http://www.areatecnologia.

com/HERR
AMIENTAS.htm
MECHANICAL TOOLS

A tool is an object or utensil that is made with the mission of facilitating man's work in
mechanical tasks. With tools man performs work that would otherwise be would have that
spend a lot further force for do it.

There are many types of tools: power tools , mechanical tools, measuring and checking tools,
layout tools, holding tools, etc. Let's try to explain the tools
mechanical.

In the definition of this type of tools we find varied definitions that are not the same. There is a
lot of trouble classifying them, so we are going to try to define them in several ways and then
settle on what we believe is the most appropriate.

Manual mechanical tools are those that only use the worker's hand (human muscle power) to
use them, without the help of any type of external energy (electricity, air, etc.). Examples of this
type of manual mechanical tools are the screwdriver, a hammer, a key of
tube, a lime, etc

Let's see an image with the tool and its name:

Tool Names

MECHANICAL HAND TOOLS

Sergeant Bench Vise or Jaw Stepdaug Sheet Metal

hter Scissors

We also have other mechanical tools that use an external energy source, such as compressed air
or electricity (for example in a pneumatic or electric screwdriver).
Types of Mechanical Tools
In some tool books it is explained that there are only these two types of tools.

Manual mechanical tool that uses human muscle force for its use.

Non-manual mechanical tool that uses an external power source for use.

But if we stick to a second definition in which mechanical tools are considered those tools that
are mainly used in mechanical work , we can conclude that the best way to explain this type
of tools would be by classifying them into the 2 previous types.

I think that in this way we can cover all the other definitions and it is a correct way to define
them through their classification.

MECHANICAL HAND TOOLS

Here we find many tools. Due to the large number of them, we are only going to deal with the
most important ones. In the image above you can see all the ones that we are going to explain
here.

- Bench vise : It is fixed to the work table. The way you hold the pieces in it is very easy and
comfortable. (If you are holding soft pieces, it is preferable to place some pieces of cardboard or
wood to avoid leaving marks from the screw claws).

- Jaws or Clamps : They are normally used to hold pieces that are going to be drilled.

- Clamps : They are used to hold small pieces or for pieces that do not fit in the jaw when
drilling.

- Pliers : These are tools used to hold small parts when they are to be bent, cut, soldered, etc.
There are many types of pliers. There are flat, round and universal tips. The type of pliers
depends on the use we are going to give it.

- Scissors : It is a tool that consists of two blades and that, through their action, allows the
tearing or cutting of the material. With this way of cutting, no chips are released. There are
several types of scissors depending on the material to be cut.

- Sheet metal cutting scissors : Special for metal sheets. If the sheet is very thick, it can be
supported on the table or in the vise.

- The Caliper : Measuring instrument for making relatively small measurements, from
centimeters to fractions of millimeters. Here you can use an online gauge .

- The Micrometer or Palmer : High precision measuring instrument, capable of measuring

hundredths of millimeters, or what is the same microns, hence its name Micrometer. To learn
more visit the following link: Micrometer .

- Polymeter or Multimeter . It is used to carry out electrical measurements. More at this link:
Polymeter .

- Cutting pliers : They have the same function as scissors but are usually used to cut wire,
cables, etc.

- Chisel : It is a very fine horizontal cutting and edge tool that is used to make holes in wood.

- Gouge : It is a chisel but with a curved and hollowed blade. It is used to make holes in the
wood with different shapes.

- Files : Files are tools whose purpose is to abrade and polish metals.

- Rasp : Special file for filing only wood.

- Auger : Used only to make small holes in wood.

- Berbiquí : It is also used only for wood, but allows larger holes to be made. You need special
drill bits.

- Hammer : Used to hit and thereby transmit force to another element or tool. Also to modify
shapes of materials . The Nail One is used to remove nails.

- Maces : These are hammers with heads made of wood, nylon, rubber, etc. They are used to
hit soft materials that can leave marks. They are often used to strike other tools and to shape
sheet metal.

- Saws and hand saws for cutting . There are different sizes and number of teeth, for soft,
hard or green woods. Saws perform the same function but are thin blades mounted on arches of
different shapes.

- Wrenches : Used to tighten or loosen nuts and bolts. They indicate a number that means the
length of the corresponding nut in millimeters. Fixed, two-headed flat wrenches : Used for
hexagonal or square head screws and nuts. Each open-end wrench has only two nut tightening
sizes, one on each end. Tube : These are used for hexagonal nuts and are used when they are
inaccessible to other wrenches. Star : Used when the screws or nuts only allow a small
movement. Allen : For screws with an internal hexagonal head.

- Adjustable wrenches : With fixed wrenches you need its corresponding fixed wrench for each
size of screw, on the contrary, an adjustable wrench can be used with various sizes of nut.
NON-HAND MECHANICAL TOOLS

Here we also find many types, but all of them have the characteristic of using air or electricity for
their use. To study this type it is better that you see this link Power Tools . On that page you
have almost everything you need to know, but due to its importance here we are going to leave
3 of this type.

