CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS TESTING

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF
ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF MINING GEOLOGY AND
METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Construction Materials Test

STUDENT : NUÑEZ-MELGAR LEON PABLO S.

BNNHGNHNHJMNHYJMHJMHJ 20132127B

TEACHER : Eng. LOBATO FLORES, Arturo Leoncio

COURSE : Engineering and Materials Sciences

(Me211)

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 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS TESTING

INTRODUCTION

A construction material is a raw material or more frequently a manufactured

product, used in the construction of buildings or civil engineering works.

Since the beginning, human beings have modified their environment to adapt it
to their needs. To do this, it has made use of all types of natural materials that,
with the passage of time and the development of technology, have been
transformed into different products through manufacturing processes of
increasing sophistication. Unprocessed natural materials (clay, sand, marble)
are usually called raw materials, while products made from them (brick, glass,
tile) are called building materials.

In this report we will discuss construction materials, their production, cement,

their properties, their manufacturing and their different types of uses in the field
of construction.

The manufacture of a mixture with its different proportions to be used in water,

fine sand or coarse crushed stone and additives. All these materials are of great
importance in construction since at this time we are experiencing the
construction boom that is at its peak.

Construction, like any activity carried out by human beings, depends for its
sustenance and development on the elements provided by Nature. Man
throughout time and with experience in the construction process, has managed
to select the materials that are abundant in his environment and that are
suitable for construction.

GOALS

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 Learn about construction materials and their uses in different fields of

work

 Know exactly the compression test that will give us information about
how much a structure can resist.

 Learn to use the correct proportions in the preparation of concrete to fill a

given area

 •Associate each material with the use given in each of the contractive
processes and identify its characteristics.

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS TESTING

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION

A construction material is a raw material or more frequently a manufactured

product , used in the construction of buildings or civil engineering works.

Characteristics

Construction materials are used in large quantities, so they must come from
abundant and low-cost raw materials. Therefore, most construction materials
are made from widely available materials such as sand, clay or stone.

Furthermore, it is advisable that the required manufacturing processes consume

little energy and are not excessively elaborate. This is why glass is considerably
more expensive than brick , both coming from such common raw materials as
sand and clay, respectively.

Construction materials have the common characteristic of being durable.

Depending on their use, they must also satisfy other requirements such as
hardness, mechanical resistance, fire resistance, or ease of cleaning. As a
general rule, no construction material simultaneously meets all the required
needs: the discipline of construction It is responsible for combining the materials
to adequately satisfy these needs.

Material properties

In order to properly use and combine construction materials, designers must

know their properties. Manufacturers must guarantee minimum requirements for
their products, which are detailed in specification sheets. Among the different
properties of the materials that are found:

 Density: relationship between mass and volume

 Hygroscopicity: ability to absorb water
 Expansion coefficient: size variation as a function of temperature
 Thermal conductivity: the ease with which a material allows heat to
pass through
 Mechanical resistance: ability of materials to withstand stress
 Elasticity: ability to recover the original shape when the effort
disappears
 Plasticity: permanent deformation of the material under a load or
stress
 Stiffness: the resistance of a material to deformation

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Construction materials

Material properties

In order to properly use and combine construction materials, designers must

know their properties. Manufacturers must guarantee minimum requirements for
their products, which are detailed in specification sheets. Among the different
properties of materials are:

 Density: relationship between mass and volume

 Hygroscopicity: ability to absorb water

 Expansion coefficient: size variation as a function of temperature

 Thermal conductivity : ease with which a material allows heat to pass

through

 Mechanical resistance: ability of materials to withstand stress

 Elasticity: ability to recover the original shape when the effort disappears

 Plasticity: permanent deformation of the material under a load or stress

 Stiffness : the resistance of a material to deformation

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GUYS:

Depending on the raw material used for their manufacture, construction

materials can be classified into various groups:

Sand:

Sand is used as part of mortars and concrete . The main component of sand is
silica or silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ). From this chemical compound you obtain:

 Glass , transparent material obtained from melted silica.

 Fiberglass , used as thermal insulation or as a structural component ( GRC
, GRP )
 Cellular glass , a glass with bubbles used as an insulator.

