POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

Polytechnic University
of Chiapas FROM
Technology for the common good

CHIAPAS
“INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND SAFETY TEST”

School Year: 2016-2017

Name of the person who prepares:

Jonathan Medina Toledo

Registration: 171164

Teacher's name:
Pedro Gerardo Trejo Flores

Subject: Industrial Safety

Place and date: Suchiapa, Chiapas on September 29,

2017
INDEX
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY...........................................................................................................1
FROM CHIAPAS..................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................3
REHEARSAL....................................................................................................................................4
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................10
BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................................11
 INTRODUCTION

In work centers, the diagnosis of the safety and hygiene conditions that prevail in them must be evaluated, as
well as establishing in writing and carrying out a safety and hygiene program at work since this will lead to
compliance and a decision. of awareness of the importance of this matter, since every company in the field of
production always has a great concern with the issue of risk.

The conditions in which we do something have a profound impact on the efficiency and speed of our activity.
Whether we study, read, change a tire or work on an assembly line, the immediate environment continues to
influence the motivation to perform the task and the skill with which we perform it.

Safety Legislation is a set of mandatory provisions that regulate the safe work of workers and companies, as
well as the appropriate environmental and health conditions in which an organization must operate to
guarantee the achievement of its objectives.
 REHEARSAL

Throughout history, man has been affected by accidents in the most diverse forms and circumstances, from
caves to modern businesses and homes today. When carrying out productive activities, the risk threatens
your health and well-being. As the performance of production activities becomes more complex, the risks for
the worker multiply and numerous accidents and illnesses have occurred.

However, despite the importance that the maintenance of healthy and safe conditions represents for man,
chronologically speaking, the recognition of these factors is a very recent fact and its evolution can be
appreciated through industrial hygiene and safety studies. .

To understand the subject of industrial hygiene and safety, it is necessary to understand the different
concepts used in it, and in such a way we apply it properly in the workplace.

Hygiene. It is the discipline that studies and determines measures to preserve and improve health, as well as
to prevent diseases.
Industrial hygiene. Set of technical knowledge dedicated to recognizing, evaluating and controlling those
environmental, psychological or tension factors that come from work and that can cause illness or
deteriorate health.
Safety at work . Set of technical knowledge and its application for the reduction, control and elimination of
accidents at work through their causes.
Security. Set of rules, works and actions, as well as the technical and legislative instruments required to
protect human life and human property from the action of destructive phenomena, both those caused by
nature and those caused by human activity.
Work accident . It is any immediate or subsequent organic injury or functional disturbance; or death that
occurs suddenly while exercising, or in connection with work, regardless of the place and time in which it
occurs.
Accident . Result of a series of previous dangerous situations that, when produced, cause negative effects
on personnel and material or production systems.
Disease . Health alteration produced by a biological agent, or some physical, chemical or environmental
factor that acts slowly, but continuously or repeatedly.
Professional illness . Pathological state that occurs due to a cause repeated over a long time, as an
obligatory consequence of the type of work that the person does or the environment in which they have
to work and that produces in the body an injury or functional disturbance, permanent or temporary, which
may be originated by chemical, physical, biological, energy or psychological agents.

Work illness . It is any pathological state derived from the continued action of a cause that has its origin or
reason at work or in the environment in which the worker is forced to provide his services.

Injury. Damage caused by a wound, blow or illness.

Risk. It is exposure to the possibility of an accident.
Health. It is a state of complete well-being: physical, mental and social and not just the consequence of
illness or disability.
Danger. Any condition from which injury or damage to property and/or the environment can be reasonably
expected and is inherent in the material causes (chemical solutions) or equipment (compressed air, die
cutters, pressure vessels, etc.), which are directly related to an unsafe condition.
Occupational risk. These are the accidents and diseases to which workers are exposed while exercising or in
connection with their work.

• INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND SAFETY LEGISLATION

In order to make decisions about safety and industrial hygiene in any production system, it is necessary to
know the laws, regulations and standards, as well as the different agencies from which they emanate and that
are responsible for regulating their proper application.