- Lathe : It is a machine tool that is used to construct parts of revolution, both exterior and
interior, cones, cylinders, etc. To learn more about the lathe we leave you the following link:
Lathe .

- Milling machine : It is a machine tool that is used for the construction of parts, with which
you can make slots, moldings, gears, etc. To learn more: Milling machine .

- Sander can be belt, orbital, plate and roller. There is a great variety and sizes.

- Hydraulic Jacks is a multifunctional hydraulic tool powered by hydraulic systems that fulfills
the function of lifting heavy weights. They also serve to restore (stretch) certain automotive
elements.

- The Drill tool for making holes using drill bits. If you are interested we recommend you go to
El Taladro

We have looked for the precision mechanical tool case with a quality/price ratio and best valued
by Amazon buyers and here you have it for about €13: Precision Mechanical
Toolshttp://www.amazon.es/gp/product/B009O4V37M/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?
ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creative=24790&creativeASIN=B009O4V37M&linkCode=as2&tag=httpwwwjuga08-
21

Now it would be good for you to play the Identify Mechanics Tools Game to see what you have
learned:

ELECTRIC TOOLS
We are going to learn what power tools are, the most used, the types there are and their
safety and hygiene standards. But first...

What Are the Tools?

Tools are instruments that serve to facilitate man's work in mechanical tasks. They
improve people's quality of life since they facilitate the work they do. needs
true force.

We have countless tools, but since the discovery of electricity , man has tried to apply it
to the use of tools. The great advance was the application of electric motors to move
tools, thus building what is called machine tool . The machine makes all the force that
the tool needs for its use, through the movement of the motor, and the man only has the
function of controlling it.

What are Power Tools?

Electric tools are those that require electricity to operate. They should really be called
machine tools , since they are tools that, when applied with a motor, become
machines. They normally depend on a motor, but this motor can be electric, pneumatic
or hydraulic, but whatever the motor is, it is set in motion thanks to electricity.
Many power tools have several working speeds thanks to the fact that their motors have
a speed regulator , which can be electric or a simple speed-reducing gear wheel
mechanism, as in the electric column drill , or sanders.

Also the rotational movement of the motor can be converted into a different one, for
example rectilinear, thanks to the coupling between the motor and the tool of a
movement transformation mechanism . We can attach a crankshaft-connecting rod
to convert circular movement into rectilinear movement, for example an electric
hammer, and many other mechanisms depending on the movement we want to achieve
at the output.

What are the Most Common Power Tools?

Well, the most used are electric screwdrivers, drills, sanders, strippers (to heat and
remove paint), milling machines, staplers, electric saws and electric hammers. As we can
see, to use all these tools without electricity we would need to spend a lot of energy,
which now, thanks to these electric tools, is no longer necessary.
Let's explain some of the most essential and used ones (below you can see an image of
each of them).

Cordless Drill : It is used to make holes and also has no cables since it works with a
battery. Of course, we will have to recharge the battery every time it runs out. If we
attach a screwdriver instead of a drill bit, they can also be used to screw in and/or loosen
screws .

Reciprocating saw or jigsaw : used for cutting and depending on the cutting saw we
use, it can cut wood, metal or even rocks. We can make straight and curved cuts. The
mechanism produces a back-and-forth movement in the blade that causes it to cut.
There are some (most) that include a pendulum movement of the blade. The jigsaw or
jigsaw is a popular tool used by many window installers, construction workers and
emergency rescue services.

Oscillating Tool or Multi-tool : Today the oscillating multi-tool is one of the most
versatile power tools. It has interchangeable accessories for sanding, cutting, scraping,
grinding and polishing. Plus, it can cut through virtually any building material, including
wood, metal, plaster, cement, mortar, plastic, and fiberglass, to name a few.

Circular Saw : is a machine for longitudinally or transversely sawing wood, metal,

plastic or other materials. It is equipped with an electric motor that rotates a circular
blade at high speed. Using a suitable blade (in terms of hardness and the shape of its
teeth), a portable circular saw can cut a wide variety of materials.
 ELECTRICAL HAND TOOLS

Cordless drill Keyhole saw

We have found on Amazon a pack of 4 power tools highly rated by users and with a very
good quality/price ratio (about €75): Mannesmann - M17975 - Tool case, 75 pieces with
cordless screwdriver

Safety and Hygiene in Power Tools

- The first rule is not to use any tool that we do not know how to handle.

- Since most machines are rotating, be careful with loose clothing and hair, danger of
snagging.

- Always connect the tools to the voltage of use.

- Inspect the cable before each use for wear or damage anywhere. In this case, do not
use the tool until it is repaired.

- Keep power cords away from heat, water, oil, sharp edges, and moving parts.

- Wear protective glasses when there is a risk of flying chips of wood, metal or any other
material.
- Use each tool only for its intended use.

