Asymmetric (non-symmetric) Bending (Sec 5.

3)

Introduction

Y
We will show at the end of this lecture that the normal stress (σx ) caused by biaxial bending is given by

σx =
MY Z
IY
- MZ Y
IZ
for cross-sections with Y and Z being the principal axes

σx =
(My Iz + Mz Iyz ) z -(My Iyz +Mz Iy ) y
Iy Iz -Iyz 2
for cross-sections with arbitrary y and z axes

Classification of sectons based on symmetry

● Sections with two (or more) axes of symmetry. Examples : circular, elliptical, rectangular, symmetric I - section,
etc.
● Sections with one axis of symmetry.Examples : T - section, channel section, etc.
● Sections with no axis of symmetry (asymmetric, unsymmetric or non-symmetric). Example: L-shaped section

Definitions

Consider a cross - section whose area is A and let y and z be two perpendicular axes passing through its centroid
(centroidal axes). By definition :

Iy =  z2  A is the moment of inertia about y (always + ve)

A

Iz =  y2  A is the moment of inertia about z (always + ve)

A

Iyz =  yz  A is the product of inertia (could be + ve or - ve)

A

The moments of inertia and the product of inertia about another two axes y' and z' that are parallel to the centroidal
axes y and z respectively are given (using parallel axis theorem) by:
2 AsymmetricBending.nb

Iy' = Iy + A dz2 , Iz' = Iz + A dy2 , Iy' z' = Iyz + A dy dz

Centroidal Axes : Any two perpendicular axes (y and z) passing through the centroid. In general Iyz ≠ 0
Centroidal Principal Axes Y and Z axes passing through the centroid such that IYZ = 0.
Let us first illustrate how to compute Iy, Iz, Iyz, IY and IZ for different sections :
Transformation of I
The moment of inertia about the y' axis is given by :

Iy + Iz Iy - Iz
Iy' = + cos 2 θ - Iyz sin 2 θ
2 2

The orientation of the principal axes of inertia is given by :

tan 2 θp = -
2 Iyz
Iy - Iz

The principal mements of inertia are given by

Iy + Iz Iy - Iz
I1,2 = ± + Iyz2
2

2 2

Symmetric sections

To be discussed in class

Unsymmetric sections

Example: For the L-shaped section shown, compute Iy, Iz, Iyz, IY and IZ

(150 × 20 × 10 + 130 × 20 × 85.)

yb = zb =
(150 × 20 + 130 × 20)
44.8214
 AsymmetricBending.nb 3

150. × 203 20 × 1303

Iy = Iz = + 150 × 20 (yb - 10) + 2
+ 20 × 130 (85 - yb)2
12 12
1.15965 × 107

Iyz = 150 × 20 (10 - yb) (75 - zb) + 130 × 20 (85 - yb) (10 - zb)
- 6.79018 × 106

Orientation of the principal axes of inertia

tan2θp = -
2 Iyz
Iy - Iz

encountered. 
1
Power::infy : Infinite expression
0.
ComplexInfinity

 tan2θp = ∞, or 2θp = 90° or 270°

 θp = 45° or 135°
The principal mements of inertia are given by

Iy + Iz Iy - Iz
+ {1, - 1} + Iyz2
2

2 2

1.83867 × 107 , 4.80631 × 106 

Iy + Iz Iy - Iz
IY = + Cos [2 θ] - Iyz Sin [2 θ];

IY /. θ  45 °
2 2

1.83867 × 107

 IY is the larger moment of inertia, or I1 = IY and I2 = IZ

Biaxial Bending of Symmetric Sections

For such sections, y and z are the principal axes (for simplicity we will drop the primes).

Y Y Y

The stress variation on an arbitrary section of the beam is given by

4 AsymmetricBending.nb

σx = a + b Y + c Z (assuming that the strain is varying linearly with Y and Z)

