 mol O 2 …. 1 mol CO 2

DATA 0.55 mol…….…….x= 0.73 mol

M=29 2.06 N 2+ 0.18 CO 2 +0.73 C0= 2.95

2C + 1.5 0 2 + N 2 ……………CO 2 +CO+N 2 2.95…………100

n COMBUSTION = 1.5(34 g/mol)+ 28g/mol= 78g/ mol 2.06……….x= 69.83% N 2

n combustion = 76/ 29=2.62 2.95………….100

2.62*0.21=0.55 OXYGEN 0.18…………..x=6.10 % CO 2

2.62*0.79=2.06 NITROGEN 2.95…………..100

n TOTAL= 2.62 2.73……………….X= 24.7% CO

15.- Calculate the root mean square velocity of the oxygen molecule:

a) Under normal conditions

b) At 27°C and 1 atm

Answer: 461, 484 m/s

a) V =(3PV/M) 0.5

V 2 =(3* 1 atm *22.4 L)/(32 g/ mol)

b) PV = RT

V 2 =(3*0.08205 atm L/ mol °k*300 °k)/(32 g/mol)

V=483.34 m/s

16) A volume of nitrogen passes through the orifice of an effusiometer in 20 seconds. Under the same
temperature and pressure conditions, an identical volume of a gas mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide
diffuses in 24 seconds. Calculate the volume % of CO 2 in the final mixture.

Answer: 69.2 vol. %

Data:

Solution
17.- The data indicated below refer to the density at 0°C of acetylene gas in g/l, at the indicated pressures
in atm.

Pressure 0.250 0.500 0.750 1.00

Density 0.29123 0.58410 0.87855 1.1747

Calculate, using the limit densities method, the molecular weight of acetylene and the atomic weight of
carbon, adopting the value of 1.008 as the atomic weight of hydrogen.

Answer: 26,036; 12,010

PRESSURE(x) DENSITY(Y) X*Y x2

0,2500 0,2912 0,0728 0,0625

0,5000 0,5841 0,2921 0,25
0,7500 0,8786 0,6589 0,5625
1,0000 1,1747 1,1747 1
2,5000 2,9286 2,1985 1,8750

Data:

T = 0° C + 273 = 273°k

Solution

a ∑x 2 +b∑x=∑xy

a∑x+nb=∑y

1.875 a + 2.5 b = 2.1985

2.5 a+ 4 b =2.9285

a = 1.17794
M = ₰RT/P

M=(1.17794 g/L * 0.08205 atm L / mol °k*273°k)/1atm

M ACELTYLENE = 26.036 g/mol

26.036 g/mol C 2 H 2 = M C2 + M H2

26.036 g/mol -2.026 g/ mol = 24.02 /2 =12.02 g/mol= M C2

18.- The temperature of a gas has risen from 0° to 600°C and its pressure has increased by 100%.
Compute the modification suffered by the volume in %.

Data:

Conclusion : Volume increases by 60%

19.- A 10-liter cylinder contains a gas at 20°C and 5 atm. The gas escapes at a rate of 20 ml, measured
under normal conditions, per minute. Calculate the pressure of the gas remaining in the cylinder after 10
hours, assuming that the temperature remains constant at 20°C.

Data V CYLINDER = 10 L
T= 20°C +273= 293°k

P =5 atm

V ESCAPE GAS/min = 20 ml (1L/ 1000ml) 0.02 L .... C.N.

Q=? …….10 hours……….. T = cte.

Solution:

1h……………..60 min

10am…………..x

X= 600 min

1 min …………..20 ml

600 min……… X 1

X 1 = 12000 ml (1L/1000 ml) = 12 L (Gas escape for

10h)

PV= n RT

n = PV/RT

n = (1atm* 12 L)/[(0.08205 atm L/ mol°k)*273°k)

n =0.5375 mol (Escape for 10 h)

P = n RT /V

P = (0.5375 mol*0.08205 atm l / mol °k *293 °k )/

10 L

P = 1.292 atm (pressure of the escaped gas)

P T = P ESCAPE GAS + P REMAINS IN THE CYLINDER

P REMAINS IN THE CYLINDER = P T - P ESCAPE GAS

P REMAINS IN THE CYLINDER = 5 atm – 1.292 atm = 3.71 atm

20.- Calculate the specific weight of the vapors of ethyl ether, (C2H5)2O at its boiling point of 34.6°C and
1 atm (with respect to air under the same conditions).

