HISTORY OF THE INTERNET

What is the Internet?

The Internet began in 1969 as a project of the U.S. Department of Defense

called ARPANET, or

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. The goal of this project was to
design a

Nationwide computer network that could withstand major disasters. If one part
of the network

Was destroyed, the other parts would continue to function due to the
decentralized structure of

The network.

In the early days of ARPANET, there were four computers in the United States
attached to the

Network. Today, there are millions all over the world. Most people define the
Internet as a

Collection of computer networks, but what exactly is a network? A network is a

group of two or

More computers connected together with cables that allow the computers to
share information.

In the Internet’s early days (the 1960s and 1970s), only government, military,
and educational
 Institutions had computers connected to the Internet. The Internet was
originally designed for

Research and scholarly communication. But as it grew, its services became more
popular, and

New ways of using the Internet multiplied. For example, the Internet began to
be used for

Informal communication, entertainment, and eventually commerce, as more

businesses

Connected to the Internet in the 1990s. According to statistics compiled by

Internet Surveys

Ltd., some 605.60 million people worldwide were connected to the Internet as
of September

2002.
Uses for the Internet

The Internet has a special significance for the library community because it
allows patrons –

Both children and adults – who do not have computers to keep up with the
Internet for business

And academic purposes. Libraries, to a great extent, help bridge what is called
the “digital

Divide.” The services listed below would be unattainable for many unless they
were provided
 Free of charge by the community’s public library.

· E-mail allows libraries and patrons to send messages back and forth to
individuals or

Groups.

· Telnet allows libraries and patrons to connect to a remote computer and use it
as if you

Were there.

· File Transfer Protocol (FTP) allows libraries to transfer files to and from other

Computers.

· Usenet allows libraries and patrons to participate in group discussions on

specific topics.

· Internet Relay Chat (IRC) allows libraries and patrons to chat in real time with
one or

Many users.

· World Wide Web allows libraries and patrons access to literally millions of Web
sites

Worldwide.

What is the World Wide Web?

One reason for the Internet’s growth explosion is the ease of use and popularity
of the World
 Wide Web and its graphical, “point-and-click” user interface. The World Wide
Web was invented

In 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at the European Particle Physics

Laboratory (CERN) in

Geneva, Switzerland. Lee wanted to make the information he used for research
on the Internet

More organized and accessible.

The World Wide Web is based on hypertext, which is a method of linking

documents using

Embedded hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be text, which is usually underlined or a

different color
General Architecture of Web Browser

The basic web architecture is two-tiered and characterized by a web client that
displays

Information content and a web server that transfers information to the client.
This

Architecture depends on three key standards: HTML for encoding document

content,

URLs for naming remote information objects in a global namespace, and HTTP
for

Staging the transfer.

 HyperText Markup Language (HTML) – the common representation language

For hypertext documents on the Web. HTML files are viewed using a WWW

Client browser (software), the primary user interface to the Web. HTML allows

For embedding of images, sounds, video streams, form fields and simple text

Formatting.

Universal Resource Identifier (URI) – There are two types of URIs, Universal

Resource Names (URN) and the Universal Resource Locators (URL).

URLs are location dependent and contain four distinct parts: the protocol type,
the

Machine name, the directory path and the file name.

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) – an application-level network protocol

For the WWW. HTTP sets up a new connection for each request, which is not

Desirable for situations requiring sessions or transactions.

The top-level conceptual architecture for Mozilla consists of five subsystems.
The

Subsystems and the relationships

The User Component Subsystem: This subsystem contains the various user

Programs that are packaged with the Mozilla source code.The User Component
 Subsystem depends on the Network Interface to establish connection to a
remote

Machine and retrieve the requested file. I

The Parser Subsystem: This subsystem is responsible for parsing the contents
of

Request files
The Layout Subsystem: This subsystem handles the presentation of the user

Components
The Network Interface Subsystem: This subsystem handles the data flow across

The Internet.
The Support Library Subsystem: This subsystem contains the C runtime library,

Which provides the interface to platform specific system calls, and the cross-

Platform component object model (COM) objects

Internet is helpful to each and every one in some or many ways. Whether it is a
business house or a small company, an institution or a hospital, a doctor or an
engineer, a student or a house wife, it serves the need of every one. Internet
applications are interactive services that are used to perform tasks over the internet.

