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Exceptions in C++

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Exceptions in C++

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Aqsa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Exceptions in C++

An exception is a problem that arises during the execution of a program. A C++ exception is a
response to an exceptional circumstance that arises while a program is running, such as an
attempt to divide by zero.
Exceptions provide a way to transfer control from one part of a program to another. C++
exception handling is built upon three keywords: try, catch, and throw.
throw − A program throws an exception when a problem shows up. This is done using a throw keyword.

catch − A program catches an exception with an exception handler at the place in a program where you
want to handle the problem. The catch keyword indicates the catching of an exception.

try − A try block identifies a block of code for which particular exceptions will be activated. It's followed
by one or more catch blocks.

Assuming a block will raise an exception, a method catches an exception using a combination of the try
and catch keywords. A try/catch block is placed around the code that might generate an exception. Code
within a try/catch block is referred to as protected code, and the syntax for using try/catch as follows −
try {
// protected code
} catch( ExceptionName e1 ) {
// catch block
} catch( ExceptionName e2 ) {
// catch block
} catch( ExceptionName eN ) {
// catch block
}
You can list down multiple catch statements to catch different type of exceptions in case your try
block raises more than one exception in different situations.
Throwing Exceptions
Exceptions can be thrown anywhere within a code block using throw statement. The operand of
the throw statement determines a type for the exception and can be any expression and the
type of the result of the expression determines the type of exception thrown.
Following is an example of throwing an exception when dividing by zero condition occurs −
double division(int a, int b) {
if( b == 0 ) {
throw "Division by zero condition!";
}
return (a/b);
}
Catching Exceptions
The catch block following the try block catches any exception. You can specify what type of
exception you want to catch and this is determined by the exception declaration that appears in
parentheses following the keyword catch.
try {
// protected code
} catch( ExceptionName e ) {
// code to handle ExceptionName exception
}

Above code will catch an exception of ExceptionName type. If you want to specify that a catch block
should handle any type of exception that is thrown in a try block, you must put an ellipsis, ..., between the
parentheses enclosing the exception declaration as follows −
try {
// protected code
} catch(...) {
// code to handle any exception
}
The following is an example, which throws a division by zero exception and we catch it in catch
block.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

double division(int a, int b) {


if( b == 0 ) {
throw "Division by zero condition!";
}
return (a/b);
}
int main () {
int x = 50;
int y = 0;
double z = 0;

try {
z = division(x, y);
cout << z << endl;
} catch (const char* msg) {
cerr << msg << endl;
}
return 0;
}
Because we are raising an exception of type const char*, so while catching this exception, we have to use
const char* in catch block. If we compile and run above code, this would produce the following result −
Division by zero condition!
C++ Standard Exceptions
C++ provides a list of standard exceptions defined in <exception> which we can use in our programs.
These are arranged in a parent-child class hierarchy shown below −
C++ Exceptions Hierarchy

Here is the small description of each exception mentioned in the above hierarchy −
Define New Exceptions
You can define your own exceptions by inheriting and overriding exception class functionality. Following
is the example, which shows how you can use std::exception class to implement your own exception in
standard way −

This would produce the following result −


MyException caught
C++ Exception

Here, what() is a public method provided by exception class and it has been overridden by all
the child exception classes. This returns the cause of an exception.

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