Clay:

Clay is chemically similar to sand: it contains, in addition to silicon dioxide,

aluminum oxides and water. Its granulometry is much finer, and when wet it has
a plastic consistency. Clay mixed with dust and other elements from the soil
itself forms mud , a material that is used in various ways:

 Mud , compacted "in situ" produces rammed earth

 Cob , a mixture of mud, sand, and straw that is applied by hand to
build walls.
 Adobe , mud bricks, or mud and straw, dried in the sun.
 When clay is heated to high temperatures (900ºC or more), 2 This
hardens, creating ceramic materials:
 Brick , orthohedron that makes up the majority of walls and walls .
 Tile , ceramic piece intended to channel rainwater to the outside of
buildings.
 Stoneware , very hard, used in flooring and wall coverings . In small
format it is called gresite
 Tile , glazed ceramic, with multiple applications as a coating.
 From a very fine type of clay called bentonite you obtain:
 Bentonite mud , very fluid substance used to contain soil and
trenches during foundation work

Stone:

The stone can be used directly untreated, or as raw material to create other
materials. Among the types of stone most used in construction, the following
stand out:

 Granite , traditionally used in all types of walls and buildings, is currently

used mainly in floors (in the form of slabs ), cladding and countertops. This

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stone is usually made of: Cobblestone , stone brick with which some roads
are paved.
 Marble , a stone highly appreciated for its aesthetics, is used in coverings.
In the form of slab or tile .
 Slate , alternative to tile in traditional construction. Also used in floors.
 Limestone , a stone more used in the past than today, for walls and walls.
 Sandstone , stone composed of cemented sand, has been a popular
building material since ancient times.

The stone in the form of rounded pebbles is used as a protective finish on some
flat roofs , and as pavement outdoors. It is also a constituent part of concrete

Gravel , usually boulders.

By pulverizing and treating different types of stone, the raw material is obtained
to manufacture practically all of the binders used in construction:

 Lime , Calcium oxide (CaO) used as a binder in mortars , or as a

protective finish.
 Gypsum , semihydrated calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 · 1/2 H 2 O), forms the trim and
plasters . Plaster , high purity plaster used in false ceilings and
moldings .

 Cement , product of the calcination of limestone and other oxides.

Cement is used as a binder in various types of materials:

 Terrazzo , usually in the form of tiles, uses marble stones as aggregate.

 Artificial stone , prefabricated pieces with cement and various types of
stone.

 Fiber cement , sheet formed by cement and pressed fibers. Formerly

asbestos , currently fiberglass .

Cement mixed with sand forms mortar: a paste used to fix all types of materials
(bricks, tiles, etc.), and also as a covering material ( plastering ) when plaster
and lime are not suitable, such as outdoors, or when high resistance or
hardness is required.

Mortar

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Single-layer mortar , a prefabricated mortar, colored en masse using additives.

Cement mixed with sand and gravel forms: Concrete, which can be used alone or
reinforced .

 Concrete, used only as filler.

 Reinforced concrete , the most used system to erect structures
 GRC , a fine aggregate concrete reinforced with fiberglass
 Concrete block , similar to a large brick, but made of concrete.

Plaster is also combined with cardboard to form a very popular construction

material in current construction, frequently used in the production of partitions :

Plasterboard , popularly called Pladur due to assimilation with its main

distribution company, is also known as Gypsum Panel.

Metallic

The most used are iron and aluminum. The first is alloyed with carbon to form:

 Steel , used for structures, either alone or with concrete, then forming
reinforced concrete .
o Metallic profiles

o Round

o Stainless steel

o corten steel

Other metals used in construction:

 Aluminum , in carpentry and solar panels .

 Zinc , in covers.
 Titanium , stainless coating of recent appearance.
 Copper , mainly in electricity and plumbing installations .
 Lead , in old plumbing installations. The law requires its removal, as it is
harmful to health.

Organic

Fundamentally wood and its derivatives, although other organic plant elements
are also used or have been used, such as straw , bamboo , cork , linen , textile
elements or even animal skins.

 Wood
 plywood

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 OSB
 Chipboard
 cement wood
 Linoleum sheet flooring created with linseed oil and wood flour or cork
on a fabric base.
 Guadua

Cement

Cement is a binder formed from a mixture of calcined and subsequently ground

limestone and clay , which has the property of hardening upon contact with
water. Up to this point the grinding between these rocks is called clinker, this
becomes cement when gypsum is added, this gives the property to this mixture
so that it can set and harden. Mixed with stone aggregates ( gravel and sand )
and water, it creates a uniform, malleable and plastic mixture that sets and
hardens, acquiring a stone consistency, called concrete (in Spain, part of South
America and the Hispanic Caribbean) or concrete (in Mexico and part of South
America). Its use is very widespread in construction and civil engineering .