Some of the major services provided on internet are:

E-mail: Internet is used for sending and receiving message. E-mail is an online
correspondence system. With e-mail you can send and receive instant electronic
messages, which work like writing letters. Your messages are delivered instantly to
people anywhere in the world, unlike traditional mail that takes a lot of any. Some of
the
www.gmail.com etc.
 popular web sites providing email service are: www.yahoomail.com.

9.3

Information: The internet is Access

A virtual treasure Any kind of inhe search engany topic under the sun of
information the internet. The search engines on the internet can help yola to ind any
subject that you need.

Data on

Shopping: Along with getting information on the internet, you can also shop
online. There are many online stores and sites that can used to look for products as
well as buy them using your credit You do not nendete leave your house and can do
all your shopping from the convenience of your home.

Chatting: Chatting on the internet is a popular way for individuals. Families, and
business to stay connected. There are many ‘chat rooms on the web that can be
accessed to meet new people, make m friends, as well as to stay in touch with old
friends.

Messaging: Instant messaging (IM) are short messages sent and read in real
time, allowing you to converse more quickly and easily than email. These are
generally used when both (or all) people are online, so your message can be read
immediately. By comparison, emails won’t be seen until recipients check their
inboxes. Examples of instant messaging applications include Yahoo Messenger and
Google Hangouts.

Groups: An online group is a group of people (often termed as a community or

e-group) with common interests who use the Internet (web sites, email, instant
messaging, etc.) to communicate, work together and pursue their interests over time.
 Social Networking: Social networking websites are another way to connect and
share with your family and friends online. Rather than sharing with just a few people
over email, social networks make it easier to connect and share with many people at
the same time. Facebook is the world’s largest social networking site, with more than
1 billion users worldwide.

Searching Information: Internet is widely used to find information

About a specific topic. Manufacturers can search for suppliers of raw materials,
students can search for good books
Internet in an easy to use way. It is used to locate, retrieve and display content
on the World Wide Web, including web pages, images, video and other files.

As a client-server model, web browser is the client side program runs on a

computer that contacts the web server and requests information. The web server
sends the requested information back to the web browser which displays the results
on the computer.

A web browser displays Information on your computer by interpreting the

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) that is used to build web pages on the Web.

The most popular web browsers are Internet Explorer (IE), Mozilla Firefox,
Google Chrome, Safari and Opera. All browsers are free, and except for Internet
Explorer, which is Windows-based only, they run on both Windows and Macintosh
platform.

Following table depicts a brief description of some popular web browsers:

Web Browser

Graphical Symbol/ Icon Description Internet Explorer (IE) is a Microsoft’s

product. IE is one of the first graphical-based Web browsers. This
 Netscape Navigator

Mozilla Firefox

Netscape Navigator was the first commercially successful Web browser

introduced in 1994.

Mozilla Firefox is a free and open-source web browser developed by the Mozilla
Corporation. It was released in 2004 and has grown to be the second most popular
browser on the Internet.

Safari

Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. and included with the OS X and
iOS operating systems. It was first released in January 2003. Safari has very good
support for latest technologies like XHTML, CSS2 etc.

Opera

Opera is a web browser developed by Opera Softure in 1995. Opera is smaller

and faster than most other web browsers.

Google Chrome

Google Chrome is a freeware web browser developed by Google in 2008. It

combines a minimal design with sophisticated technology to make the Web faster,
safer and easier.
WEB SERVER

A web server is a system that delivers content or services to end users over the
internet. Web server is a computer where the web content is stored. Basically web
server is used to host the web sites (web site is collection of web pages) but there
exists other web servers also such as gaming, storage, FTP, email etc. A web server is
also known as an internet server.

