ECONOMIC SECTORS

PRIMARY SECTOR
Activities that are produced with materials obtained from living things.
They are classified in:
- AGRICULTURE 1
- LIVESTOCK FARMING 2
- FORESTRY 3
- FISHING 4

1. AGRICULTURE: ARABLE FARMING

Geographical factors:
- (montañoso) RELIEF (plano)
- CLIMATE (depends on climate)
- SOIL (depends on its nutrients)

Human factors:
- INCREASED POPULATION: more population requires greater production/more products
and arable land.
- FARMING TECHNIQUES: use or not of machinery, chemicals… (depends on the
development of the country). (But also in ecological products which are more natural).
- FINAL DESTINATION OF CROPS: agriculture changes if crops are for subsistence or trade.
(on that depends the size of the field, the type of the field). (las parcelas están separadas
porque evitan que se apropien de un cachito de tu terreno).
- (El paisaje abierto sin muros: OPENFIELD).
- (El paisaje cerrado con muros: BOCAGE).
- CULTURAL POLICIES: governments try to improve developments, but they don’t always
work.

1.2 AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES

TYPES OF SETTLEMENT:
- Concentrated rural settlement (SUR)
Todas las casas juntas y el terreno alrededor -> trabajan en conjunto.
- Scattered rural settlement (NORTE)
Casas con terreno al lado -> trabajan cada uno lo suyo.

PLOT CHARACTERISTICS:
- Size of the land:
Large holding (mismo cultivo)
Small holding (diferentes cultivos)
- Shape of the land
Regular (large)
Irregular (small)
- Boundaries:
Openfield
 Bocage

CULTIVATION SYSTEMS
- CROP DIVERSITY:
Monoculture (monocultivo).
Polyculture (policultivo).
- IRRIGATION SYSTEMS:
Irrigated (artificially)
Rainfed (naturally)
- LAND USE
Extensive (produces less but more quality)
Intensive (produces more but less quality)

1.3 AGRICULTURE TYPES

Subsistence -> For consuming
SLASH-AND-BURN SHIFTING -> cut and burn a piece of jungle so that it is fertile for a short period
of time.
EXTENSIVE DRYLAND FARMING -> they don’t need a lot of water, so I place it in a field where it
doesn’t rain a lot. (adapto el tipo de cultivo al clima).
IRRIGATED RICE FARMING -> plantaciones de arroz que tienen que estar inundadas.

Commercial -> For commercialising

EXTENSIVE CEREAL FARMING
PLANTATION AGRICULTURE (aceite de palma) -> monocultivo intensivo, zona húmeda
MEDITERRANEAN AGRICULTURE -> dedicated to different species but similar to extensive dryland

Subsistence agriculture
Uses traditional methods (no machinery), demands many workers and crops are smaller. It’s
healthier and has less environmental impact. Small percentage of global agriculture production.
SUBSISTENCE (vive de ello) SELF-COMPSUMPTION (no depende de ello, lo hace porque quiere)

Commercial agriculture
Modern agriculture is referred to highly developed use of machinery.
COMMERCIAL (se busca un mayor rendimiento):
-€
National/International markets
High-tech
Chemical products
Transgenic crops
Specialised machinery
Industrial techniques of production

ECOLOGIC (se fija más en la calidad que en la cantidad):

+€
Eco. markets
TODO LO CONTRARIO AL COMMERCIAL
Razas alóctonas (no autóctonas). No siempre tiene que ser alóctonas.

1.4 AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION IN THE WORLD

Nowadays there is less people working in agriculture, but production is higher.

2. LIVESTOCK FARMING
- Traditional livestock farming:
To feed the family.
Complement to arable farming.
Animals work the land and fertilise it.
Animals used for several products (milk, wool, meat, etc.)
Naturally feed in mountain grasslands.
In dry areas is nomadic. (sin hogar fijo)

- Commercial livestock farming:

Extensive:
-Areas with open land.
-Little specialisation (meat or milk).
-Traditional breeds.
-Naturally feed in grasslands.
-Needs labour and some capital.
-More ecologic, less production.
-It would produce enough if meat

Intensive:
-In closed farms.
-Completely specialised (never both).
-Foreign specialised breeds.
-Animals closed by thousands in farms.
-Doesn’t need labour, but huge amounts of capital.
-Tremendous ecologic impact because forces a maximized production.
-Affects animal welfare.