Types of cement

Two basic types of cement can be established:

1. of clay origin: obtained from clay and limestone in a proportion of

approximately 1 to 4;
2. of pozzolanic origin: the pozzolana in cement can be of organic or
volcanic element origin , different in its composition, in its resistance and
durability properties, and therefore in its destinations and uses.

From a chemical point of view, it is generally a mixture of silicates and calcium

aluminates, obtained through the firing of limestone, clay and sand. The
material obtained, ground very finely, once mixed with water, progressively
hydrates and solidifies. Since the chemical composition of cements is complex,
specific terminologies are used to define the compositions.

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portland cement

The cement base most used as a binder for the preparation of concrete is
Portland cement, a product obtained by pulverizing Portland clinker with the
addition of one or more forms of gypsum ( calcium sulfate ). The addition of
other products is allowed as long as their inclusion does not affect the
properties of the resulting cement.

All additional products must be pulverized together with the clinker. When
Portland cement is mixed with water, a product with plastic characteristics with
adhesive properties is obtained that solidifies in a few hours and progressively
hardens over a period of several weeks until acquiring its characteristic
resistance . The solidification process is due to a chemical process called
mineral hydration .

By adding particular materials to the cement (calcareous or lime), plastic

cement is obtained, which sets more quickly and is more easily workable. This
material is used in particular for the external cladding of buildings.

Normative

The quality of Portland cement must be in accordance with ASTM C 150. In

Europe it must be in accordance with the EN 197-1 standard. In Spain, cement
is regulated by the Instruction for receiving cement RC-08, approved by Royal
Decree 956/2008 of June 6.

Special portland cements

Special Portland cements are cements that are obtained in the same way as
Portland cement, but that have different characteristics due to variations in the
percentage of the components that form it.

Portland ferrous

Microscopic image of ferrous Portland cement.

Portland ferrous is characterized by a flux modulus of 0.64. This means that this
cement is very rich in iron. In fact, it is obtained by introducing pyrite ash or
powdered iron minerals. This type of composition therefore entails, in addition to
a greater presence of Fe 2 O 3 (ferrous oxide), a lower presence of 3CaOAl 2 O 3
whose hydration is what develops the most heat. For this reason these cements

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are particularly appropriate for use in hot climates. The best ferric cements are
those that have a low calcareous modulus ; in fact, these contain a smaller
amount of 3CaOSiO 2 , the hydration of which produces the greatest amount of
free lime (Ca(OH) 2 ). Since free lime is the component most attacked by
aggressive waters , these cements, containing a smaller amount, are more
resistant to aggressive waters than plastic.

White cements

Contrary to ferrous cements, white cements have a very high flux modulus,
approximately 10. These therefore contain a very low percentage of Fe 2 O 3 .
The white color is due to the lack of iron, which gives a grayish tone to normal
Portland and a darker gray to ferrous cement. The reduction of Fe 2 O 3 is
compensated with the addition of fluorite (CaF 2 ) and cryolite (Na 3 AlF 6 ),
necessary in the manufacturing phase in the furnace. to lower the quality of the
type of cement that today there are 4: which are type I 52.5, type II 52.5, type II
42.5 and type II 32.5; Also called pavi), an extra amount of limestone called
clinkerite is usually added to lower the type, since normally the clinker ground
with gypsum would be type I

Mixture cements

Mixture cements are obtained by adding other components such as

pozzolana to normal Portland cement. The addition of these components gives
these cements new characteristics that differentiate it from normal Portland.

Pozzolanic cement

Pozzolana is called a fine volcanic ash that extends mainly in the region of
Lazio and Campania, its name derives from the town of Pozzuoli , near Naples ,
on the slopes of Vesuvius . It has subsequently been generalized to volcanic
ash elsewhere. Vitruvius already described four types of pozzolana: black,
white, gray and red.

Mixed with lime (in a ratio of 2 to 1) it behaves like pozzolanic cement, and
allows the preparation of a good mixture capable of setting even under water.

This property allows the innovative use of concrete, as the Romans had already
understood: The ancient port of Cosa (port) was built with pozzolana mixed with
lime just before its use and cast under water, probably using a tube, to deposit it
in the bottom without being diluted in seawater. The three piers are still visible,
with the submerged part in good condition after 2100 years.

