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CLASS 9th NOTES
CHEMSITRY
ATOMS AND MOLECULES
PRASHANT KIRAD
PRASHANT KIRAD
Atoms and molecules
Laws of Chemical combination
Law of Conservation of Mass - Mass can neither be created nor be
destroyed.
Law of Constant properties - In an chemical substance. the
elements are always present in definite proportions by mass.
Dalton‘s atomic theory
Atomos are:
Tiny particle
Indivisible
Identical mass and chemical properties
Different mass and chemical properties
Combine in the same ratio
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What is atom?
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The smallest particle of an element.
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Each atom shows all the properties of the element.
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Atomic radius is measured in nanometers.
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1/10 = 1 nm
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1m = 10 nm
IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) approves
names of elements, symbols, and units.
For example - Hydrogen(H), Aluminum(Al), Sodium(Na), etc.
Some elements have symbols according to the first letter of the name
and a letter appearing later in the name. E.g., Chlorine (Cl), Zinc(Zn), etc.
Other symbols have been taken from the names of elements in Latin,
German or Greek. E.g., Symbol of Iron is Fe from it Latin name Ferrum
and symbol of potassium is K from Kalium.
PRASHANT KIRAD
Atomic mass
Mass of an atom equals to 1/12 of mass of C-12 atom.
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How do Atoms exist?
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Atoms form of most elements is not able to exist independently.
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Atoms form molecules and ions.
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What is a molecule?
Group of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together, that
is tightly held together by attractive forces.
E.g., A molecule of oxygen consists of two atoms of oxygen and hence it
is known as a diatomic molecule, O2 .
The number of atoms constituting a molecule is known as its atomicity.
Helium is monoatomic, Ozone(O3 )is triatomic, Phosphorus (P4 ) is
tetratomic.
Molecules of compounds
Atoms of different elements join together in definite proportions to
form molecules of compounds.
PRASHANT KIRAD
Combining
Compound Ratio by mass
elements
Water (H2O) Hydrogen, Oxygen 1:8
Ammonia (NH3) Nitrogen, Oxygen 14:3
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon, Oxygen 3:8
What is an ion?
Compounds composed of metals and non-metals contain charged species.
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The charged species are of two types:
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Anion - Negatively charged ion
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Cation - Positively charged ion
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PRASHANT KIRAD
Chemical formulae
Symbolic representation of the composition of a compound.
Characteristics of chemical formulae:
The valencies or charges on ion must balance.
When a compound is formed of metal and non-metal, symbol of
metals comes first. E.g., CaO, NaCl, CuO.
When polyatomic ions are used, the ions are enclosed in brackets
before writing to show that ratio. E.g., Ca(OH) 2, (NH 4) 2SO 4
Examples:
H 2S 1 or H2S (Hydrogensulphide)
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C2O4 or CO2 (Carbon dioxide)
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PRASHANT KIRAD
Chemical formulae
For ions:
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Molecular mass
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The sum of atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of that
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substance. E.g., Molecular mass of H2O = 2 x Atomic mass of Hydrogen
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+ 1 x Atomic mass of Oxygen.
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Formal unit mass
The sum of the atomic mass of ions and atoms present in formula for a
compound.
In NaCl, N = 23 amu, Cl = 35.5 amu
So, Formal unit mass = 1 x 23 + 1 x 35.5 = 59.5 u
Molar mass
The molar mass of a substance is the mass of 1 mole of that
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substance. It is equal to the 6.022 x 10 atoms of that
element/substance.
E.g., Atomic mass of hydrogen is 1 and its molar mass is 1 g/mol
PRASHANT KIRAD
Mole concept
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A group of 6.022 x 10 particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) of a
substance is called a mole of that substance.
Important formulae
i. Number of moles (n) = Given mass/Molar mass = m/M
ii. Number of moles (n) = Given number of particles/Avogadro’s
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number = N/No
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iii. Percentage of any atom in given compound =
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(Mass of element x 100)/Mass of compound
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