Leading Web servers include Apache (the most widely-installed Web server) and
Microsoft’s Internet Information Server (IIS).

Working of Web Server:

Web server responds to the client’s request in the following ways:

• When client sends request for a web page, the web server search for the
requested page if requested page is found then it will send it to client with an HTTP
response.

If the requested web page is not found, web server will send an HTTP response:
Error 404 Not found.

If client has requested for some other resources then the web server will
contact to the
WWW Architecture

The World Wide Web, abbreviated as WWW and commonly known as the Web,
is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.

www architecture consists of three components which together form the World
Wide Web. They are:

(a) Internet Internet is a global “network of networks”.

(b) Web Server Web Server refers to hardware (the computer) or the software
(the computer application) that is used to deliver web pages to clients.
 © Web Browser Web Browser is an application that communicates with a web
server. Web browser is actually a web client on your PC that makes the request to the
web server.

Browser sends a request message

Internet

Server returns html page Client (Browser) HTTP (Over TCP/IP

Web Server

The communication between web client and

. A Web client (or browser) sends requests to a Web server. Every retrievable
piece of information on the Web is identified by a URL, which includes the hostname,
its location, port and the protocol used to get it.

2. For example, in the URL http://www.yahoo.com/docs/index.html, the

communication protocol is HTTP: the hostname is www.yahoo.com. The port number
takes default number, which is TCP port 80 for HTTP. The path and file name for the
resource to be located is “/docs/index.html”.

3. The Web server is responsible for document storage, manage and retrieval.
The Web server interprets the request message, and returns the document requested
(or an error message) back to the requesting client.

4. The Browser interprets and presents the document. The browser is

responsible for document presentation.

The language that Web clients and servers use to communicate with each other
is called the Hypertext Transfer
 SEARCH ENGINE

A search engine is a software tool or a website that allows people to find

information on the World Wide Web.

When you enter a keyword into the to help youtined the search engine will look
through the billions of web pages to help you find the ones that you art

Looking for Today, there are thousands of different search engines available on
the Internet, each with their own abilities and features. Google, Excite, Lycos Alta
Vista, Infoseek, and Yahoo are all search engines.

To get to a search engine you just need to go to your browser’s address bar and
type in the address of the search engine website, or you can use the
9.9.1 Working of Search Engine

Fig. 9.2 (Search Engine)

Assume you are reading a book and want to find references to a specific word in
the book. What do you do?

You turn the pages to the end and look in the index. You will then locate
9.11 INTERNET IN BUSINESS

Today, most business companies are very much depending on the internet to
market their business online to worldwide customers. The Internet has revolutionized
the way the world does business on both a local and global level.

Most companies in the business environment have implemented some form of

Internet or business technology into their business operations. The usage of internet
in business not only improves their business potential, but it also helps them to cut
cost as well. The Internet has become an essential marketing and advertising tool for
businesses.
 The benefits of the Internet to the business community are as under:

 Worldwide Reach: It enables a business to easily reach across geographic

boundaries. The potential market size of e-business is approximately identical to the
size of the online population of the world. In spite of traditional cultural and national
boundaries, it enables worldwide access to the client.

 Communication: Today, communication is as easy as a mouse click, and

much cheaper too. Anyone in the world can communicate with another person
through text messages, emails, and even live video. For business, this means higher
efficiency and quicker processing of sales.

 Effectiveness: Perhaps the most obvinus benefit of the is the lowered

coone of the business is the lowered cost. A part of these lowered eos ed passed on
to customers in the form of discounted prices Rese some of the ways that costs can
be reduced with busines

 Lower transaction costs: It cut the costs on areas like documents

preparation, error detection and correction, reconcillation, mail order catalogs, phone
calls, data entry and supervision expense

 Lower advertising and marketing costs: E-business can reduen advertising
and marketing costs because it is easier to update the advertisement using software
technology. The software technology is an inexpensive advertising medium for
organizations, that allows organizations an opportunity for publicizing their products
and services at minimal cost.

  Lower labor costs: The automation of checkout, billing, payments,
inventory management, and other operational processes, lowers the number of
employees required to run an e business setup.