Pozzolana is a stone of acidic nature, very reactive, being very porous and can
be obtained at a low price. A pozzolanic cement contains approximately:

 55-70% Portland clinker

 30-45% pozzolana
 2-4% gypsum

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Since pozzolana is combined with lime (Ca(OH) 2 ), there will be a smaller

amount of the latter. But precisely because lime is the component that is
attacked by aggressive waters , pozzolanic cement will be more resistant to
their attack. On the other hand, since 3CaOAl 2 O 3 is only present in the
component made up of Portland clinker, the pozzolanic cement pour will
develop a lower heat of reaction during setting. This cement is therefore
suitable for use in particularly hot climates or for large castings.

It is mainly used in elements where high impermeability and durability are

needed.

steel cement

Pozzolana has been replaced in many cases by coal ash from thermoelectric
plants, slag from foundries or waste obtained by heating quartz . These
components are introduced between 35 and 80%. The percentage of these
materials can be particularly high, since it originates from silicates, it is a
potentially hydraulic material. This must, however, be activated in an alkaline
environment, that is, in the presence of OH - ions. It is for this reason that at
least 20% normal Portland cement must be present. For the same reasons as
pozzolanic cement, steel cement has poor resistance to aggressive water and
develops more heat during setting. Another characteristic of these cements is
their high natural alkalinity, which makes them particularly resistant to
atmospheric corrosion caused by sulfates.

It has high chemical, acid and sulfate resistance, and a high setting
temperature.

Quick setting cement

Quick -setting cement, also known as "Roman cement or natural prompt", is

characterized by starting to set within a few minutes of its preparation with
water. It is produced in a similar way to Portland cement, but with the oven at a
lower temperature (1,000 to 1,200 °C). 1 It is appropriate for minor jobs, fixings
and repairs, it is not appropriate for large works because there would not be the
time to carry out a good application. Although controlled setting can be started
using natural retardants (E-330) such as citric acid, setting still begins after
approximately 15 minutes (at 20 °C). The advantage is that approximately 180
minutes after setting begins, a very high compressive strength is achieved
(between 8 to 10 M Pa ), so great performance is obtained for rapid and
definitive intervention work. There are fast cements that, after 10 years, obtain a
higher compressive strength than some reinforced concretes (greater than 60
MPa).

aluminous cement

Aluminous cement is mainly produced from bauxite with impurities of iron oxide
(Fe 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) and silicon oxide (SiO 2 ). Additionally, calcium

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oxide or calcium carbonate is added. Aluminous cement is also called "cast

cement", since the oven temperature reaches up to 1,600 °C, which achieves
the fusion of the components. The molten cement is cast into molds to form
ingots that will be cooled and finally ground to obtain the final product.

Aluminous cement has the following oxide composition:

 35-40% calcium oxide

 40-50% aluminum oxide
 5% silicon oxide
 5-10% iron oxide
 1% titanium oxide

Its complete composition is:

 60-70% CaOAl 2 O 3
 10-15% 2CaOSiO 2
 4CaOAl 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3
 2CaOAl 2 O 3 SiO 2

As regards silicon oxide, its presence as an impurity must be less than 6%,
because the component it gives rise to, that is, (2CaOAl 2 O 3 SiO 2 ) has few
hydrophilic properties (little water absorption ).

Hydration reactions

CaOAl 2 O 3 +10H 2 O → CaOAl 2 O 3 10H 2 O (hexagonal crystals)

2(CaOAl 2 O 3 )+11H 2 O → 2CaOAl 2 O 3 8H 2 O + Al(OH) 3 (crystals + gel)
2(2CaOSiO 2 )+ (x+1)H 2 O → 3CaO2SiO 2 xH 2 O + Ca(0H) 2 (crystals + gel)

While Portland cement is a basic cement in nature, thanks to the presence of

lime Ca(OH) 2 , aluminous cement is substantially neutral in nature. The
presence of aluminum hydroxide Al(OH) 3 , which in this case behaves as an
acid, causing the neutralization of the two components and resulting in a neutral
cement.

Alumina cement should be used in cold climates, with temperatures below 30

°C. In fact, if the temperature were higher, the second hydration reaction would
change and there would be the formation of 3CaOAl 2 O 3 6H 2 O (cubic
crystals) and a greater production of Al(OH) 3 , which would lead to an increase
in the volume and could cause cracks.

General properties of cement

 Good resistance to chemical attack.
 Resistance to elevated temperatures. Refractory .

 High initial resistance that decreases over time. Internal conversion .

