2024 KUGWETSA BIOLOGY PRACTICAL

BONDA EDUCATION GROUP

TAKE IT SERIOUSLY

FOR BETTER RESULTS

PASS WITH FLYING COLORS

EDITED BY NYOZE
Halla +265990638340
 2024 KUGWETSA BIOLOGY PRACATICALS

OSMOSIS
You are provided with the following materials
-specimen X Irish potato
-salt or sugar solution of the following concentration 0%, 25% and 50%
-razor blade or s scalpel
-ruler
Procedure
Using a razor blade or scalpel peel the specimen
Cut three small pieces that are 2cm long 1cm wide and 0.5cm thick
Place one piece in 0% salt or sugar solution another piece in 25% salt or sugar solution and the
third piece in 50% salt or sugar solution. Leave to stand for 8 to 10 minutes
Remove the pieces
Measure the length of each piece
Try to bend each piece to test its flexibility
Record your results in the table below
Concentration of salt or Length of potato piece in flexibility
sugar solution in % cm
0% 6cm Hard to bend
25% 4cm Partially bend
50% 2cm Easily to bend

Define the term osmosis

Is the movement of water molecule from the region of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration through semipermeable membrane
From the table state the relationship between length of potato piece and concentration of
salt or sugar solution
When the concentration of solution increases the length of potato piece decrease, inversely
proportion
Explain the results observed in flexibility of the potato piece in 0% salt or sugar
concentration and 50% concentration
0% solution there is hypotonic solution while 50% solution there is hypertonic solution

You are provided with the following materials

- 1milimeter pealed Irish potato
- 20cm3 and water 50cm3 beaker or container
- 20cm3 salt solution 50% in a 50cm3 beaker container
- Knife, scalpel or a razor blade
- Ruler
Procedure
I. Peal the potato
II. Cut two potatoes strip each measuring 1cm by 1cm by 3cm long. Test them for
flexibility
III. Put one potato strip into the container labelled A(water) and another in the
container labelled B (salt solution) at the same time. Wait for 10 minutes.
IV. Remove the potato strips from container A and B. test them for flexibility.

a) Record the results in the table below

Potato strip Flexibility Flexibility after Explanation

before after
In container A Hard to bend Hard to bend It is hard to bend
due to
absorption of
water from
container A into
a potato cell
In contain B Hard to bend Easy to bend or It has high
has high flexibility since
flexibility it has to lose the
water in order to
balance up the
water

B) mention the micro nutrient in the Irish potato

-starch
C) which reagent can be used to test the presence of the nutrient mentioned in B above
-Iodine solution
You are provided with each of the following

➢ Specimen W. Irish potato

➢ 2 beakers containing solutions P and Q.( P for water and Q for sugar
solution or salt solution)
➢ a scalpel or knife.
• Peel the specimen and cut it into 2 equal slices of 2cm by 1 cm by 0.5cm by using
the knife

• Put one slice in each of the beakers

• Wait for 10 minutes
• Test for flexibility and measure the lengths of the slices
a. Record your results in the table below
Slice from Flexibility Length
Beaker
P Hard to bend Length increase

Q Easy to bend Length decrease

4marks
 b. Identify each of the solutions P and Q by their concentrations and give an
explanation for your answer in each case

(i) Hypotonic solution

Explanation

Specimen W gains water from solution P into its cell hence increase in size

(ii) Hypertonic solution

Explanation

Specimen W loses water from its cell into solution Q make it to shrink

You are provided with a fresh Irish potato, 1 container, scape or knife, three containers with
different solutions labelled A, B and C ( container A for water, container B 5% concentration of
salt solution and container c 50% concentration of salt solution)
(i). Cut the Irish potato and make 4 equal sized strips.
(ii). Measure them accurately so that each strip be 18mm long, 10mm wide and 10mm high.
(iii). Check their flexibility and dip one strip into each container with solution and leave one on the
bench.
(iv). Leave the set up to stand for 20 minutes and observe by checking its flexibility and length.

a. Give the characteristics of the strips after the experiment in terms of

length and flexibility.
 Container Length of strip after the Flexibility strips after the
experiment experiment
A 19 – 20 mm Not flexible
B 17 – 18 mm Moderately flexible
C 10 – 18 mm Very flexible

b. In which container did the strips increase most in length.

