LESSON 3 & 4 NOTES

WORKING OUT THE PHYSICAL STATES OF A SUBSTANCE AT A PARTICULAR

TEMPERATURE
 A substance is a solid at a temperature below its melting point
 A substance is a liquid at a temperature between its melting and boiling points
 A substance is gas at a temperature above its boiling point

Draw the diagram on page 6 Figure 1.10

Summary from Figure 1.10

 Room temperature is a temperature between 20oC to 25oC
 The room temperature is above the boiling point of Oxygen hence Oxygen is a gas at room
temperature
 Bromine is a solid at -100oC because -100oC is below its melting point
 When Bromine is heated to -7oC: its melting point it becomes a liquid and remains the same
until its boiling point of 59oC is reached
 Above 59oC bromine is a gas
 Lithium’s melting point is above room temperature hence it’s a solid at room temperature
NOTE: Melting point is a fixed temperature in which a solid turns to a liquid
Boiling point is a fixed temperature in which a liquid turns to a gas
STUDY QUESTIONS

1 A compound has a melting point of 250C and a boiling point of 720C.

Write down the physical state of the compound at each of the temperatures below [3]

i. 400C -

ii. 1000C -

Iii. -150C -
2 Hydrogen is a common element in the atmosphere. The melting and boiling points of hydrogen are
shown in the table below

-259
Melting point oC
-253
Boiling point oC
Put a cross in the box below to show a temperature at which
hydrogen will be a liquid
-265oC -260oC -255oC -250oC
Assignment
Study the table below and use it to answer the questions that follow

Melting point oC Boiling point oC

-259 -253
A
0 100
B
3700 (sublimes}
C
D -116 34.5

801 1413
E

a. Write down the physical state of each compound at

i. 30oC
ii. -100oC
iii. 80oC
b. Which substance has the greatest distance between particles at 25oC. Explain your answer
c. Why is no boiling point given for substance C?
d. Which liquid substance would evaporate most quickly in air at 25oC.Explain your answer

DIFFUSION
 Refers to the spreading of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low
concentration
 Diffusion occurs in gases and liquids but it’s more faster in gases than liquids

DIFFUSION IN GASES
Experiment showing that particles of different Gases travel at different
speeds

 The cotton wool dipped in Ammonia solution produces Ammonia gas {NH3}
 The cotton wool dipped in Hydrochloric acid produces Hydrogen chloride gas {HCl}
 Ammonia gas and Hydrogen chloride gas react to give Ammonium chloride {NH4Cl} the
white solid
 NH3 (g) + HCl (g) NH4Cl (s)
 Ammonia and hydrogen chloride particles diffuse along the tube and a white ring of solid
Ammonium chloride is formed where they meet.
 Ammonia particles are lighter than hydrogen chloride particles hence diffuse faster; this
explains why the white ring of ammonium chloride is formed closer to the hydrochloric acid end
 Hydrogen chloride is more denser/heavier than Ammonia gas

Experiment showing the diffusion of Bromine gas

DIFFUSION IN LIQUIDS
Dissolving Potassium manganate (VII) in Water
  At the start of the experiment the water is clear and the Purple Potassium manganate (VII)
crystals are seen at the bottom of the beaker where they are at a high concentration

 The purple crystals spread out through diffusion and at the end the colour of water changes to
purple

Draw a diagram the purple colour of water showing after the purple
crystals diffuse

THE SOLUBILITY OF SOLIDS

Terminologies

Term Meaning Example

Solvent The liquid in which a solute dissolves The water in sea water

The substance which dissolves in a liquid to form

Solute The salt in sea water
a solution
The mixture formed when a solute is dissolved in
Solution Sea water
a solvent
A solution with the maximum concentration of
Sea water in the Dead
Saturated solution solute dissolved in the solvent at a particular
Sea
temperature

Soluble Describes a substance that will dissolve Salt is soluble in water

Sand is insoluble in
Insoluble Describes a substance that will not dissolve
water

SOLUBILITY
  Is the maximum mass of solute that dissolves in 100g of solvent at a particular
temperature
 The solubility of a gas depends on Pressure and temperature; as pressure and temperature
increases gases become more soluble
 The solubility of solids is affected by temperature; as temperature increases the solubility of a
solid also increases
Solubility can be calculate using the equation below
Solubility (g/100g) = Mass of solute X 100
Mass of solvent
Maximum mass that dissolves = Mass of water (g)
X Solubility (g per 100g)
100 (g)

Solubility Curves
They represent the solubility in g per 100g of water plotted against temperature
Sample solubility curve for three salts

Study Question
1] The solubility of Sodium chlorate was measured at a number of different of different temperatures

Temperature oC 0 20 40 60 80 100
Solubility in g per 3 8 14 23 38 55
100g
 a. Use this figures to plot a solubility curve with the temperature on the horizontal axis and
solubility on the vertical axis
b. Use the graph to find the solubility of sodium chlorate at 50oC
c. Determine the maximum mass of sodium chlorate that would dissolve in 30g of water at 30 oC
d. 20g of sodium chlorate was added to 100g of water and the mixture heated to about 70 oC it
was the left to cool with the thermometer in the solution. Use your graph to answer the
following questions
i) At what temperature will the crystals first appear in the solution?
ii) If the solution is cooled to 17oC calculate the total mass of crystals formed?

Assignment
This question is about solubility.

The graph shows the solubilities of copper (II) chloride and sodium chloride at different temperatures.

a. Determine the temperature at which copper (II) chloride and sodium chloride have the same
solubility. Show on the graph how you obtained your answer [2]
b. A saturated solution of copper (II) chloride in 100 g of water is cooled from 40 °C to 10 °C.
Determine the mass, in grams, of copper (II) chloride that crystallizes . [2]