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 The use of armor must be avoided. Porosity increases over time.

 Appropriate use for low temperatures because it is very exothermic.

The use of aluminous cement in prestressed concrete is prohibited. The service

life of reinforced concrete structures is shorter.

The conversion phenomenon (increase in porosity and drop in strength) may

take time to appear under conditions of low temperature and humidity.

The designer must consider as the calculation value, not the maximum
resistance but the residual value, after the conversion, and it will not be greater
than 40 N/mm2.

W/C ratios ≤ 0.4, high amounts of cement and increased coatings (due to lower
pH) are recommended.

Physical Properties of Calcium Aluminate Cement

 Setting: Normal 2-3 hours.
 Hardening: very fast. In 6-7 hours it has 80% of the resistance.

 Volume stability: Non-expansive.

 Heat of hydration: very exothermic.

Applications

Calcium aluminate cement is very suitable for:

 Refractory concrete.
 Quick emergency repairs.
 Temporary bases and benches.

When its use is justifiable, it can be used in:

 Prefabricated works and elements, made of mass concrete or non-

structural concrete.
 Certain cases of mass concrete foundations.
 Shotcrete.

It is not at all indicated for:

 Structural reinforced concrete.

 Mass or reinforced concrete of large volumes (very exothermic)

It is prohibited for:

 Prestressed concrete in all cases.

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Common Uses of Calcium Aluminate Cement

 Sewers.
 Industrial discharge areas.

 Purifiers.
 Sulphated lands.
 Marine environments.
 As a joining mortar in refractory constructions.
 Roads.

Fabrication process

The cement manufacturing process includes four main stages:

1. Extraction and grinding of raw materials

2. Homogenization of raw material
3. Clinker Production
4. cement grinding

The raw material for the production of cement ( limestone , clay , sand , iron ore
and gypsum ) is extracted from quarries or mines and, depending on the
hardness and location of the material, certain exploitation systems and
equipment are applied. Once the raw material is extracted, it is reduced to sizes
that can be processed by the crude mills.

The homogenization stage can be wet or dry, depending on whether air or

water currents are used to mix the materials. In the wet process, the raw
material mixture is pumped to homogenization basins and from there to the
kilns where the clinker is produced at temperatures above 1500 °C . In the dry
process, the raw material is homogenized in raw material yards with the use of
special machinery. In this process, chemical control is more efficient and energy
consumption is lower, since by not having to eliminate the water added in order
to mix the materials, the kilns are shorter and the clinker requires less time
subjected to high temperatures. temperatures.

The clinker obtained, regardless of the process used in the homogenization

stage, is then ground with small amounts of gypsum to finally obtain cement.

Reaction of cement particles with water

1. Initial period: the particles with water are in a state of dissolution, with an
intense initial exothermic reaction. It lasts approximately ten minutes.
2. Dormant period: a gelatinous film is produced on the particles, which
inhibits the hydration of the material for approximately one hour.

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3. Beginning of rigidity: as the hydration of the cement particles continues,

the gelatinous film begins to grow, generating contact points between the
particles, which together immobilize the cement mass. It is also called
setting. Therefore, setting would be the increase in the viscosity of a
mixture of cement with water.
4. Gain in resistance: as the hydration of the cement particles continues,
and in the presence of CaOH 2 crystals, the gelatinous film (which is
saturated at this point) develops tubular filaments called "fusiform
needles", which, as they increase in number, They generate a pattern
that increases the mechanical resistance between the already hydrated
cement grains.
5. Setting and hardening: the setting principle is the time of a cement paste
that is difficult to mold and has high viscosity. The paste then hardens
and transforms into a resistant solid that cannot be deformed. The time in
which it reaches this state is called “end of setting”.

THE CONCRETE

Concrete is the mixture of cement, coarse sand, stone and water. The amount
of each of these materials will depend on the resistance to be achieved, which
is indicated on the plans with the symbol f'c.

The resistance of the concrete to be used will depend, in turn, on where it is

going to be used: foundations, retaining walls, floors, columns or ceilings.

There are many types of concrete, but three are used in a house:

cyclopean concrete
 It is used in foundation trenches and on foundations.
 When used in foundation trenches, the recommended proportion is 1
volume of cement per 10 volumes of concrete. This is achieved using 1 bag of
cement, 3 1/3 buggies of concrete and the amount of water necessary to
obtain a mixture that allows good work.

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Additionally, trench stone must be incorporated, up to the equivalent of one third

of the volume to be emptied.