3. FISHING
- Small-scale traditional:
Close to the shores.
Simple fishing gear.
Production for local consumption.
Great source of employment and food.
Ecologic and respectful with nature.
In rich countries is used to catch highly valued species (almadraba, bonito con caña, etc.).
- Aquaculture:
Farming marine animal and plants.
Developed in fresh and salt water.
Facilities near the coast or in rivers.
Galicia is a great producer in the world.
It can be both very developed or traditional.
Piscifactorías, bateas…

- Commercial fishing:
Coastal:
-Small boats.
-Use nets and lines.
-Decreasing production.
-Fishing disappearing.
-Natural and ecologic.

Deep-sea:
-Fleets of large ships.
-Modern technologies.
-They exhaust fishes.
-They remain out months.
-Great impact on nature.

Large-scale:
-Ships in fleets.
-They need support ships.
-They are active in the oceans.
-They prepare fish onboard.
-Tremendous impact on nature.

4. FORESTRY
Cultivation of forests for exploiting them in a sustainable way
- Timber production:
As energy source, for construction, furniture or paper.
As energy resource is more common in undeveloped countries.
Developed countries are using it more to reduce fossil fuels.
Also, as base of construction in many areas.

- Food source and other uses:

Apart from timber forests offer food and other resources.
In less developed countries this is a basic food supply.
In developed countries forest fruits are also valued.
We obtain also other products such as resin, rubber, fibre, cork, mushrooms, etc.
It has developed its own industry.
 5. PROBLEMS OF FORESTRY AND SUSTAINABLE EXPLOITATION
- Problems:
Many forests of the world are overexploited.
The reasons are livestock and agriculture to feed animals.
Forests are also affected by foreign species.
This produces loss of biodiversity.
Plantations are not forests.
Destruction of forests produce desertification and increases climate change.

- Sustainable exploitation
To avoid all these problems we need to have a sustainable exploitation.
This means planned exploitations with totally wild areas.
Reforestation with local species.
Reducing meat consumption.
Consume local products to prevent rainforest overexploitation.
Not using exotic woods.

SECONDARY SECTOR
Mining, energy, construction and industry

1. RAW MATERIALS

1.1 MINERALS AND INDUSTRIAL ROCKS

2. PRESENT DAY SITUATION ON MINING IN SPAIN

Spain has been historically, a country with a rich mining tradition, but today mining industry has
almost completely disappeared.

This has not happened because Spanish deposits are exhausted, but because the cost is really
high. It is worthy to bring minerals from other countries rather tan produce them in here:
- It’s a dangerous work
 - It’s more expensive than before
- It is cheaper to bring minerals from other countries rather than produce them here
What minerals do we extract now?
-Gold -Quicksilver
-Silver -Lead
-Copper -Coal
-Iron -Uranium

First gold producer: CHINA

Second: AUSTRALIA
3 oil producers: PERSIAN GULF, GULF OF MÉXICO, VENEZUELA
Main mining areas of the world: RUSSIA, UNITED STATES…

3. MINING AND ITS IMPACTS

MINES -> Underground or open-cast
Scars that transform the landscape, changes in the earth, both on the surface or underground,
destruction of natural species.
FRACKING: Técnica de explotación del subsuelo para obtener gas.

4. ENERGY SOURCES
Produces: strenght, heat, light.
TYPES & CHARACTERISTICS:
Non-renewable energy sources:
- COAL:
It powered the I Industrial Rev.
It is easy to transport and use
Today we use it to produce electricity
It produces huge amounts of CO2
It is expensive to mine
Its use is in decline

- GAS:
It powered the II Industrial Rev.
It is used in chemistry, transport and electricity
It also produces a lot of CO2
It is easy but expensive to extract
It will reduce its importance significantly in the future

- OIL:
Same origin from oil
It is used for heating and electricity
It produces less CO2 than coal or oil
Its consumption is rising
 - ATOMIC (NUCLEAR) ENERGY:
Uranium is used as fuel
It is used for electricity
Nuclear energy can have terrible accidents
Managing radioactive waste is a major problem that is still not correctly solved

(al perforar un pozo de petróleo, antes de sacarlo primero sale el gas natural)
Usan combustible:
Fisión: Bombardear átomos para que se rompan y generen energía.
Fusión: En proceso de investigación. La genera el sol: debido a las altas temp. los átomos
se fusionan y generan energía.