 Lower communication cost: Most communication costs can be significantly
reduced with a combination of email, other Internet tools, phone answering
machines, voice response systems, call diversion and mobiles.

 Lower inventory management costs: With e-business, the suppliers can
reduce costs to manage their inventory of goods because they can automate the
inventory management using web-based management systems. This method
indirectly can save their operational costs.

 No infrastructure cost: It also eliminates the cost and burden of
infrastructu
 re required for conducting business. An e-business merchant does not
need a prominent physical location. The overhead costs to build the physical store
front may be prevented to the suppliers who use e-business as their business
operation.

 Reduce Labor Costs: The labor costs can be reduced with e business
because the sellers can automate their online store fronts.
 9.15 TYPES OF ONLINE BUSINESS

 Online business or E-business is a rapidly growing trend, with more and
more people turning to the Internet.

 The various types of Online Business are:

 1. Blogging

  Blogging is one of the most popular online businesses because of
extremely low cost to get started. You need to just create a blog and start publishing
content on it. Blog marketing is the process of advertising a website, business, brand
or service through the use of a blog. Advertising on blogs can be in the form of text,

 2. Affiliate Marketing

 An affiliate program is another easiest way of online business. It is a type
of performance-based marketing in which a business rewards one or more affiliates
(other publishers and websites) for each visitor
 Advertising merchant’s site. If an internet visitor ads contain links to travels
to the merchant site, the affiliate can earn & referral fee. Companies offer a
commission to webmasters for promoting their products annonces online for them.
Basically the way it works is that an affiliate is rewarded every time a visitor, customer
or sale for your business is generated through an advertisement on their web site.

 3. Designing and Developing Websites

 Any successful web based marketing campaign depends heavily on a
polished and professional website because business website plays a vital role in brand
strategy. There are many agencies and professional webmasters that can help
companies through creating a quality website or enhance an existing one. This is
probably on of the best home-based online business if you are really good in this
field. Professionals in this field can help companies improve their websites in areas of
navigation, search engine optimization, graphic design, content writing, links, content,
as well as developing clean code and verifying its compliance.

 Given the low cost and high effectiveness of websites, businesses should
build and develop a website. Website marketing strategies can use the free methods
of organic search engine optimization and direct online promotion through
participation in high-traffic blogs and forums. All web based marketing efforts are
leveraged when combined with using website marketing strategies.
 
 4. E-Commerce Stores

 E-Commerce is about doing business electronically and encompasses
many diverse activities both in the business-to-business market and in the business-
to-consumer market. Activities include electronic trading of goods and services,
online delivery of digital content, electronic fund transfers, electronic share trading,
commercial auctions, collaborative design and engineering, online sourcing, public
procurement, direct consumer marketing, and after-sales service. It involves both
products (e.g. consumer goods) and services (e.g. information services, financial and
legal services). Ecommerce sites focus on selling and buying goods through the
electronic medium like eBay, flipkart etc. These sites can produce huge amounts of
incomes once properly started and is therefore the most profitable online business
currently.

 5. Pay-per-Click Advertising

 Pay-per-click advertising is a method of advertising in which advertisers

 Pay for each ad clicked, usually via an advertising platform such as Google

9.13 M-COMMERCE

M-Commerce (or mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and
Mervices through wireless handheld devices such as cellular phones Personal Digital
Assistants (PDAs), M-Commerce has been becoming popular Persadays, because it is
portable to carry everywhere and easily make nonsactions through internet access.
The transaction over wireless devices is more secure, faster, scalable and reliable.
Moreover, Advances in wireless tommunication technologies are basically extending
the internet to various mobile devices. Companies have more incentive to provide
end-users with personalized and location dependent services.

The WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) technology has been a very important
in the evolution of m-commerce. This technology allows users to connect to the
internet without dealing with the hassle of wires and electricity.