When used on foundations, the recommended proportion is 1 volume of cement

per 8 volumes of concrete. This is achieved using 1 bag of cement, 2 1/2
buggies of concrete and the amount of water necessary to obtain a mixture that
allows good work.

Additionally, caisson stone must be incorporated, up to a quarter of the volume

to be emptied.

Simple Concrete

It is used on the false floor. The recommended proportion is 1 volume of cement

per 12 volumes of concrete. This is achieved using 1 bag of cement, 4 concrete
buggies and the amount of water necessary to obtain a mixture that allows good
work.

reinforced concrete

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It is called that because, unlike the rest of concrete, iron reinforcements are
introduced, which ensures that both materials work together to support loads.
Typically used to pour columns, beams, and ceilings.

The recommended proportion to achieve adequate resistance in a two or three-

story house is: 1 volume of cement, 3 volumes of coarse sand and 3 volumes of
crushed stone. This proportion is achieved using 1 bag of cement, 1 buggy of
coarse sand, 1 buggy of crushed stone and the amount of water necessary to
obtain a mixture that allows good work.

The amount of water varies depending on the state of humidity of the sand and
stone. If they are completely dry, the water for a bag of cement may be 40 liters,
but if they are completely wet, about 20 liters will be enough.
How to prepare and cure cylinders?

Equipment needed on site:

 Molds to form the specimens. Plastic ones are the most common.
 5/8” (15 mm) diameter bullnose tamping rod for 6” X 12” cylinders or 3/8”
diameter for 4” X 8” cylinders, or a vibrator.
 1.25 +/- 0.50 lb (0.6 +/- 0.2 kg) rubber mallet
 Shovel, wooden trowel, spatula or trowel and spoon
 Wheelbarrow or other appropriate container
 Water tank or curing room with sufficient supply to maintain the
necessary curing environment during the period

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Sampling from a mixer truck ready to unload:

It is very important to obtain a concrete sample that is representative of the

entire mixture. Sampling should be carried out in accordance with ASTM C 172
, Standard Practices for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete. The sample should
be taken from half the load. The first or last part of the download does not
provide a representative sample. Concrete should be sampled by diverting the
trough into a wheelbarrow so that the entire flow area is collected. At least two
shots are required during discharge to obtain a composite sample. The time
elapsed between the first and last shots that make up a sample should not be
more than 15 minutes. The minimum required sample size is 1 ft³ (28 l)

Before molding the cylinders:

Cover the sample with plastic to protect the concrete from evaporation, sunlight,
and contamination. Take the sample to the site where the concrete tests will be
carried out in a plastic state. This location should be close to where the
cylinders will be stored intact during the initial curing period. After transporting
the sample to the cylinder preparation site, remix the sample inside the cart.
Begin the slump, unit weight, and air content test within 5 minutes and begin
filling the cylinder molds within 15 minutes of obtaining the sample.

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Follow these rules to prepare and cure standardized concrete specimens

1. Obtain a representative mixture.

2. Place concrete in layers into molds and compact using standard equipment
and procedures.

3. Finish the surface smooth and cover the cylinder with a lid or plastic bag.

4. During initial curing, store cylinders in the required temperature range.

Protect them from direct sunlight or extreme climates.

5. Transfer cylinders to the laboratory with appropriate protection within the first
48 hours of manufacture. lid or plastic bag.

CONCLUSIONS

 When making an iron structure, it is recommended to fill it quickly in a

short time because the iron can rust with humidity.
 Materials in their natural state are the basis of all great works; after being
treated, we obtain a wide variety of products and materials that allow the
realization of ambitious projects of great magnitude, hence their
importance.

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 When making the mortar or also called mixture, it must be made with the
materials with the appropriate properties since an excess of each of them
could take away the properties of the mixture.

 To speed up the drying process of a mixture, additives can be added to

speed up the drying process.

RECOMMENDATIONS

 Construction is an activity that requires the use of almost all natural

resources, which is why it is important to know how to extract them
without causing irreparable damage to the environment.
 The place where the cement is stored must be a dry place away from humidity
because it can deteriorate its chemical properties.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement

 http://udep.edu.pe/…yo_materiales_construccion.html

 catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/lem/florian.../capitulo2.pdf

 http://apuntesingenierocivil.blogspot.com/2010/10/tipos-de-cemento-

portland.html

 www.nrmca.org/aboutconcrete/cips/cip34es.pdf

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