Renewable energy sources:

- HYDROPOWER (la más antigua de las renovables):
Uses the movement of water
We need to build reservoirs
Production is non polluting
Reservoirs have huge impact on rivers

- SOLAR:
Uses sun radiation
It is non polluting
Depends on the sun radiation
Panels can be used to promote self-consumption in houses

- WIND ENERGY:
Uses the force of the wind
We need wind turbines
They have significant effect on landscapes
Depends on the existence of wind

- GEOTHERMAL:
Uses heat from the Earth
Its production is regular
It is more intense in volcanic areas

- TIDAL (marematriz):
Uses the movement of the seas
It is yet in experimentation

They should all be used to finish with fossil fuels and reduce climate change.
 Para no depender de otros países (rusia, Argelia...)
 Para reducir el impacto medioambiental
WISH -> Not depending from other countries. Produce your own energy.
REALITY -> Global dependence of oil and gas.
A países pobres en desarrollo, los exportamos y nos lo dan más barato.
OPEP: Organización de países exportadores de pétroleo.

RENEWABLE ENERGIES:
- Is not 100% predictable
- Costs of production are cheaper
- Reduces exterior dependence
- It pollutes les
- Promotes technological advances

5. NUCLEAR ENERGY
- Palomares (España, 1966). Bombas nucleares que se cayeron en el agua.
- Fukushima (Japón, 2011)
- Chernobyl (Ucrania, 1986)
- Three Mile Island (USA, 1979)

6. CONSTRUCTION IN SPAIN
Public work:
- Infrastuctures & facilities:
Hospitals, schools, motorways, railways, ports, airports, etc. for the daily activity of citizens
and financed by the State
- Facilities:
They create job opportunities for engineers, architects, etc. It is very expensive
Private work:
- Building homes:
Thanks to new young population and migration and cheap mortgages
Now it is focused in restauration and energetic improvements
- Speculation:
Rising prices led to people using homes not as a basic good but as a way to make profit, ending
in housing bubble (burbujas inmobiliarias)

7. TYPES OF INDUSTRIES
Basic industry  Intermediate goods industry  Consumer goods industry
First transformation Second transformation. Making of products
of the raw materials. Work on: machinery, electric sell directly to the
or electronic equipment and consumer.
Offers: energy or information technology.
half-finished products.

Madera Tablones Mesa de madera

8. HISTORIC EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRY

 WHEN ENERGY WORKING INDUSTRIES WHERE
SYSTEM
I INDUSTRIAL Mid Energy -Work division -Metal (steam UK in first
REVOLUTION 18th from coal (factories) engine) term and
century -Capitalism -Textile followed by
(maximum profit other
no matter what, european
and law of countries
supply and (Belgium,
demand) France,
Netherlands)

II From Energy -Mass -Cars (combustión Previous

INDUSTRIAL 1870 to from oil production and engine) countries +
REVOLUTION 1970 mass -Chemistry new
consumption -Electrical industrialized
-Fordism and -Household countries:
assembly line appliance Japan, Russia,
(línea de (electrodomésticos) USA, Italy,
montaje) Germany
Teilorismo:
amenazas o dar
premios
III Present Coal/oil -Automated -Electronic Areas with
INDUSTRIAL Nuclear (machines -Information good
REVOLUTION energy replace people) technology infrastrucures
Renewabl -Innovation -Internet and
e energies -Rapid universities
distribution
-> Desempleo

9. LOCATION AND RELOCATION OF INDUSTRY

TRADITIONAL:
Next to:
- Access to raw materials an energy sources
- Cities: as markets, places to produce and because they have transport and distribution
facilities
- Cerca de las ciudades -> fácil distribución y mano de obra barata
- Near to a port (coast) -> for distributing to other countries
- Near to mines (materials and resources) -> coal for machines
They need:
- Many unskilled workers (no hace falta formación)
- Money to build factories and buy machinery

MODERN:
Old industries:
 - Access to raw materials an energy sources
- Many unskilled workers
Modern industries:
- Highly specialised workers
- Access to universities and technology
- Access to the global markets

Original industrial areas: UK

Modern industrial areas: USA, russia, Germany, Italy, Japan
New industrial areas: Oeste USA, centro USA, guinean gulf, India, China, Australia

Cheaper production = worst working conditions

Industry = bigger profits + lesser costs

10. INDUSTRIAL CRISIS IN EUROPE

Industry in Europe has been gradually substituted by tertiary sector.
DEINDUSTRIALIZATION (Europa está perdiendo riqueza porque las empresas se van para ganar
más dinero):
- Abandonment of industrial activities.
- Restructuring those spaces in the cities and lost of jobs.
RELOCATION:
- Industries take profit of cheaper working conditions in poor countries by installing there
their factories. In this way they destroy jobs in european countries and pay less to the
workers in developing ones