It is necessary that at least the basics of industrial hygiene and safety be known. This point is contemplated in
section “A” of article 123 of the Constitution of the United Mexican States, the Federal Labor Law in its ninth
title contemplates matters relating to legislation in relation to work risks, the IMSS laws and ISSSTE will set
the degree of risk based on preventive measures, working conditions and other insecurities of the companies.
We will analyze a little section “A” of article 123 of the Constitution of the United Mexican States:

XIV. Employers will be responsible for work accidents and occupational diseases of workers, suffered due
to or in the exercise of the profession or work they perform: therefore, employers must pay the corresponding
compensation, depending on what has resulted in the accident. death or simply temporary or permanent
inability to work, in accordance with what the laws determine. This responsibility will continue even if the
employer hires the worker through an intermediary.

XV. The employer will be obliged to observe, in accordance with the nature of his business, the legal
precepts on hygiene and safety in the facilities of his establishment, and to adopt appropriate measures to
prevent accidents in the use of machines, instruments and work materials. as well as organize this in such a
way that it is the greatest guarantee for the health and life of the workers, and the product of conception,
when it comes to pregnant women.

“The laws will contain, for this purpose, the sanctions in each precedent .” The laws regarding industrial
safety and hygiene require employers to put the inherent measures into practice. Currently these laws have
been reformed and adapted to the demands of the growing country.
The Mexican Social Security Institute is increasingly extending its action in the country, but this in no way
invalidates the provisions of the Federal Labor Law; on the contrary, the regime on professional risk
established by the same law remains in force.

Article 48 of the Social Security Law determines that it will be the institute that will determine the degree of
risk, taking into account poor preventive measures, working conditions and other characteristics that influence
the particular risk that exists in each company.

In addition, it specifies that “Employers are obliged to comply with the measures to prevent work accidents
indicated in the Federal Labor Law and its regulations.”

Insured and Beneficiary is how the applications for IMSS benefits are divided, with the insured being the
worker who pays their corresponding contributions and the beneficiary being the spouse or common-law wife
of the insured, children under 16 years of age or older if they study and of any age if they are incapacitated,
and the parents of the insured if they are financially dependent on them.

Salary or subsidy for accidents at work and occupational diseases, sickness subsidy, subsidy before and after
childbirth, pension for permanent total disability, pension for partial disability, disability pension, old-age
pension, unemployment pension are some benefits that only compete to the insured.

For the application of the benefits granted by the ISSSTE to the people who receive it, they are divided into:

Worker, which is any person who, having reached the age of 18, provides services to the aforementioned
public entities and organizations, through legal designation, as long as their salaries are contemplated in the
respective budgets.

Pensioners, which is any person to whom the Pensions Directorate recognizes such status prior to the validity
of this law and whose recognition has been sanctioned by the SHCP, as well as those who are granted such
status with the support of this law. law.

Beneficiary family members who are, for example, the wife, or partner who has lived with the worker or
pensioner for five years or with whom he or she has children; minors under 18 years of age, father and
mother of the worker or pensioner if they depend financially on him.

The general safety and hygiene regulations and standards of the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare govern
throughout the national territory and are intended to provide in the administrative sphere for compliance with
the Federal Labor Law on safety and hygiene and of this way to reduce accidents and illnesses that occur in
the workplace.

Employers or their representatives, unions holding collective contracts, workers, safety and hygiene
commissions, those in charge of safety, safety supervisors and company doctors, where applicable, are
obliged to take care of strict observance of this regulation in their respective workplaces.

The most common instrument for controlling environmental pollution in Mexico and in most countries has
been the establishment and application of standards and punishments (command and control), almost from
the beginning of the implementation of its environmental policies. It is a direct regulation instrument with
greater application than other indirect regulation instruments (taxes, subsidies, tradable permits, preferential
credits, persuasion of voluntary programs, etc.). The greater diffusion of standards is attributed to the greater
complexity of the other instruments, to various adverse indirect effects of these on the economy.

The workers of our country, as well as those of other countries, were exposed to circumstances of
occupational risk and abandonment by employers who had no interest in the safety of the workers. These
situations led them to take the initiative to carry out actions that would reduce the risks to which they were
exposed. With an absence of protection for workers, as well as a safety and hygiene plan in factory
workshops and warehouses; Employers were seen as the only ones responsible for accidents that arose as a
result of not applying adequate standards to avoid occupational risks.