- During maintenance work, changing accessories and cleaning, always have the tool
disconnected from the electrical network.

- Never remove the protections that come with the tools.

- If the tool gets hot, disconnect it to let it cool.

- If a tool is defective, remove it from service and clearly label it "out of service for
repair."

- Make sure tools are grounded using a three-prong plug.

- If it is a cordless tool, recharge its battery only with a charger that is specifically
designed for the tool's battery.

- Remove any adjustment wrench before turning on the tool, for example the spanner
on the drill.

- Use clamps, a vice, or other devices to hold and support the workpiece, when practical
to do so. This will allow you to use both hands for better control of the tool and will help
prevent injuries from poor posture.

- Pull on the plug, not the cord, when disconnecting the tool.

- Make sure accessories such as drill bits, blades, etc., are kept sharp and clean.

- Do not leave a tool running unattended. Do not leave it until it has been disabled, has
stopped working completely, and has been unplugged.

- Do not use the tool in an area containing explosive vapors or gases.

- Do not clean tools with flammable or toxic solvents.

- Do not surprise, disturb or touch anyone who is working with a power tool, this could
cause an accident or injury.

- Always pay attention to Safety Signs

Here we leave you a link so that you know better how to handle the tools and their
safety and hygiene standards: The Tools

In this video we see how with the same electric machine we can get many different
electric tools:
 SAFETY SIGNS
We live surrounded by signs of very different types, but on this occasion, we are going to
study the signs that are used in workplaces. They are signs to prevent accidents and
work correctly.

What are Safety Signs?

Safety Signs, according to the Ministry of Labor, are signs that, referring to a specific
object, activity or situation, provide an indication or an obligation related to safety or
health at work through a sign in the form of a panel, a color, a light or acoustic signal, a
verbal communication or a gestural signal, as appropriate.

There are four types: Obligation, Danger, Assistance and Prohibition. They are
mandatory in workplaces . Then we will see one by one.

TYPES OF SAFETY SIGNS

OBLIGATION PROHIBITION

USEOBLIGAT
ORY
MOSCO

DANGER HELP

Safety signs, also called Safety Signs , play a vital role in communicating safety
information. They can minimize the risk of an accident occurring in a workplace and are
an easy and universally understandable way to get your message across to everyone.
However, employers must provide information to employees about the meaning and
requirements of all signs used in the workplace.

Before looking at them one by one, let's see where they should be placed.

Placement and Scope of Application of Safety Signs

You have to take into account when they should be used and where they should be
placed.

- If the signs are posted at the entrance to a building or work room, they must be
complied with from the moment the room or building is entered.
- If we find them on a machine, we must comply with what the signs tell us for the use
of that specific machine.

Now, let's look at each type.

TYPES OF SAFETY SIGNS

As we already said, there are four different types: Obligation, Danger, Assistance and
Prohibition. Let's see what it indicates, and what shape and colors each type has.

SIGNS OF OBLIGATION

They indicate the obligation to use adequate protection to avoid accidents.

They have a circular shape, a blue background and white drawings. They can have the
Also white border. Let's look at some examples:
 PROHIBITION SIGNS

Prevent certain activities that endanger the health of oneself or others

workers. In short, they are Prohibiting signs. They are circular in shape, bottom
White color, red border and black drawing.

PROHIBITION SIGNS

Do not
extinguish
with water
6
Pedestrians
are
prohibited

No smoking • Do not Entry prohibited

lighting fire touch to unauthorized
persons

Prohibited to Non-
handling vehicles potable
water

DANGER or WARNING SIGNS

They warn of possible dangers that may arise from the use of some material or
tool. They are triangular in shape, with a yellow background, black border and drawing.
 HELP SIGNS

They help and provide information about emergency equipment . Are

rectangular or square, green background and white border and drawing. I also know
They can call for rescue or help.

These signs can have a light warning or you can even make a
 verbal communication when necessary.

LIGHT AND ACOUSTIC SIGNALS

Light signaling also includes those elements that, due to their location, dimensions and
other particularities, must be appropriately marked, even if they are located in areas with
sufficient general lighting or at night. There are others that, due to their danger and/or
the difficult visual appreciation of the risk, such as the case of High Voltage electrical
conductors, need to have light indicators that allow the identification of the risk.

Acoustic signaling is based on the emission of sound stimuli that are received instantly. It
can cover large areas and affect a large population that receives them at once. Acoustic
signaling is especially indicated for the case in which the recipient cannot perceive optical
or visual signaling.

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Verbal communication has a double purpose: on the one hand, it guides maneuvers in
positions where it is necessary for one worker to direct the activity of another due to the
second's little or no visibility, as long as the noise in the work environment allows it. and,
on the other hand, as a complement to acoustic signaling, to give greater emphasis to
the message that is to be transmitted, such as in emergency situations.

As a summary we have :

- Red as a prohibition color.

- Yellow as the color of prudence.

- Green for positive actions.

- Blue for mandatory actions.