Downloading movie tickets and airline tickets on the phone, promotional text
messages are an example of mobile commerce. With the advent in

communication consumers. technology, more and more possibilities are

available to the Mobile applications include online banking, online shopping via

phone, are also different forms of m-comantine The other applications are

Entertainment (Music, games, video etel

Transactions (Banking, Shopping, Auctions, reservations booking etc

Communication (SMS, MMS, E-mail, Video Conferencing)

Information (Navigations, Maps, News, City guides etc.)

Benefits of M-Commerce

The main advantages of M-Commerce are:

It provides wider reach.

 It reduces transaction cost.

It helps in streamline business processes.

It offers competitive pricing.

It reduces time to order.

It is flexible to access.

It is convenient to both buyer and seller.

It helps companies to expand target audience.

It increases productivity.

It has instant connectivity.

It is simple, more personalized, location-specific, and time-sensitive

9.12 E-COMMERCE

E-Commerce stands for electronic commerce and caters to exchange (buy or

sell) of products, services and information via internet. It is "doing business online". It
includes any commercial activity that takes place directly between a business, its
partners, or its customers through electronic communication and digital information
processing technology.

E-commerce can be defined as:

It is a modern business methodology that addresses the needs of

organizations, merchants, and consumers to cut costs while improving the

 quality of goods and services and increasing the speed of service delivery.
Although, a large number of people have access to the internet today, the internet
has become a good platform for the development of e-commerce.

E-commerce offers an opportunity for performing profitable activities online. It

facilitates cooperation between different groups: (a) businesses sharing information
to improve customer relations (b) organization working together to design and build
new products/services; or (c) multinational company sharing information for a major
marketing campaign.

The introduction of ecommerce has seen a remarkable impact on the traditional

ways of doing business. It has brought producers and consumers closer together,
increased profitability by eliminating many of the costs previously encountered.

Electronic commerce is the application of communication and information

sharing technologies among trading partners to the pursuit of business objectives.
Key element of e-commerce is information processing. The effects of e-commerce are
already appearing in all areas of business, from customer service to new product
design. It facilitates modern types of information based business strategy for reaching
and interacting with customers such as online banking, online shopping, online
advertising and marketing, online-order taking and on-line customer service etc. It
reduce costs in managing orders and interacting with a wide range of suppliers and
trading partners, areas that typically add significant overhead to the cost of products
and services. Also E-commerce enables the formation of new types of information-
based products such as interactive games, electronic books, and information-on
demand that can be very profitable for content providers and useful for consumers.

So, E-Commerce is about doing business electronically and encompasses many

diverse activities both in the business-to-business market and in the business-to-
consumer market. Activities include electronic trading of goods and services, online
delivery of digital content, electronic fund transfers, electronic share trading,
commercial auctions, collaborative design and engineering, online sourcing, public
procurement, directe
 E-Commerce features:

E-Commerce provides following features:

1. Worldwide Reach: It enables a business to easily reach across geographic

boundaries. The potential market size approximately identical to the size of the
online posita of E-commerce is to the client. cultural and national bound population
of the world.

access 2. Universal Standards: Universal Standards are standards shared by the

world. By using the power of standard, E-come standards shared by ability to
connect at the same "level" and provide network externalities. The standards guide
E-commerce technologies to realize its full potential. The universal technical
standard benefits have forced traditional businesses into improving on their
customer service. E-commerce is usually associated with buying and selling over the
Internet, and therefore of conducting e- commerce, is shared by all of the nations in
the world. To develop any business, internet and communication application make
the business relationship more enjoyable, faster and attractive for secure business
and successful business.

3. Business Rich: The effects of e-commerce are already appearing in all areas
of business, from customer service to new product design. E- commerce can deliver
video, audio, animation, etc. much better than other technologies. It facilitates
modern types of information based business strategy for reaching and interacting
with customers such as online banking, online shopping, online advertising and
marketing, online-order taking and on-line customer service etc.

4. Interactivity: E-commerce technologies allow two-way communication

between the company and the consumer through E-mail, VoIP or social networking.
E-commerce interactivity is much better because online businesses can interact on a
much larger scale. E-commerce can