For this reason, several national and international organizations and institutions were created, such as the
Ministry of the Interior , whose functions are to lead and implement civil protection policies and programs.
propose policies and strategies for the development of internal, special and regional civil protection programs,
and implement and, where appropriate, operate detection, monitoring, forecasting and warning systems
networks.
Another example of this is the Ministry of Health and its functions are to put into practice measures aimed at
preserving the health and life of rural and urban workers and industrial hygiene, issuing standards for the
protection of health in the work, establish criteria for the use and management of substances, machinery,
equipment and devices, in order to reduce the health risks of occupationally exposed personnel and
determine the maximum permissible limits of exposure of a worker to contaminants.

• STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

Now we will analyze the different types of accidents, the causes that cause them, as well as the degree of
damage or injury, their consequences and costs that arise. Through training, campaigns, videos and
protective equipment required according to the activities, accidents within the company will be greatly
reduced.

In order to make decisions inherent to industrial safety, it is necessary to analyze the activities that may cause
accidents and that can be eliminated with adequate maintenance and precise signs in the highest risk areas.
Provoking a safe place for the worker.

Let's analyze some concepts:

Accident. It is the eventual, unexpected, unwanted and generally unpleasant event that interrupts the normal
cycle of a production process.

The situation of potential danger secretly engenders the possibility of an accident, which can trigger others or
produce one. The accident can cause injuries and damage.

Damage. It is the damage caused to the physical resources of the manufacturing process (materials,
machinery, tools, etc.).

Injury. It is the damage caused to human resources (physical integrity of workers).

The consequences of accidents are important, but they can only be eliminated if we know the causes. It is
basic to look for the facts and not the consequences. That is, all accidents must be carefully analyzed and not
only take into account their results, these are divided into direct or proximate causes, which depend on the
work environment or where the accident occurred and the intrinsic biological conditions of the accident.
accident itself and remote or indirect causes, which are impossible to predict or determine.

The classification of accidents is the form of contact of the injured person with an object, substance, exposure
or movement that immediately causes the injury such as blow against, blow by, caught or caught by in or
between something, fall, overexertion, contact with external temperature, inhalation or absorption that
produces asphyxiation or poisoning.

Every incident or accident has as a consequence a series of repercussions that are grouped into three
aspects:

1) Human aspect: The injury suffered by the worker is considered, his inability to work and, if the
accident is very serious, death, the cost of which is the replacement, time lost in preparing, the
 demoralization caused in the group, etc.

2) Economic aspect: All the worker's expenses and the decrease in their purchasing power are
mentioned, costs for the company, covered by the worker's pay, the Social Security premium, plus
indirect costs .

3) Social aspect: It is the consequence of the two previous points.

In some disabilities such as temporary disability, permanent partial disability, permanent total disability, death,
the accident is not foreseeable but preventable and can be mild or serious, that is, how unable the staff is to
perform their job.

Once the existing risks in a plant or company have been defined and the way to protect against them, it is
necessary to make them known to those who will be exposed.

Training for accident prevention must indicate as basic criteria that the reduction of accidents must be a
consequence of the effort of each and every person, and involves two phases:

1. The worker must learn to behave and carry out his work in a safe way.

2. He must be encouraged to put his knowledge into practice.

To prevent accidents, it is necessary to train the personnel who work in the company, aimed at anticipating
dangers during work. It is necessary that the individual be instructed and trained to carry out a task or job
properly with professionalism, so that accidents do not occur and when they do occur, they know how to act.
As the opinion gained ground that when it comes to accidents the best thing is to prevent them, more and
more people and industries understood that training in safety promotion should begin in the individual's life
itself (childhood, school, university and business). ), where they acquire the skills and abilities to perform
adequately in a task or task. Campaigns are very useful for organizations, because they raise awareness
among staff to prevent accidents; They must be constant in companies and must promote the contribution of
ideas about safety by the worker, since they are in direct contact with the cases. Campaigns can be through
talks, conferences and propaganda, including contests on security.

Security begins at the top of the company and extends from there to all the rest. In the company everyone
must know that the boss is not only interested in the progress of production, in quality and quantity, in
preventing waste of raw materials and energy and in the good conservation of machines and tools, but also in
the security.

It is essential that management consider the safety program as part of the company's overall plan and pay it
the same attention as the quality control program.

• STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE

Health is the balance that must exist between man, his environment and the agents existing in it, and is not
only defined as the absence of diseases but as the most complete state of physical, mental and social well-
being.
Due to the above, it is necessary to know about the polluting agents derived from the progress of work, the
conditions in which the activities are carried out and the environment in which the workers work, with "agent"
being understood as an entity that in certain circumstances can be capable of producing progressive damage
to the workers' body.

Some basic concepts of industrial hygiene are:

“The science and art dedicated to the prevention, recognition, evaluation and control of environmental factors
that arise in the workplace and that can cause illness, deterioration of health and marked disability and
inefficiency among workers and members of the community” (Manual of fundamentals of industrial hygiene,
Inter-American Safety Council, cited by Hernández, Malfevón and Fernández in Safety and industrial hygiene,
page 12).

“It is the rational and inventive application of techniques that aim to recognize, evaluate and control those
environmental factors that originate in the workplace, which can cause illness, damage to health and
discomfort among workers or members of the workplace. of a community” (Industrial Safety and Hygiene;
cited by the aforementioned authors).

“Pathological state that occurs due to a cause repeated over a long time, as an obligatory consequence of the
type of work that the person performs, or the environment in which they have to work and that produces an
injury or functional disturbance, permanent or temporary, in the body, It can be caused by chemical, physical,
biological, energy or psychological agents” (Arias Galicia Fernando, Human Resources Administration, p.
355).

Industrial safety and hygiene is a multidisciplinary science that is related to others and the technological
development has been so much that the application of different knowledge as work tools is required; among
others we have ergonomics, ecology, administration, law, biology, physics, mathematics, psychology,
statistics, sociology, etc.

The factors or agents are multiple, but in general, they can be divided into three groups:

1. According to the agent or cause, emanating from the work process.

2. According to the factors related to the conditions under which the individual carries out his
activities.

3. Those that derive from the environment in which the worker is located.

The respiratory tract, the digestive tract, and the cutaneous route (skin) are the most common routes through
which chemical and biological agents enter the body.

It is essential that the personnel department provide, in one form or another, the services or advice of a doctor
with specialized knowledge in the matter.

Occupational medicine predicts, diagnoses and treats occupational diseases and common diseases that
occur at work. In occupational accidents and diseases, the environment and the person must be considered,
because they have abilities and defects, predispositions and resistances that are inherited or acquired. We
have to contemplate the working man (worker or employee) in his behavior determined by the work, by the
purpose and the norm received, it also depends on his will conditioned by his physiological state and the
direct and indirect motivation he has towards security. Occupational medicine seeks to achieve knowledge
that can be used to achieve the worker's well-being at work, having adequate temperature and humidity,
reducing industrial noise and vibrations, etc.

Its objective is to create a better workplace (safe and comfortable) so that there is a better relationship
between company and worker, reflected in increased productivity, increasing health, preserving life and
integrity, and resulting in economic benefits for the company. worker and his family.

CONCLUSION

All of the above will help us as students, professionals and future managers of the different areas of the
company, to value the staff more, to understand that the most important thing is their safety and health, that
the life of the individual is priceless and that any The investment made to take care of it will pay dividends in
the long run, because we will have a company concerned about the most valuable resource that it has in its
structure, which at the same time is the most complex, but will be of great importance for it, when it realizes
the care from those responsible for the different areas and will put on the company's shirt, resulting in an
increase in productivity.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arias Galicia Fernando, Human resources administration, Mexico, Trillas, 1990.

Hernández, Malfavon and Fernández, Safety and industrial hygiene, Mexico, Noriega-Limusa, 1997.

Letayt Jorge and Carlos González, Safety, hygiene and environmental control, Mexico, McGraw Hill, 1998.

Ramírez Barrera Mario F., Manual of supervision techniques in production, Mexico, Limusa, 1986.

ILO, Accident prevention. Manual of worker education, Mexico, Alfa Omega, 1998.

Ramírez Cavaza César, Course for production supervisors, Mexico, Limusa, 1986.

Reyes Ponce Agustín, Personnel Administration (Part One), Mexico, Limusa-Noriega, 1990.

Salgado Benítez Josué, Thesis: The administration of human resources and the main activities of the
personnel department in modern companies, Mexico, 1986.

General Regulations for Safety and Hygiene at Work and Instructions, STPS , IMSS, 1998.

Federal Labor Law, STPS, 1998.

Guides for joint safety and hygiene committees in workplaces. STPS, Sedesol, IMSS, 1998.