- Discs or Circles are used for prohibitions or instructions.

- Triangles are used for warnings.

- Squares and Rectangles are used for emergency and information signage.

Well now it's your turn. Would you be able to know the rules that must be met to enter
the work in the following image?

Now we leave you a poster published by the Ministry of Labor.

SAFETY AND HEALTH SIGNAGE AT
WORK

Sen «let of fire fighting When your upibuglnidu omyilarmnta IM tohdles

Warning signs equipment CM intonmaclon vievtta, us vótulus debarn

AAAAAA
adjust a colom • lot of U tohal i U iuv
qorsapandnn

> wtias Htncn subt tandi fiya

> iutav black sutir tomdw amaiillo

• white lotras iahre loM» wur

A//A/AA
, knit tlancas sahvu funula anid

H3EG
AAAAAA
Prohibition signs
mUT
rescue or distress signals
PREVENTIVE ACTIONS
BASICS

I Identify and evaluate risks

: Apply appropriate measures for
elimination, mitigation and risk

9666
control.
3 Breathe in linden as a complement measure | RWM as a
substitute measure,
• Sorocomanmooihe tamah I ww

0(6(
owluawluas

ta IM nbatm • w crafty
• Marominkas • W •i apkok

□ BH
OIMENSIGNESDEUNASEHIL
Obligation signs FOR DISTANCES LESS

(0G6((
THAN 30m
YO*

2000

i • Sinnthon o »cahal on WJS ouaqrada

L» OutadaMflhtadmaauqapuoontuintr uxhu(UNEtott-1)0
Complementary signal
permanent risk

k\\V lite cartol mcog9

oxolusively
IM sohales in panel
Finally we leave it to you in the form of a presentation, in case you like it better.

Drill Definition
The Drill is a rotating tool to which an element is attached to which it rotates and does the work.

The drill is the machine that moves the element that actually does the work. For
example, it will move a drill bit to make holes and if we attach a disc or wire brush, it
will sand or roughen the piece on which it is used .

It is not only used to make holes, although that is its main use, it is also used for other jobs, as
we will see later, depending on the tool that we attach to it.

It is considered a machine tool precisely because the tool that will do the work when it rotates
must be attached to it.

As a tool, certain Safety and Hygiene Rules must be followed when used and it is important to
follow them to avoid accidents, which is why we will also dedicate a section to this.
We will also see that there are several different types of drills, depending on the energy used to
make it spin, its mechanism and its sizes.

Parts of a Drill
We will start by looking at an image to know the most important parts of a drill (in the
accessories part you can see more parts):

Drill Bit Holder and Nozzle Key.

Let's see how to use the drill. It is a very easy-to-use tool. With the cable disconnected, loosen
the drill bit holder with the socket wrench and insert the drill bit or accessory to be used. Next we
tighten it and connect the drill. We press the hammer and the drill will begin to rotate. Normally
they have a speed regulator, if so, regulate the rotation speed depending on the material to be
drilled, first a low speed is used to start the hole and then it is raised and kept constant during
the drilling process. Hold the piece to be drilled well and then proceed to drill, always following
the safety and hygiene rules explained below.

Types of Drills
Depending on its energy we have:

- Manual : The rotation of the drill is done manually. They are usually called Berbiquís or
manual chest drill.

- Electric : The rotation of the drill is done by means of an electric motor . In this case they can
be portable if they have a battery and do not need cables, or by cable if it needs to be plugged
into the electrical current (plug).

- Pneumatic or hydraulic : Rotation is produced by compressed air or water.

- Internal Combustion Engine : They use a gasoline or diesel engine to rotate (they are the
least used). They are only used in places where there is no possibility of electrical current.

Basically these are the types of drills depending on the energy that makes them rotate. Now we
will see those that depend on the mechanism.

- Hammer Drill : Used to drill very hard surfaces (tiles, bricks, etc.). The drill bit has a rotating
and at the same time reciprocating movement. When they have a lot of power they are called
Percussion Hammers and are used for concrete, stone and extremely hard materials. Most drills
have the ability to enable or disable reciprocating motion.

- Electronic : Allows you to regulate the rotation speed using the trigger.

- Reversible : It can rotate in both directions. They are very useful used as screwdrivers for
tightening and loosening.

Finally, depending on the size we have:

- Mini drill : They are very small and highly precise portable drills. They can be used with one
hand and are very suitable for hard-to-reach places. They do not usually have very great power.

- Column drill : It is a fixed drill in a vertical position held by a column (hence its name) and
has a base where the piece to be drilled rests. As they are fixed, they are highly precise drills.