A

c. Explain your answer in b (i). above.

Water moved from the container into the strip cells by Osmosis / making the cells more turgid /
because the cell vacuoles were more concentrated compared to the solution in the container

You are provided with specimen P and Q (P for mango leaf and Q its for yellow maize leaf)
Draw specimen P and label any two parts
Apart from size, identify any observable difference between specimen P and Q
P Q
has green color has yellow color

What is the possible cause of this deference?

Specimen P has large content of nitrogen while specimen Q is lacking nitrogen
Explain one adaptation of specimen P for its function
Has chlorophyll which is used in the process of photosynthesis
What type of venation has specimen P and Q?
P has network venation
Q has parallel venation
Which pigment is abundant in specimen Q?
chlorophyll
Give one mineral salt which was lacking in specimen Q
Irone (Fe)
Manganese (mn)

You are provided specimen W(sugarcane stem) and scalpel or knife. Cut cross section of
specimen W
Measure its longest axis of cross section and record it in millimeters
105mm
Draw cross section using the magnification of X 1.5 and label any 3 parts observing it using
hand lens

𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈
Magnification=𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔
X1.5 = 105
Length of drawing =magnification x length of specimen
= X1.5 x 105
= 157.5mm

Briefly explain how food is transported from its source by specimen W

Transported through the process of translocation from leaves to stem by phloem tissue

. You are provided with specimen R and S( R for mango leaf S for sisal)
 a. To which group of flowering plants does specimen R belong?

dicotyledon

b . Explain one adaptation of specimen S that enables it to survive in dry habitats.

Has long root to absorb water

Has small leaves to reduce water loss

d. Measure the length of specimen R and record it in millimetres.

75mm

d. Calculate the magnification of specimen R if its drawing is 165mm long.

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔
Magnification = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛

165𝑚𝑚
= 75𝑚𝑚

=X2.2

e. State three observable adaptations of specimen R for photosynthesis.

1, green in colour

2 large surface area

3, thin cuticle
You are provided with specimen labelled P,( P for sugarcane stems) hand lens and a knife
or scalpel.
Use the knife to cut a cross - section of the specimen of the specimen. Observe the section
using a hand lens.
a. Draw a cross – section of the specimen and label any three parts, (4 marks)

b. i. To which group of flowering plants does the specimen belong?

. Monocotyledon
ii. Give a reason for your answer.
. Vascular bundles are scattered
c. Measure the diameter of the cut surface in millimeters.
18 mm to 45 mm
d. Calculate the magnification of your drawing.
𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈
Magnification = 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒄𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏

Magnification= XANSWER
1 mark for correct formula
1 mark for correct substitution
1 mark for correct answer with a X sign

You are provided with the following: specimen R and S. R for sugarcane stem S its for bean seed
a. Draw specimen R and label any two parts. (3 marks)
b. Calculate the magnification of your drawing in a.
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔
Magnification = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛
= Xanswer

c. State any two observable differences between the specimens.

Specimen R is large in size while specimen S Is smaller in size

d. Describe the vascular bundle arrangement of the stem in specimen R.

Specimen R it is in the group of monocots which has scattered bundle

You are provided with specimens C and D. (C for sisal leaf and D for sugarcane stem)
a. State any one similarity and one difference between C and D.

Similarity
Both has parallel veins

Difference
Specimen D found in terrestrial land while C found in desert

b. Explain how specimen D is digested up to its end product.

The sugarcane is digested into sucrose as disaccharides then enzymes like sucrase break down
sucrose into glucose and fructose as end products

c. State any two food nutrients stored by specimen D.

Carbohydrates
Vitamins
d. Explain any one adaptation of specimen C that enables it to evade dry season.
 Has long root to absorb water

Has small leaves to reduce water loss

You are provided with specimen M and P (M its for mango leaf and P its for sisal leaf)

sisal leaf
mangoleaf

a. (i). To what class of flowering plants does specimen M belong?

