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34 views14 pagesClassical Physics - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Classical physics includes the study of mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, and other fields. It is sufficient to explain many phenomena at the macroscopic level but cannot adequately describe systems at the atomic or molecular level, where quantum physics is required. Classical physics is based on principles such as determinism and the objectivity of physical properties, unlike quantum mechanics.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
34 views14 pagesClassical Physics - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Classical physics includes the study of mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, and other fields. It is sufficient to explain many phenomena at the macroscopic level but cannot adequately describe systems at the atomic or molecular level, where quantum physics is required. Classical physics is based on principles such as determinism and the objectivity of physical properties, unlike quantum mechanics.
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/ 14
WIKIPEDIA
classical physics
classical physics
Classical physics is sufficiently adequate to solve most
human technical problems, as well as to explain the
general structure of the solar system and the universe.
However, it offers partial and unsatisfactory answers to
certain
cosmological problems .
Classical physics is called physics based
on the principles prior to the appearance of
quantum mechanics . It includes the study of
mechanics , thermodynamics ,
electromagnetism , optics , acoustics , fluid
dynamics , among others. Classical physics
is considered deterministic (although not
necessarily computable or computationally
predictable), in the sense that the state of a
closed system in the future depends
exclusively on the state of the system at the
current moment.
The noun phrase "classical physics" is
sometimes reserved for prerelativistic
physics. However, from a theoretical point of
view, the theory of relativity introduces less
radical assumptions than those underlying
quantum theory. For this reason it is
convenient from a methodological point of
view to consider non-quantum physical
theories together. [1]
Classification
The study of classical physics includes:
■ Classical Mechanics : [2]
• Newton's laws of motion .
• The classical Lagrangian and
Hamiltonian formalisms.
• The mechanics of continuum media
including the mechanics of
deformable solids and fluid
mechanics .
■ Classical thermodynamics .
■ Classical field theory
• Classical Electrodynamics (
Maxwell's equations ).
• General Theory of Relativity . [3]
■ • Theory of Special Relativity .
■ Classical Chaos Theory and general
nonlinear dynamics.
Planck 's constant does not appear in the
mathematical equations of classical physics.
Basic assumptions
Although classical mechanics and relativistic
mechanics differ in some aspects, they still
share some basic assumptions that are not
applicable to quantum mechanics : [4]
■ Objectivity of physical magnitudes ,
according to which magnitudes such as
position, linear momentum , velocity ,
angular momentum , etc. They preexist
independently of the observer and for
each instant of time they have a well-
defined value (although not necessarily
the same for all observers). This contrasts
with some interpretations of quantum
mechanics that reject objectivity as
defined here.
■ Determinism of the temporal evolution of
the system, which implies that the values
of the physical magnitudes of the system
satisfy well-defined differential equations ,
in such a way that once the initial values
are known, the value of said magnitudes
in the future can be predicted from the
differential equations. This also contrasts
with quantum mechanics which grants a
role to non-deterministic evolution: after a
measurement there is a collapse of the
wave function towards a state compatible
with the measurement in a non-
deterministic manner, although in this
process the probabilities of the possible
Final states are fixed, the specific state
that will be reached is not.
In quantum mechanics, some results
suggest that the result of an unrealized
measurement does not exist until the
moment of realization, so it does not seem
that we can talk about some
measurable properties as pre-existing things
regardless of the measurement process. On
the other hand, although the wave function
of quantum mechanics can evolve
deterministically according to a deterministic
equation (such as the Schrödinger equation,
see postulate V of quantum mechanics),
when a measurement is made it is accepted
that said process is intrinsically random (see
postulate IV ). [3]
Validity limit
Representation of a helium atom , classical physics
cannot adequately explain the existence of stable
atoms, according to its predictions the "orbiting"
electrons should collapse on the nucleus after a short
period.
In the vast majority of practical applications
of the macroscopic world there are no
restrictions on the application of classical
physics and its principles, since there are
very few systems that really require a
quantum treatment or
relativistic. However, when dealing with
isolated atoms or molecules , the laws of
classical physics do not correctly describe
those systems. Even the classical theory of
electromagnetic radiation is somewhat
limited in its ability to provide correct
descriptions, since light is inherently a
quantum phenomenon. Unlike quantum
physics, classical physics is generally
characterized by a principle of complete
determinism .
The current main paradigm of physics is that
the fundamental laws of nature are the laws
of physics
Quantum and classical theory is the
application of quantum laws to the
macroscopic world. Although this theory is
currently more assumed than proven, one of
the most active fields of research is the
classical- quantum correspondence . This
field of research focuses on discovering how
the laws of quantum physics produce
classical physics at the edge of the
macroscopic world.
References
1. Weidner & Sells (1968). Elementary
Modern Physics. Preface. p. iii.
2. Morin, David (2008). Introduction to
Classical Mechanics. New York: Cambridge
University Press.ISBN 9780521876223 .
3. Albert Einstein (2004) [1920]. Barnes &
Noble, ed. Relativity (Robert W. Lawson,
trans.). NY.ISBN 9780760759219 .
4. Barut, Asim O. (1980) [1964]. Introduction
to Classical Mechanics. New York: Dover
Publications .ISBN 9780486640389 .
Bibliography
■ Feynman, Richard (1996). Six Easy
Pieces . Perseus Publishing. ISBN 0-201
40825-2 .
■ Feynman, Richard; Phillips, Richard
(1998). Six Easy Pieces . Perseus
Publishing.ISBN 0-201-32841-0 .
■ Feynman, Richard (1999). Lectures on
Physics . Perseus Publishing. ISBN 0
7382-0092-1 .
■ Landau, L. D.; Lifshitz, E. M. (1972).
Mechanics and Electrodynamics 1 .
Franklin Book Company, Inc. ISBN 0-08-
016739 -X .
■ Kleppner, D.; Kolenkow, R. J. (1973). ,
McGraw-Hill, ed. An Introduction to
Mechanics.ISBN 0-07-035048-5 .
■ Gerald Jay Sussman; Jack Wisdom
(2001).MIT Press , ed. Structure and
Interpretation of Classical Mechanics.
ISBN 978-0-262-01945-3 .
■ Herbert Goldstein , Charles P. Poole,
John L. Safko. Addison Wesley, ed.
Classical Mechanics (3rd ed.). ISBN 0
201-65702-3 .
■ Robert Martin Eisberg (1961). John Wiley
& Sons, ed. Fundamentals of Modern
Physics.
■ M. Alonso, J. Finn. Addison-Wesley, ed.
"Fundamental university physics" .
■ José David Guardo Arevalo. Rafael Pérez
Pérez, ed. "Physical Encyclopedia" .
external links
■ FISICA.RU: Space, time, matter and
vacuum
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