Here you have an image with the main types of drills:

 2.- berbiquí

8. column drill

3.- manual drill

9.- mini drill

4. manual chest drill

We have looked for the best drill with quality/price ratio and best rated by Amazon buyers and
here you have it for about €44: Bosch Drill

Drill Accessories

Drill Bits : These are the best-known elements of drills. They are used to make holes in different
surfaces. We have 3 basic types:

- Wood Drill Bits: These are the softest and are used to drill wood and very soft materials. They
have a scriber tip that protrudes from the tip of the drill bit.
- Wall Drill Bit: They are of intermediate hardness and are used for walls. It is usually good to
use them with a hammer. They are distinguished by having a red tip and very wide.
- Metal Drill Bit: These are the hardest and are used for metals and are distinguished from
wood drills because they do not have a tracer tip.
- Hole Saw: It is a special type of drill bit that is used to make large holes.
 When using the drill bits, you can adjust the element that comes with the drill (depth stop) so
as not to make the hole deeper than necessary.

To screw : Screwdriver bits are used and placed in the drill bit holder. If the drill can rotate in
two directions, it can also be used to unscrew.
Milling : milling is removing chips to shape the piece. There are many types of cutters
depending on the shape we want to give to the piece. Here we leave you some:

Sand, brush or polish : We have grouped them because the basis is the same, removing part
of the piece by rotating the disc. The hardness of the disc will depend on whether it is for
brushing, sanding or polishing. For these jobs it is better to use a low speed on the drill so as to
never overdo it when sanding.
Pump : Drills as rotating machines that can be used as a water pump. There are accessories to
use them as water pumps. In the image we see one of them:
Safety and Hygiene Rules with the Drill

The greatest danger of the drill is due to its rotation and the chips that the pieces release when
drilling or sanding them. That is why here we leave some basic rules that must be taken into
account when using the drill:

- When you have short hair, it is necessary to tie it up to avoid the danger of getting caught in
the rotating part of the
drill.
- Fasten loose clothing so that it does not get caught in the rotating part.
- Wear protective glasses to avoid the danger of flying chips into your eyes.
- Always tighten the drill bits or other elements that we have to hold in the drill chuck with the
drill.
unplugged.
- Be careful to remove the nozzle wrench before connecting the drill. It can fly away and hit us.
- Always use the type of accessory appropriate for the work to be done.
- Hold the piece to be drilled well, if necessary use clamps for fastening.
- To make holes with the hole saw, it is recommended to use gloves to avoid cutting yourself.
- Avoid touching the drill bit or the drilled area as soon as the hole is made because you can get
burned by the heat.

Important information when buying a drill :

Power: Normally expressed in w (watt). Recommended minimum of 500w.

Rotation speed : expressed in rpm (revolutions or turns per minute). It is recommended with
speed regulator.

Striker : It is important that it has a striker if we want to use it for hard surfaces.
Corded or cordless : keep in mind that the battery life of portable drills has a limited life.
Drill Brands :

Here we leave you some of the best drill brands:

BLACK & DECKER

BOSCH
MAKITA
TRUPER
MILWAUKEE
DEWALT
PRETUL
SKILL

HOW THEY ARE MADE

TOOLS
Hand tools are mainly made up of two parts, one where it is governed and held with the hand
called the handle, and the other is the tool or part where the different jobs are carried out.

Let's not forget that since the Paleolithic, man made his own tools, in this case made of stone
and wood with which he helped himself to cut and nail. These techniques have evolved so much
that manufacturing processes are almost automatically mechanized as we will see in the video.

The tools are also increasingly complex (let's imagine a column drill ) and that is why even
though the process is mechanized, the hand of man is necessary, now almost exclusively for the
union of the different pieces and whenever machines cannot do it.

With this video you will learn how the most common tools are made and each of their parts.

WATCH VIDEO “THIS IS HOW TOOLS ARE MADE”

 NUTS AND BOLTS

Nuts and bolts are fasteners used to join parts together either permanently or
temporarily . Most structures have their pieces joined together using screws and nuts, which is
why they are vitally important elements within technology. The great advantage of using this
union system is that the union can be removable at any time.

For example, the Eiffel Tower in Paris was originally a temporary structure and after twenty years
it was to be dismantled. For this reason most steel components were bolted together. However,
the tower has lasted more than a hundred years. Much of the structure of the Empire State
Building in the US also has its elements bolted together. But nuts and screws can also be used
to fix small structures, such as furniture.

There are many types of nuts and screws but we are going to explain how they are classified and
how to choose the right one in a simple way. Remember, where there is a nut there is a
screw for the union.
What is a Screw?
The screw is a metal fastening element used to join pieces of wood, metal or other types of
materials, which consists of a spirally threaded cylindrical rod that fits inside the material to be
joined by threading in a similar way.

Parts of a Screw

PARTS OF A SCREW

THREA
D

HEAD crest

fillet
or
hile
depth or
root
NECK
He went from
the thread
Screw Head : The head of the screw is the top, and is usually wider than the rest of the screw
body. The head allows you to hold the screw or give it a rotating movement with the help of
appropriate tools, such as a screwdriver. Screw heads come in many shapes, but the most
common are 3: hexagonal, rounded, cylindrical and countersunk or flat. In the following image
you can see several types of different screw heads:

TYPES OF SCREW HEADS

Flat head Cylindrical head Drop head Slotted or segmented hexagonal head

Phillips head Hex head Square head (internal) (intem)

Neck or Shank : it is the bottom part of the head and is unthreaded. Its length is very variable
depending on the screw. This part will be outside the part to be joined.