. Dicotyledonous
(ii). Give a reason for your answer in a (i) above
It has a net vein or reticulate venation
b. With respect to habitat, to which group of plants does each of the specimens belong?
M Mesophyte
P Xerophyte.
c. Explain any two adaptations of specimen P to its habitat
Has a thick cuticle/ to reduce excessive loss of water thorough transpiration
Has a succulent tissue / for storing water

d. State any two products that can be made from specimen P

ropes
Door mats
You are provided with 10 bean seeds
 Measure the length of each bean seed and record the length in the table
Number of bean seed Length in cm
1 2cm
2 1.3cm
3 1.1cm
4 1.2cm
5 1.0cm
6 1cm
7 1cm
8 1.2cm
9 1.1cm
10 1.0cm

Calculate the mean length

𝟐+𝟏.𝟑+𝟏.𝟏+𝟏.𝟐+𝟏.𝟎+𝟏+𝟏+𝟏.𝟐+!.𝟏+𝟏.𝟎
Average = 𝟏𝟎

= answer

What type of variation in the length of bean seed?

Continuous variation
Suggest two causes of this type variation
Environment
Genetics

Sketch a graph for this type of variation

SECTION B

Describe an experiment that you would conduct to find out the region that
respond to a stimulus of gravity in a radicle of a seedling. In your description,
include procedure, expected results and conclusion.
Take two petri-dishes and tightly pack them with wet cotton wool 1mark, and label the dishes
A and B 1mark.

Pin 2 - 3 pre-germinated bean seedlings on the cotton wool parallel to each

 other, making sure that there is space between the seedlings 1mark.

Make the petri-dishes stand on a bench and lean them against a wall, such that
in dish A, the seedlings are in horizontal position 1mark. In dish B, the seedlings are
in vertical position in a way that plumule points upwards and radicle points
downwards 1mark. Leave the set-ups undisturbed and observe the results after
about2 days 1mark. In petri-dish A, the plumule could grow bending upwards while
the radicle grew bending downwards 1mark.

From the results, plumule or shoot grows away from the gravitational pull or
force, showing negative geotropism 1mark, whereas radicle or root grows towards
the gravitational pull or force, showing positive geotropism 1mark.
- Therefore, radicle responds to stimulus of gravity in seedlings 1mark.

With the aid of a well labelled diagram describe an experiment that can be
carried out to investigate what influences phototropism in shoot tips
Select three upright coleoptiles and Label them A,B and C (1 mark)
Cut the tip of seedling A (1 mark) Cover the tip of seedling B with an aluminum foil (1 mark)
Leave seedling C intact (1 mark) Place the seedlings in a box with one small hole as shown below (1
mark)

Keep the box near a window to get light for 2 days (1 mark)
Observe and record what happens (1 mark)
Coleoptile A remains unchanged, B elongates upright and C elongates bending towards direction of light
(1 mark)
Therefore auxins influence phototropism in plant shoot tips (1 mark)
Describe an experiment you would conduct to show the effect of physical
activity on pulse rate. In your description include procedure, expected results
and conclusions.
Working in pairs, take the purse by placing three fingers firmly on your partner
wrist. Do not press too hard
Shift the position on those fingers until you fill some movement against your
finger. This is purse rate
Count the number of times using wrist watch you feel these beats in a minutes and
record them in the table
Ask your partner to work around classroom block. Take the purse and record
Then ask your partner run around classroom block. Take purse again and record
You will observe that normal person purse rate is 72 beat per minute
To working personal purse rate is moderate and to a personal who is running purse
rate increases
In conclusion increased heart beat(purse rate) helps to circulate blood with oxygen
and glucose needed to produce energy for the vigorous activities in muscle tissue
faster and takes away carbon dioxide and other wastes away from the tissue

Describe an experiment that can be carried out to show the effect of physical
exercise on breathing rate.
Identify a physically fit person
Allow the person to be at rest.
Count the number of breaths in a minute
Record as Y
Allow the person to do a physical exercise for 20 minutes
Count the number of breaths in a minute
Record as Z
Compare the values of Y and Z
Value Z is expected to be higher
Physical exercise increases breathing rate to supply O2 and glucose for respiration.
 Describe an investigation that could be conducted to show that fresh green
leaves contain different types of pigments. In an essay form, your answer
should include procedure, materials, expected results and conclusion.
Collect green leaves from a plant 1mark.Crush the leaves using a mortar and a pestle 1mark.
Put the crushed pieces of leaves into a small glass beaker 1mark and add a little ethanol.
Heat the small glass beaker containing the crushed leaves in a water bath/ until the alcohol turns
green.
Filter the green liquid into a clean beaker 1mark.
Cut a rectangular piece of filter paper1mark measuring 5cm by 1.5 cm.
Stick it unto a glass rod using cello tape for support 1mark.
Suspend the filter paper into a beaker containing the green liquid such that its tip touches the
green liquid 1mark.
Wait for some time 1mark so that the filter paper absorbs the green extract.