Data

ɣ=?

T BOILING OF ETHER = 34.6 °C * 273 = 307.6 °k

P= 1 atm

METER = 74 g/mol

Solution:
PV = n RT ₰= PM / RT

PV = (m/M)RT ₰ =( 1 atm * 74 g/ mol)/(0.08205 atm L/ mol °k

*307.6 °k)
MP =₰RT
ɣ=₰ ETHER = 2.93 g/ L

Composition of air

Nitrogen 78% M N2 = 28 g/mol * 0.78 =21.84 g/ mol

Oxygen 21% M 02 = 32g/mol *0.21= 6.72 g/mol

Carbon dioxide0 0.03% M CO2 = 44 g/mol *0.0003= 0.0132 g/mol

Argon 0.9% M Ar =40g/mol*0.009 =0.36g/mol

M AIR =21.84 g/mol + 6.72 g/mol + 0.0132 g/mol

+0.36g/mol

M AIR =28.8932 g/mol

PV = nRT ɣ=₰ AIR = 1.1448 g/ L

PV = (m/M)RT ɣ = ₰ ETHER /₰ AIR

MP =₰RT ɣ=(2.93g/ L)/( 1.1448 g/ L)

₰= PM / RT ɣ= 2.559

₰ =( 1 atm * 28.8932 g/ mol)/(0.08205 atm L/ mol

°k *307.6 °k)

21.- A volume of 500 liters under normal chlorine conditions was allowed to expand to 1000 liters.
Calculate the mass of 100 liters of the expanded gas.

Data

V Cl2 =500 L ……………….CN

X=m Cl2 = ? ……. V= 100 L

M Cl =35.45 g/ mol

Solution

PV= n RT

n = PV/RT

n = (1atm* 1000L)/(0.08205 atm L/ mol °k)*(273°k)

n Cl2 = 44.6436 mol

 n Cl2 = m/M

44.6436 mol *70.9 g/mol= m Cl2

m Cl2 = 3165.2312 g

1000 L……………….. 3165.2312g

100L…………………………………….. x

X= 316.52312 g

22.- Calculate the average density at 20°C and 1 atm of a gas mixture formed by one volume of methane
and two volumes of C2H6.

Data:

23.- At 220°C and 747 mm Hg, a mass of 1.388 g of a certain organic substance occupies a volume of 420
ml. Analysis of the substance gives the following composition by weight: C…..70.60%; H…..5.88%;
Or….23.52%. Calculate the molecular weight of the substance and its molecular formula.
Data:

24.- A cylinder of 1m3 capacity contains 2 kg of dry air at 15°C. Based on the following weight
composition of dry air: O2…… 23.5% and N2……. 76.5%, calculate:

a) The partial pressures of oxygen and nitrogen; and

b) The total pressure of the air.

Data:
25.- A cylinder of one liter capacity, containing a gas at a pressure of 5 atm, is put in communication with
another cylinder containing 10 liters of air at 1 atm and at the same temperature. Determine the
pressure of the mixture of the two gases, assuming that there is no volume contraction, nor that any
chemical reaction occurs.

Data:
P A =5atm
V A =1liter
P B =1atm
V B =10 liters
Solution
P A V A =n A RT P B V B =n B RT

nA nB

PV= nRT

n
V= 1 liter + 10 liters = 11 liters

P x (11)

Q
26.- When 6.40 g of SO 2 and 4.26 g of Cl 2 are introduced into a 3-liter flask, a partial combination occurs
between them according to

SO 2(g) + Cl 2(g)  SO 2 Cl 2(g)

And the total pressure at 463°K reaches 1.69 atm. Calculate the partial pressure of each gas in the final
mixture.