Thread : It is the helical nerve that extends around your body. This part where the nut is
screwed. The pitch of the thread or nut is the distance measured, parallel to the axis,
between two consecutive threads or threads . It is represented by P. Important to know the
type of screws are the previous parameters and the types of threads. Types of Threads
According to their shape :
TYPES OF THREADS

Thread shape Figure applications

unified
Ag. General use.

Metrics General use.

Square

Mom ideal for power transmission

Acme Stronger than square thread

■ y'y'

P>
Sawtooth
Designed to handle heavy forces in
one direction (e.g. truck intake).

rounded crystal
Whitworth thread, standardized in France under the
name gas passage, is the oldest known thread form.

This thread is especially used for gas conduction

pipes, central heating pipes and pipes to house
electrical conductors.

Depending on the width of the stretch marks

roiz arredordodo / :

Coarse Pitch Threads : As the name indicates, the pitch, that is, the width of each spline, is
wide. Therefore, this type of thread does not have great precision in terms of the union. They are
used for normal jobs that require firmness but not such a tight connection.

Fine Pitch Threads : they generate greater firmness in the joint, and are used especially in
mechanics, in the automotive and vehicle industries in general.
Extra Fine Pitch Threads : These are used when greater precision is required, such as in the
case of elements that must be joined to thin walls.

Eight Thread Threads : They are so called because their pitch consists of eight grooves per
inch; These threads are indicated for water pipes and other fluids. The characteristics of its
surface allow greater resistance to pressure and prevent gas and liquid leaks.

Normally fine pitch screws are called NFT and coarse thread screws are called NC .

According to your step :

- Metric thread : Standardized and most used family of thread pitches. Great tensile
strength, due to the large angle of the thread. All magnitudes are measured in millimeters. Its
nomenclature is M10 , where M means it is metric and the number is the thickness of the
threaded area (diameter of the hole), in millimeters. If it has a second number, for example M
10 x 0.75, this second number is the pitch of the thread, also in mm. We may even find that it
has another number: M10 x 1.25 × 25. The last number (25) will be the length of the thread.

- Whitworth thread : Triangular profile thread whose measurements are given in inches.

- Sellers thread : 1/4 inch diameter, 20 threads per inch with 60º cut, coarse unified pitch,
American type. Its use in the automotive world appears very widespread, being called, in some
cases, American thread.

- American or SAE Thread : The United States has its own thread system, which is also used
extensively in Canada and most other countries around the world.

- UNF thread : Fine unified thread used for liquid conduits.

Types of Screws
Normally, combining the previous characteristics we have the type of screw.

An example: Hexagon screw M20 x 2 x 60 x To DIN 960.mg 8.8

- Denomination or name: Hexagonal Screw

- Thread Designation: M20 x 2 (20mm thread diameter and 2mm thread pitch)
- Stem length: 60mm
- To: Plate-shaped projecting heads
- Standard that specifies the shape and characteristics of the screw: DIN 960
- mg: Execution and precision of measurements
- 8.8: resistance class or mechanical characteristics.

When choosing a screw, the following parameters are very important:

Then we will have to choose the type of screw head, the type of thread and the screw material.
Regarding the materials, they can be:

- Stainless steel screws are used for assemblies that require high moisture resistance.

- On the outside it is also recommended to use stainless steel screws.

- Cr3 chrome steel screws are less polluting than conventional screws, which are dichromated
or Cr6, toxic to the environment.

- Brass-plated steel screws can be left visible because they are more decorative.

- Of plastic. Commonly used for plumbing work because they do not rust.

- Brass. They are widely used for woodworking and decorative assemblies.

For example, for wooden joints, the flat head is usually used, since the head is flush with the
piece to be joined. However, those with round heads put more pressure on the pieces to be
joined.

What is a Nut?
The nut is the piece that is threaded into the thread of the screw to hold or adjust the piece we
want to join. It has a circular hole in the middle carved in a helical-spiral shape that fits the
screw thread. Its external shape may be different for each thread, but the most used are
hexagonal with 6 sides and square with 4 sides. Below you have an image with all the types of
nuts. Sometimes a washer can be added
 so that the union closes better and is more fixed. When the nut is attached to the screw we
achieve fixation of the element we want to join. This joint is called a threaded joint .

By threading (tightening) the nut through the thread of the screw we hold the elements to be
joined, when we want to undo the union we will only have to unscrew (loosen) the nut.

Important: The nut must always match the characteristics of the screw to which it is going to be
adjusted.

The diameter of the nut must match the diameter of the screw (or the metric), but they must
also match the type of thread we saw previously and the pitch.

How do we choose the Nut?