The stress σX must satisfy the following equilibrium eqs

1 - The net force along x = 0 :  (a + b Y + c Z)  A = 0

A

2 - Momenet about y - axis = MY :  Z (a + b Y + c Z)  A = MY

A

3 - Momenet about z - axis = -MZ :  Y (a + b Y + c Z)  A = - MZ

A

The first equation yields : ∫A (a + b Y + c Z) A = 0, which yields:

a=0

The second equation yields : ∫A b YZ + cZ2  A = MY , which yields:

c IY = MY (because ∫A YZ  A = 0)
MY
c= IY

The third equation yields : ∫A b Y2 + c Y Z A = -MZ , which yields:

b IZ = - M Z
MZ
b=-
Substituting back in the assumed expression of σx :
IZ

σx = - + IY
MZ Y M Z
IZ Y

To locate the N.A., set σx = 0 and solve for Y/Z ( ϕ is measured clockwise from Z-axis)

σx = - +
MZ Y MY Z
;

Solve σx = 0
Iz IY

Y=
IZ M Y Z
IY M Z
or

tan ϕ = =
Y M Y IZ
Z M Z IY
Note : ϕ is + ve if measured clockwise from Z to Y

Biaxial Bending of Non-symmetric Sections

For the case where y and z are not the principal axes, the first equation of equilibrium yields: a = 0

The second equation of equilibrium yields:

b Iyz+c I y = M y
 AsymmetricBending.nb 5

The third equation of equilibrium yields:

b Iz +c Iyz = -Mz

Solving the the above two eqs :

σx = b y + c z;
eq1 = b Iyz + c Iy == My;
eq2 = b Iz + c Iyz == -Mz;
sol = Solve[{eq1, eq2}, {b, c}]
- Iyz My - Iy Mz - Iz My - Iyz Mz
b  - ,c- 
Iyz - Iy Iz
2
-Iyz2 + Iy Iz

σx = σx /. sol[[1]]
(- Iyz My - Iy Mz) y (-Iz My - Iyz Mz) z
- -
Iyz2 - Iy Iz -Iyz2 + Iy Iz

To locate the N.A., set σx = 0 and solve for y/z ( ϕ is measured clockwise from z-axis)

Solve[σx  0, y]
(Iz My + Iyz Mz) z
y  
Iyz My + Iy Mz

My Iz + Mz Iyz
Therefore : tan ϕ = =
y
z My Iyz + Mz Iy
Alternatively, one can compute the stress based on the principal axes Y and Z which involves more calculations.

Problem 5.2, textbook

A wood cantilever beam with cross section as shown in Fig. P5.2 is subjected to an inclined load P at its
free end. Determine:
(a) the orientation of the neutral axis

Given : P = 1 kN, α = 30 °, b = 80 mm, h = 150 mm & length L = 1.2 m.

(b) the maximum bending stress.
6 AsymmetricBending.nb

b = 80.; h = 150.; L = 1200.; P = 1000.; α = 30 Degree;

IY =
h b3
12

IZ =
b h3
12
6.4 × 106

2.25 × 107

MY = P L Sin[α]
MZ = P L Cos[α]
600 000.

1.03923 × 106

ϕ = ArcTan 
MY IZ 180
MZ IY π
63.7718

σx = - +
MZ Y MY Z

- 0.046188 Y + 0.09375 Z
IZ IY

σx /. Y  - , Z 
h b
2 2
7.2141
 AsymmetricBending.nb 7

ϕ = +63.77o = 63.77o clockwise from z - axis

Therefore :

σx A = 7.21 MPa
p1 = Graphics[{Yellow, Rectangle[{- b / 2, - h / 2}, {b / 2, h / 2}]}];

p2 = Plot- Z, {Z, - b / 2, b / 2};

0.046188
0.09375
Show[p1, p2]

Example 5.1, textbook

A beam is subjected to a pure bending about z - axis (Mz = 11 kN.m). Determine the bending stresses at A and B
and the orientation of N.A.
8 AsymmetricBending.nb

yb = zb = (150 20 × 10 + 130 × 20 × 85.) / (150 × 20 + 130 × 20)

44.8214

150. × 203 20 × 1303

Iy = Iz = + 150 × 20 (yb - 10)2 + + 130 × 20 (85 - yb)2
12 12
1.15965 × 107

Iyz = - 150 20 (yb - 10) (75 - zb) - 130 × 20 (zb - 10) (85 - yb)
- 6.79018 × 106

My = 0.;
Mz = 11 × 106 ;
σx = (- (Iyz My + Iy Mz) y + (Iz My + Iyz Mz) z)  Iy Iz - Iyz2 
1.13158 × 10-14 - 1.27561 × 1014 y - 7.4692 × 1013 z