Expectedly, as the green liquid rises along the filter paper by capillary action different shades of
colours will be observed on the filter paper 1mark.
This shows that fresh green leaves contain different types of pigments 1mark.

In an essay form, describe an experiment that can be carried out to show that
light intensity affects rate of transpiration. Your answer should include
procedure, expected results and conclusion.
Cut two freshly leafy shoots
Attach them into separate potometer A and B Fill the potometers with water.
Introduce air bubble into each photometer
Set the air bubble on a specific point on the potometer
Record the reading
Set potometer A in bright light and B in the dark classroom C
Leave them for a few hours
Observe
The air bubble in A will move more than one in B
This shows that plant A lost a lot of water which was being replaced showing movement of the air
bubble.

Describe an experiment you can carry out to measure vital capacity and tidal
volume of lungs. In your essay, include the procedure, observation and
conclusion.

-Inhale normally and exhale normally in the balloon (1)

-Hold the mouth of the balloon and measure the diameter (1)

-Record the data (1)

-Repeat this to have three measurements and take average tidal volume (1)

--Inhale deeply and exhale forcefully in the second balloon (1)

-Hold the mouth of the balloon and measure the diameter (1)

-Repeat this to have three measurements and take average vital capacity (1)

-Record the data

- Compare (1) to relate the averages (1)

-Vital capacity is greater than the tidal volume (1)

Design an experiment that would be used to estimate the density of

grasshoppers in a school garden.
To estimate the density of grasshoppers in the garden, one would need the following materials: nets, nail
vanish or indelible ink and paintbrush. One would then use the following methods; First use nets to
capture the grasshoppers from the garden. Then mark each grasshopper caught with a spot of nail vanish
or indelible ink. Small paintbrush should be used to apply dye or ink. Nest, count the number of
grasshoppers marked. Then release the animals into the garden. This should take at least some time before
another capturing exercise. At this point, repeat the capturing exercise in which one should collect both
marked and unmarked grasshoppers. One should then count them and use this formula: Population
size=Number of grasshoppers in first catch × Number of grasshoppers in second catch÷Number of
grasshoppers recaptured in the end or in the conclusion, one would find that the calculations give an
estimate of the population of the grasshoppers in the garden.

Describe how the population of a plant in an open field can be estimated.

Write your answer in an essay form
First mark out, using pegs and strings a piece of ground of known area where a particular plant is
in abundance. Use a metre quadrat, collect data from at least a number of quadrats placed at
random in the area you have marked out. Count number of individual plants in each quadrat.
Calculate the average density of the plant per m2. Finding total population, then multiply the
density figure by the number of square metre of the total area calculated at the beginning.

Explain how one can estimate the population of fish in a pond. Your answer
should be in an essay form.
To estimate the population of fish in a pond, one would need the following materials: nets, nail
vanish or indelible ink and paintbrush. One would then use the following methods; First use nets
to capture the fish from a pond. Then mark each fish caught with a spot of nail vanish or
indelible ink. Small paintbrush should be used to apply dye or ink. Next, count the number of
fish marked. Then release the fish into a pond. This should take at least some time before another
capturing exercise. At this point, repeat the capturing exercise in which one should collect both
marked and unmarked fish.One should then count them and use this formula: Population
size=Number of fish in first catch ×Number of fish in second catch ÷Number of fish recaptured
.In the end or in the conclusion, one would find that the calculations give an estimate of the
population of the fish in a pond.

Practice questions
Describe an investigation that can be carried out to show the effect of pH on the activity
on enzyme amylase. Your description, in an essay form, should include procedure,
expected results and conclusion

Describe an investigation that can be carried out to show the Effects of temperature on
the enzyme activities
 .
Describe an experiment that can be done to investigate investigate the effect of humidity on the rate
of transipiration