The type of thread we use always depends on the screw we are going to use. The way to identify
the thread is the same as for the M 20 x 2 screws, meaning that it is a metric 2 nut (20mm
diameter) and pitch 2 (2mm pitch). This thread will only be used to screw into M 20 x 2 screws.
Types of Nuts
TYPES OF NUTS

Square

- Hexagonal : they have 6 hexagonal-shaped faces and are the most used.

- Square : it has 4 square-shaped faces.

- Blind nut : This is a variant in which only one plane has an entry hole and no exit hole.
Normally its use is decorative. It can be hexagonal, square or butterfly but blind.

- Nut with pressure washer or flange : This nut is an evolution of the hexagonal nut,
incorporating a fixed washer in one of its horizontal planes, which is provided with grooves that
prevent involuntary loosening with respect to the screw.

- Self-locking or safety nut : This type of nut is very widespread in the

mechanical industry, since it has the particularity of incorporating a nylon ring in one of its
horizontal planes, the function of which is to lock the screw, so that the joint does not loosen in
vibration situations.

- Wing nut : It is possibly one of the best known due to its shape, and its use is linked to the
need for quick tightening and loosening, since it is usually done by hand.

- Crested Nut : Also known as castle nut, this name is given because its shape resembles a
medieval castle. The outer face is made up of a series of radial notches. The castellated nut has a
design to be able to place an anti-rotation locking pin to prevent the mechanism from loosening
during operation. It is very common to use it to anchor transmission shafts.

- Screw-in head : For nuts that are screwed on by hand.

- Slotted Nut : Once placed, its slots grip the material to prevent rotation or twisting of the
nut. The result is a highly secure and resistant threading solution.

Tightening wrenches are hand tools used to tighten screwed elements using screws or nuts.
They have to have the same shape as the head of the nut. In industries and for large
productions, these wrenches are replaced by pneumatic guns or portable electric screwdrivers.

History of Nuts and Bolts

The history of screws is very old. Archimedes (287 BC-212 BC) developed the screw principle and
used it to build devices for raising water. However, there are indications that the water screw
may have originated in Egypt before Archimedes. It was built from wood and was used for
irrigating the land and removing water from ships.

However, many consider that the screw thread was invented around 400 BC by the Greek
philosopher Archytas of Taranto, who has often been called the founder of mechanics and
considered a contemporary of Plato.

Johann Gutenberg uses screws in the fixings of his printing machines. The trend to use screws
gained momentum with their use spreading to items such as watches and armor in the
Renaissance.

Since there were no opportunities for mechanical manufacturing, the tools had to be made
separately for each particular case. The construction of the screw thread depended on the eye
and skill of the craftsman.

What most researchers on this topic agree is that it was the industrial revolution that accelerated
the development of the nut and bolt and put them firmly on the map as an important component
in the world of engineering and manufacturing. construction.

With the beginning of industrialization in the 19th century, mass production of

screws.

From that time on, the shape of the screws and nuts became more precise as their reproduction
multiplied.
In 1841, the British engineer Joseph Whitworth defined the thread that bears his name. In 1864,
William Sellers did the same in the United States. This situation lasted until 1946, when the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defined the metric thread system, currently
adopted in practically all countries.

SEE VIDEO NUTS AND SCREWS:

TURNSTILE

We are going to explain in a clear and simple way what a lathe is, turning, its parts, operation
and operations with the lathe.

What is a Lathe?
Turning is removing part of a part using a blade or other cutting tool to shape (mold) it .

The lathe is a machine tool that performs rapid turning of revolution parts of metal, wood
and plastic. It is also used on many occasions to polish pieces.

Parts of revolution: cylinders, cones and propellers.

Polish: Smooth a piece to make it smooth and shiny.

Turning is possibly the first machining operation (shaping a part) that gave rise to a machine
tool.

Apart from turning, the lathe can be used for grooving (making slots in pieces), cutting, sanding
and polishing. Then we will see the most common jobs with the lathe.

How does a Lathe shape? Turning

Starting from a piece called "base", parts are removed with the blade from the base piece until it
has the shape we want.

The main movement in turning is rotation and is carried by the piece we are going to shape.
The advance movements of the blade and penetration (putting the blade on the piece to cut it)
are generally rectilinear and are the movements carried out by the cutting tool.
 Turning movement Turned part

Blade Advance
Cuchi
ila.
Shaving
s

Blade Penetration
In summary we have 3 basic movements :

Rotational movement : The piece is placed on an axis that makes it rotate on itself.

Feeding Movement : The blade advances parallel to the piece in a straight movement.

Penetration Movement : The blade penetrates against the piece, cutting part of it, forming
chips.

Control of these 3 movements is essential to shape the piece without errors.

Pieces can be turned in many shapes, with thread, gears, concave, convex, etc.:
Turning is usually done in metal, wood or plastic parts.