σxA = σx /. {y  150 - yb, z  - zb}

- 113.938

σxB = σx /. {y  - yb, z  -zb}

102.581
 AsymmetricBending.nb 9

Note; the maximum stress takes place at {150 - yb, -zb + 20}. Check:

σxC = σx /. {y  150 - yb, z  - zb + 20}

- 130.842

ϕ = ArcTan 
Mz Iyz 180
Mz Iy π
- 30.3506

Final results

σx A = - 114 MPa
σx B = - 103 MPa
ϕ = - 30.35o = 30.35o counterclockwise from z - axis

p1 = Graphics[{Yellow, Rectangle[{- zb, yb - 20}, {150 - zb, yb}],

Yellow, Rectangle[{- zb, - 150 + yb}, {- zb + 20, yb - 20}]}];
p2 = Plot[Z Tan[30.35 Degree], {Z, - zb, 150 - zb}];
Show[p1, p2]

Problem 5.4, textbook

Couples My = Mo and Mz = 1.5 Mo are applied to a beam of cross section shown in Fig.P5 .4. Deter-
mine the largest allowable value of Mo for the maximum stress not to exceed 80 MPa. All dimensions
are in millimeters.
10 AsymmetricBending.nb

8 × 603 38 × 83
Iy = + 2. + 38 × 8 × 342
12 12
60 × 83 8 × 383
Iz = + 2. + 38 × 8 × 152
12 12
Iyz = 2 (30 × 8 * (- 34) 19)
850 091.

212 523.

- 310 080

My = M0;
Mz = 1.5 M0;
σx = (- (Iyz My + Iy Mz) y + (Iz My + Iyz Mz) z)  Iy Iz - Iyz2 ;
coord = {{-34, 30}, {- 34, 38}, {4, 38}};
σ0 = Table[σx /. {y  coord[[i, 1]], z  coord[[i, 2]]}, {i, 1, 3}]
{0.000298578 M0, 0.000274667 M0, -0.000159251 M0}

Solve[σ0[[1]]  80]
{{M0  267 937.}}

My Iz + Mz Iyz
ϕ = ArcTan 
My Iyz + Mz Iy
- 0.256001

Problem 5.6, textbook

alloy having a yield strength σyp = 290 MPa, L = 1.5 m, t = 20 mm, c = 60 mm, and b = 80 mm. Based on a factor of
A concentrated load P acts on a cantilever, as shown in Fig. P5.6. The beam is constructed of a 2024 - T4 aluminum

safety n = 1.2 against initiation of yielding, calculate the magnitude of P for (a) α = 0 ° and (b) α = 15 °. Neglect the effect
of shear in bending and assume that beam twisting is prevented.
 AsymmetricBending.nb 11

80 × 20 × 10 + 60 × 20 × 50
Zb =
80 × 20 + 60 × 20.
27.1429

80 × 203 20 × 603
Iy = IY = + 80 × 20 (10 - Zb)2 + + 20 × 60 (50 - Zb)2

20. × 803 60 × 203

12 12

Iz = IZ = +

Iyz = IYZ = 0
12 12

1.51048 × 106
893 333.

Part a: α = 0o

P =.;
α = 0 Degree;
L = 1500;
My = MY = P L Sin[α];
Mz = MZ = P L Cos[α];

 
MZ 40 290
Solve

{{P  3598.15}}
IZ 1.2

Therefore : P = 3598.15 N

σx = (- (Iyz My + Iy Mz) y + (Iz My + Iyz Mz) z)  Iy Iz - Iyz2 ;

Solve[σx  0, y] // Simplify
{{y  0.}}

Solve(σx /. y  40)  - , P // Simplify

290

{{P  3598.15}}
1.2
12 AsymmetricBending.nb

Part b: α = 15o

P =.;
α = 15 Degree
L = 1500.;
MY = P L Sin[α]
MZ = P L Cos[α]
15 °

388.229 P

1448.89 P

ϕ = ArcTan 
MY IZ 180
MZ IY π
9.00489

Therefore, maximum stress takes place at the farthest point from N.A. (Y = 40, Z = -27.14)

Solve - + /. {Y  40, Z  - 27.14}  - 

MZ Y MY Z 290
IZ IY 1.2

why did we equate the maximum stress to - σYP ?

{{P  3363.43}}

Therefore : P = 3363.43 N