Data:

initial #moles of SO 2

initial #moles of Cl 2

V = 3L

Solution:

PV=nRT

n
Final #moles = 0.13354

0,1- α + 0,06 – α + α = 0,13354

α = 0,026459

P 1 = P SO2 = X 1.69 = 0.936 atm

P2 = P CL2 =

P SO2Cl2 =

27.- It has been found that at 55°C, a container contains a gas mixture of 1.15 moles of N 2 O 4 in
equilibrium with two moles of NO 2 . Calculate the degree of dissociation of N 2 O 4 at this temperature.

N2O4 2NO2

Data:

#initialmoles = 1.15
final #moles = 2
T = 55°C
Solution:
1,15 – α + 2 α =2
α = 2 – 1,15 = 0,85

%dis =

28.- In a 1050 ml capacity bottle, there was NO gas at 27°C and a pressure of 0.229 atm. Then 0.00413
moles of bromine vapor were introduced, partially producing the reaction: 2NO (g) + Br 2  2NOBr (g) , and
the pressure increased to 254 atm. Calculate the moles of bromine that reacted.
 2NO (g) + Br 2  2NOBr (g)

Data: 0,00977-2 α 0,00413- α 2α

V1= 1050mL=1,050L PV= nRT PV= nRT

T1= 27°C = 300.15K n= n=

PNO = 0.229atm n= 0.0097695moles n= 0.01084

n Br =0.00413mol 0,00977-2 α+0,00413- α+2 α= 0,01084

P T =0.254atm - α=- 0,00306

α=0,00306

29.- Calculate the density in g/l and under normal conditions, of a gas that diffuses through a small
opening in 10 minutes, knowing that hydrogen takes 2 minutes under the same conditions.

Data:

t 1 =10 min PV= nRT

t 2 =10 min M=

H2 = 0.0892 g/L

30.- A gas density bulb weighed 29.3215 g when empty. Filling with CO2 at 40°C and 1 atm, it weighed
30.0079g. Filling with a gas mixture of CO and CO 2 , under the same conditions, it weighed 29.9330 g.
Calculate the volumetric or molar percentage of CO in the final gas mixture.

Data:

Mb = 29.3215g m CO 2 = 30.0079g-29.3215g mCO= 30.0079g-29.9330g

M b +CO 2 = 30.0079g m CO 2 = 0.6864g m CO = 0.0749 g

M b +CO+CO 2 = 29.9330g m CO 2 = 0.6864g x

m CO 2 = 0.0749g x

total n = (0.0156+0.002679) moles

 total n = 0.018279moles

0.018279mol 100% 0.018279mol 100%

0.0156mol x 0.002679mol x

X= 85.3438% X= 14.6561%

%CO 2 = 85.34 %CO= 14.66

31.- One m3 of air at 27°C and 1 atm is compressed to a volume of 5 liters, at constant temperature.
Calculate the final pressure, using the Van Der Waals equation.

Data:

V 1 =1 m 3 =1000 L
T= 27 °C +273= 300 K
P= 1atm
V2 = 5L
Vm= (V 2 -V 1 )
Vm= (5-1000) L = 995 L
Solution:

32.- Find the volume of 64g of CH 4 gas at 200 atm and 0°C, knowing that its compressibility factor “z” is
equal to 0.79.

Data:

V=?
m CH4 = 64g
P=200 atm
T = 0 °C = 273 K
z= 0.79
Solution:

33.- At 0°C, the following measurements are available for gaseous NH 3 :

P, atm ρ g/l

1 0,77169

2/3 0,51182

1/2 0,38293

1/3 0,25461

Calculate the molecular weight of ammonia (NH 3 ) by the method of limit densities, and the atomic
weight of nitrogen knowing that the atomic weight of hydrogen is 1.008.

Solution:

Data P, atm x2

x
and

1 1 0.77169 1 0.77169

2 0.51182 0.76773

3 0.38293 0.76586

4 0.25401 0.76383
 Total: 2.5 1.92105 1.805556 3.06911

Data:

PM NH3 =?

Molecular weight of nitrogen when =?

MW of hydrogen is =1.008
34.- Knowing that the value with 5 significant figures of the constant R is 0.082056 l. [Link] -1 .degree -1
and that 1 atm is SI units equivalent to 101325 Nm -2 , calculate the value of R also with 5 significant
figures, expressed in [Link] -1 .degree-1.

Data:

Solution:

R= 8.314324 J/ mol °k