Lathe Parts

TOOL TOWER

Main Carriage Crank Transverse Advance Crank

The basic parts of a lathe are:

- Bench : it is its structure and is usually a large cast iron body. It serves as a support and
guide for the other parts of the lathe.

- Main axis and plate : the piece is placed on this axis so that it rotates. At one end it has a
pointed shaft that is mobile, called a tailstock, to hold the piece at one point, at the other end the
piece is held with a plate. The plate can be changed using the spindle. The lathe has several
plates for holding the piece to be machined and which will make it rotate around an axis. The
piece is held at one end by the plate and at the other by the tip of the tailstock. The piece is
placed on the platen and the tailstock is moved until it tightens the piece.

The movement of cutting and linear pieces is done using carriages.

- Tool Carriage : These are the carriages that allow the cutting tool to be moved. There are 3
different cars:

Longitudinal or Main Carriage : this moves along the bed either to the left or to the right. It
produces the forward movement of the piece , moving manually or automatically parallel to
the axis of the lathe. It moves along the bench, on which it rests. The cross carriage is mounted
on this carriage.

Transverse Carriage : moves forward or backward perpendicular to the main carriage. It is

used to give depth . It moves perpendicular to the axis of the lathe manually, by turning the
cross feed crank or by engaging the automatic cross feed lever. The orientable cart or auxiliary
cart is mounted on this cart.

Auxiliary Cart or Tool Holder : it is a 360° rotating base and is mainly used to make tapers or
penetrate the tool at a certain angle . The auxiliary carriage can only be moved manually by
turning the screw crank to advance it. The burin or cutting tool is held in the tool holder turret
that is located on the auxiliary carriage. The Tool Holder Turret, located on the auxiliary
carriage, allows several tools to be mounted in the same turning operation and rotated to
determine the angle of incidence on the material.

- The entire set of carts rests on a cast iron box called Apron or Tool Cart , which is intended
to contain inside the devices that transmit the movements to the carts.

- Norton box : used to adjust the speed revolutions using levers that activate a set of gears
found inside the box.

Lathe Operation
A base material is attached to the lathe chuck (between the main shaft and the chuck).

The lathe is turned on and the chuck is rotated.

The carriages where the blade is located are moved to the base material.

With the auxiliary carriage, the blade is moved to create the desired shape on the base piece.
Then we will see the shapes or operations that can be done with the lathe.

To better see how a lathe works, watch the video below.

The speed at which the workpiece rotates on the lathe is an important factor and can influence
production volume and cutting tool life.
A very low speed on the lathe will cause loss of time; too high a speed will cause the tool to
become dull very quickly and time will be lost in re-sharpening. Therefore, the correct speed and
feed are important depending on the material of the part and the type of cutting tool used.

Today the most modern lathes are called CNC or numerical control lathes . These lathes use
software or computer program with alphanumeric data according to the XYZ axis and which is
capable of controlling all the movements of the lathe to create the part defined by the
program . The built-in computer controls speeds and positions.

Lathe Operations

There are several operations that can be performed with a lathe. In the following image you can
see the most important ones:

LATHE OPERATIONS

Displacem Turning Contours Shapes

ent chamfered
Conical

Parting Boring
Threadin
g Knurling

Cylinder : Make a smaller cylinder starting from a larger one (base cylinder).

Conical Turning : Shape cones or truncated cones.

Contours : Shape a part of the base cylinder.

Shapes : Make different shapes on the base cylinder.

Chamfering : making a chamfer, or in other words, a cut or recess on an edge of a solid body.

Cutting : Cutting the piece once finished.

Threaded :. Make threads for nuts and bolts .

Boring : Enlarging a hole.

Drilling : Making holes.

Knurling : Making an engraving on the piece. The piece with which it is made is called a
"moleta" which has on its surface the shape of the engraving that we want to make on the piece.

Facing : Decrease the length of the piece.

Watch video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtH8Qd17FW0

Safety Rules in Work with the Lathe

All operators using the lathe must be constantly aware of the safety risks associated with its use
and must know all safety precautions to avoid accidents and injuries.

Carelessness and ignorance are two great threats to personal safety. Other hazards may be
mechanically related to lathe work, such as maintenance and proper machine setup. Some
important safety precautions to follow when using lathes are:

- Correct attire is important, remove rings and watches and roll your sleeves above your elbows.

- Always stop the lathe before making adjustments.

- Do not change the spindle speed until the lathe comes to a complete stop.

- Keep blades sharp and handle with care.

- Remove the keys from the chuck before operating.

- Always wear eye protection (goggles).

- Handle heavy chucks with care and protect the rails with a block of wood if necessary.

- Learn where the emergency stop button is before operating the lathe.

- Use pliers or a brush to remove chips, never your hands.

- Never lean on the lathe.

- Never place tools directly on the lathe.

- Never try to measure work while the lathe is turning.

- Protects lathe paths when grinding or cleaning.

- Use two coats when sanding the workpiece. Do not wrap sandpaper or cloth around the
workpiece.